Reading and Writing Skills NDEA Refresher.pptx

Discourse
Discourse is the use of
words to communicate
ideas, insights, or
information.
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8 PATTERNS
1. Narration
2. Description
3. Definition
4. Classification
5. Cause and Effect
6. Pursuasion
7. Problem-Solution
8. Comparison and Contrast
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Description (Describe)
It is a form of discourse
that demands an
extensive use of
vocabulary, elaborate
descriptions, and sensory
details.
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Description Example
The bustling marketplace was alive with colors and
sounds. Vendors called out their prices, while the
smell of freshly baked bread drifted through the air.
Brightly colored fruits and vegetables piled high on
wooden carts, their juicy aromas tempting passersby.
In the distance, the sound of laughter and chatter
mingled with the occasional clink of coins exchanging
hands. It was a vibrant scene, full of energy and
excitement, drawing people from all walks of life to
experience the lively atmosphere of the market.
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Narration
Narration is the way a
story is told, usually in
chronological order. It
can also mean explaining
or telling something.
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Narration Example
For example, making up a
ghost story and telling it
around a campfire is
narration.
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Classification Pattern
Classification is sorting things into
groups or categories on a single basis of
division. It is a method of developing
paragraphs and essays by grouping
people, object, or ideas with shared
characteristics.
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Classification Example
Classification is used in various fields and
disciplines, including science, mathematics,
library science, information technology, biology,
psychology, and many others. It is a fundamental
concept in organizing and categorizing data,
knowledge, and objects to facilitate better
organization, communication, analysis, and
decision-making.
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Problem-Solution Pattern
A problem-solution pattern divides
information into two main sections, one
that describes a problem and one that
describes a solution. This pattern is
typically used in persuasive writing,
where the writer's general purpose is to
convince the reader to support a certain
course of action.
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Problem-Solution Pattern
Classification is used in various fields
and disciplines, including science,
mathematics, library science, information
technology, biology, psychology, and
many others. It is a fundamental concept
in organizing and categorizing data,
knowledge, and objects to facilitate
better organization, communication,
analysis, and decision-making.
#

Cohesion
This refers to the
grammatical and lexical
relationships withing a
text that help to create a
sense of unity and flow.
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Cohesion Example
The dog chased the cat. It barked
loudly. The cat climbed a tree to
escape.
In this example, the pronoun "it" in
the second sentence refers back
to "the dog" in the first sentence,
creating cohesion between the
two sentences.
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Cohesion Example
Consequently, However,
Since, Therefore, - are words
that belongs to cohesion. They
help connect ideas and show
the logical progression of
though within a text, thereby
enhancing its cohesion.
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Coherence
This refers to the overall
sense of unity and clarity in
a text. It involves how well
the ideas within the text are
logically connected and
organized to form a
meaningful whole.
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Coherence Example
"In order to bake a cake, you first need
to gather all the ingredients and preheat
the oven. Then, you mix the dry
ingredients together before adding the
wet ingredients. Once the batter is
smooth, you pour it into a greased pan
and bake it in the oven for about 30
minutes. After baking, let the cake cool
before frosting it."
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Mechanics
Mechanics in writing include
spelling, punctuation, and
capitalization. Mechanics are just the
technicalities in writing that assist
readers in grasping the author’s
intended meaning.
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Mechanics
These are conventions that have to be
considered in writing. Spelling,
punctuation, and capitalization are
some of the examples. To prevent
confusion, it is necessary to know and
follow these conventions in writing.
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Mechanics Example
A famous restaurant, Fiesta's Filipino
Specialties, has a website and a store.
This sentence correctly uses punctuation
(comma) to set off the appositive "Fiesta's
Filipino Specialties," which provides additional
information about the noun "restaurant." This
demonstrates proper punctuation usage within
the sentence.
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Claim of Fact
For example, "The Earth
orbits the Sun" is a claim of
fact because it can be verified
through scientific evidence.
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Claim of Value
This is when someone expresses their opinion
about whether something is good or bad, right
or wrong, based on personal beliefs or cultural
standards.
For example, "Democracy is the best form of
government" is a claim of value because it
reflects an opinion about the superiority of
democracy compared to other forms of
governance.
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Claim of Policy
This is when someone suggests a
specific action or solution to address a
problem or achieve a goal.
Example: "Schools should provide free
lunches to all students to ensure they
have access to nutritious meals."
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Claim of Convention
The "Claim of Convention" is a type of
logical fallacy where someone argues that
something is true or correct simply because
it's commonly accepted or has been done a
certain way in the past. In other words, the
claim relies solely on tradition or
convention rather than on evidence or
reason.
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Example
Person A: "We should continue to use
this outdated software system because
it's what we've always used."
Person B: "But there are newer, more
efficient systems available now."
Person A: "Doesn't matter. We stick
with what we know."
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Claim of Cause-Effect
This is when someone says that one
thing causes another thing to happen.
For example, "Smoking cigarettes
increases the risk of developing lung
cancer" is a claim of cause-effect
because it suggests that smoking is a
causal factor leading to the
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Sample Question
_____1. What statement Presents ideas
that are true but are actually debatable?
a. Claim of Fact c. Claim of Policy
b. Claim of Value d. Claim of Cause-
Effect
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Sample Question
__A__1. What statement Presents ideas
that are true but are actually debatable?
Effect
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Sample Question
_____2. The government should
implement stricter regulations on carbon
emissions to combat climate change“
Effect
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Sample Question
__C__2. The government should
implement stricter regulations on carbon
emissions to combat climate change" is a
claim of policy because it advocates for
a particular action to address a
problem.
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Sample Question
_____3. Feminism today is clearly not the feminism of the
past. Feminism stems from the belief that when it comes to
opportunity to build oneself, everyone is equal. However,
with too much emphasis on gender equality, people have
forgotten that biologically men and women are not the
same.
What type of claim is employed in the text?
b. Claim of Value d. Claim of Cause-Effect
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Sample Question
__B__3. Feminism today is clearly not the feminism of the
past feminism stems from the belief that when it comes to
opportunity to build oneself everyone is equal. However,
with too much emphasis on gender equality people have
forgotten That biologically men and women are not the
same. What type of claim is employed in the text?
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Why Claim of Value?
The statement expresses an opinion about the nature and
evolution of feminism, as well as the balance between
gender equality and acknowledgment of biological
differences between men and women. It evaluates the
current state of feminism and suggests that it has changed
from its historical roots, while also highlighting the
importance of recognizing biological differences alongside
the pursuit of gender equality. This reflects a judgment
about the value or significance of feminism and its
underlying principles.
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Sample Question
_____4. Clout culture has both positive and negative
outcomes, but the negative outweighs the positive. Clout
chasing has been a phenomenon thanks to social media
with its influence and trends events products etc. But
beneath its sophistications are the ridiculous actions that
clout chasers do just to become popular leading to negative
influence on the mindset of others even accidents or worse
death.
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Sample Question
__B__4. Clout culture has both positive and negative
outcomes, but the negative outweighs the positive. Clout
chasing has been a phenomenon thanks to social media
with its influence and trends events products etc. But
beneath its sophistications are the ridiculous actions that not
chasers do just to become popular leading to negative
influence on the mindset of others even accidents or worse
death.
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Why Claim of Value?
The statement expresses an opinion about the
relative merits of clout culture, suggesting that
while it has both positive and negative
outcomes, the negative outweighs the positive.
This reflects a judgment about the value or
significance of clout culture and its impact on
society.
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Hypertext
Hypertext is a non-linear way to present
information and is usually accomplished using
“links”. Such links help the readers navigate
further information about the topic being
discussed and may also lead to other links that
can direct the readers to various options.
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Sample Question
______ What system employs non-
sequential and nonlinear processes of
reading and writing?
a. Allusion
b. Hypertext
c. Intertextuality
d. Parody
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Sample Question
___B__ What system employs non
sequential and nonlinear processes of
reading and writing?
a. Allusion
b. Hypertext
c. Intertextuality
d. Parody
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HYPERTEXT
Non sequential
and Nonlinear
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Purpose of Hypertext
The purpose of hypertext is to provide a non-
linear reading and writing experience by
allowing users to navigate through
interconnected text, images, and multimedia
content via hyperlinks, enabling them to
explore information in a flexible and interactive
manner based on their interests and needs.
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Example of Hypertext
MGA UTOY SA GRADE
11
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ARI PA JUD
GWENCHANA
Happy together.

Intertextuality
"Intertext" is a term used to describe the
relationship and interaction between different
texts, where one text refers to, quotes, or
influences another text. This concept highlights the
interconnectedness of various works and
emphasizes how they can be in dialogue with
each other, either explicitly or implicitly.
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Sample of Intertext
One notable example is Jose Rizal's novel "Noli Me
Tangere" (Touch Me Not), which contains numerous
intertextual references to Philippine history, Spanish
colonization, and European literature. Rizal incorporates
elements of satire, allegory, and symbolism that are
intertextually linked to the socio-political context of his time,
making his novel not only a work of fiction but also a
reflection of Philippine society during the late 19th century.
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Purpose of Intertext
The purpose of intertextuality is to enrich and
deepen the meaning of a text by establishing
connections with other texts, cultural references,
and shared knowledge, thereby inviting readers to
engage in a complex web of associations and
interpretations. Through intertextuality, writers can
evoke emotions, challenge assumptions, and
contribute to a broader literary and cultural
discourse.
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Allusion
Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a
person, place, thing, or idea of historical,
cultural, literary, or political significance within
a text.
Example: "He was a real Romeo with the
ladies," alluding to the romantic character
Romeo from Shakespeare's "Romeo and
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Sample Question
•What type of type of intertextuality is utilized in
the line " Heavy lice the crown- Sherlock
Holmes" ?
a. Allusion
b. Pastiche
c. Parody
d. Quotation?
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Sample Question
•What type of type of intertextuality is utilized in
the line " Heavy lies the crown- Sherlock
Holmes" ?
a. Allusion
b. Pastiche
c. Parody
d. Quotation?
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Allusion because…
This line is an allusion because it references a well-
known phrase from Shakespeare's play "Henry IV,
Part 2": "Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown."
By incorporating this famous line into the text, the
author evokes associations with themes of power,
responsibility, and the burdens of leadership, as well
as drawing parallels between the character in the
text and the historical or literary context of
Shakespeare's work.
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Pastiche
• Pastiche is a literary or artistic work that imitates the
style or features of various other works or genres, often
without a specific target for parody. “MIMIC TO MIMIC”
• Example: Filipino Movie Mash-Up. Picture a new Filipino
movie that mixes old and new styles. It could have
serious stories like those by Lino Brocka, but also fun
music and colorful scenes like Ishmael Bernal's films.
And it might include familiar Filipino characters and
things from different times, making it a fun movie for
everyone to enjoy!
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Parody
•Definition: Parody is a humorous or satirical imitation
of a specific work, style, or genre that exaggerates or
mocks its features for comedic effect. “MIMICK TO
COMMENT”
•Example: Certainly! Here's a shorter example:
Title: "Lazy Juan" - A comic strip or short story that
humorously exaggerates the laziness of Juan Tamad,
showing how his laziness leads to funny situations
and mishaps in everyday life.
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Satire
•Definition: Satire is a literary or artistic work that uses humor,
irony, or ridicule to criticize or mock societal issues, human
behavior, or institutions, with the intention of prompting
change or provoking thought.
•Example: A cartoon in a newspaper shows a politician
promising to fix potholes in the road but instead fills them with
money from taxpayers. This humorous portrayal criticizes
politicians who make empty promises and misuse public
funds, highlighting issues of corruption and dishonesty in
government.
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Credible and Reliable Source
1.Authoritative Source: Look for
information from sources with expertise,
authority, or credibility in the field. This
could include reputable organizations,
academic institutions, government
agencies, or recognized experts.
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2. Accuracy: Verify the accuracy of the
information by cross-referencing it with
other reliable sources or established facts.
Check for evidence, data, or citations to
support the claims made in the content.
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4. Bias and Objectivity: Assess the
objectivity of the source by considering
any potential biases or conflicts of interest.
Look for balanced perspectives and avoid
sources that exhibit strong partisan or
ideological biases.
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5. Reputation and Reviews: Check the
reputation of the source and any reviews
or feedback from other users or experts.
Reliable sources are often well-regarded
within their respective fields and have a
track record of producing high-quality
content.
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6. Domain Authority: Evaluate the
credibility of the website or domain hosting
the information. High-quality sources are
often associated with reputable domains,
while low-quality sources may have
suspicious or unreliable domain names.
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7. Transparency: Look for
transparency in the presentation of
information, including clear authorship,
disclosure of funding or sponsorship,
and acknowledgment of potential
conflicts of interest.
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Sample Question
Which of the following is not a criterion
for ensuring a credible and reliable
source on the web?
a. Indicated and modified dates
b. Retrieval links
c. Type of site
d. Unnamed author
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Sample Question
b. Retrieval links
While it's important to have access to the original source or
references cited in an article or webpage, the presence of
retrieval links (links to where the information was found) is not
necessarily a criterion for assessing the credibility or
reliability of a source. Instead, factors such as the indicated
and modified dates, type of site, and presence of a named
author are more commonly used to evaluate the credibility of
web sources.
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Thesis Statement
A thesis statement is a concise, declarative
statement that presents the main argument or
central idea of an essay or research paper. It
typically appears at the end of the introductory
paragraph and provides a clear overview of the
writer's position or perspective on the topic. The
thesis statement guides the reader by outlining the
scope and purpose of the paper and serves as a
roadmap for the subsequent discussion and
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Question about Thesis Statement
Which of the following is not an example of a thesis
statement?
a. Education must be improved given to the low
proficiency of learners in math science and reading.
b. Exercise has good impacts on the body since it helps
improve brain health and reduce diseases.
c. Mining should be banned in the locality because it will
destroy biodiversity and livelihoods of people.
d. The government claims that there is no shortage of
rice but rice imports and high prices see otherwise.
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Which of the following is not an example of a thesis
statement?
a. Education must be improved given to the low
proficiency of learners in math science and reading.
b. Exercise has good impacts on the body since it helps
improve brain health and reduce diseases.
c. Mining should be banned in the locality because it will
destroy biodiversity and livelihoods of people.
d. The government claims that there is no shortage of
rice but rice imports and high prices see
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d. The government claims that there is no shortage
of rice but rice imports and high prices see
otherwise.
This statement presents a claim or observation
about a situation but does not assert a clear
argument or central idea that will be developed and
supported throughout an essay or research paper. It
lacks the specificity and focus typically found in a
#

Evaluative Statement
An evaluative statement is a type of
statement that presents an opinion or
judgment about something, often based on
criteria or standards of assessment. It
involves assessing the quality, value,
effectiveness, or significance of a topic,
idea, or object.
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Evaluative Statement
Example: "The movie was captivating and well-
directed, making it a must-see for cinema
enthusiasts."
In this example, the evaluative statement
expresses an opinion about the quality of the
movie, describing it as captivating and well-
directed.
#

Evidence
In writing, evidence refers to factual
information, data, examples, or quotations that
support and strengthen the writer's argument,
claim, or thesis statement. It serves to validate
and substantiate the points made in the text,
providing credibility and persuasiveness to the
writer's position.
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Primary Purpose of Evidence
In writing, evidence refers to factual
information, data, examples, or quotations that
support and strengthen the writer's argument,
claim, or thesis statement. It serves to validate
and substantiate the points made in the text,
providing credibility and persuasiveness to the
writer's position.
#

Primary Purpose of Evidence
In an essay arguing for the importance of regular exercise
for overall health, the writer might include evidence such
as statistics showing the correlation between exercise and
reduced risk of chronic diseases, quotes from medical
experts endorsing the benefits of physical activity, and
examples of successful fitness programs implemented in
communities. This evidence supports the writer's argument
that regular exercise is essential for maintaining good
health and strengthens the overall persuasive impact of the
essay.
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Several Types of Assertion
1.Basic Assertion: A straightforward statement or
claim without strong emphasis or emotion. Example:
"The sun rises in the east."
2.Emphatic Assertion: A statement made with
strong emphasis or conviction to convey confidence
or certainty. Example: "I am absolutely certain that
we will succeed."
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Several Types of Assertion
3. Escalating Assertion: A statement that increases in
intensity or urgency, often to express frustration or
dissatisfaction. Example: "I've asked you several times to
complete this task, and it's still not done!"
4. I-language Assertion: A statement that expresses the
speaker's thoughts, feelings, or opinions using "I"
language, emphasizing personal perspective and
ownership. Example: "I feel frustrated when my ideas are
not taken into consideration."
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Examples
a. Basic assertion:
- Example: "I believe regular exercise is
essential for maintaining good health."
b. Emphatic assertion:
- Example: "Regular exercise is absolutely
crucial for maintaining good health!"
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Examples
c. Escalating assertion:
- Example: "Regular exercise is not just
important; it's vital for our overall well-being!"
d. I-language assertion:
- Example: "I feel strongly that regular exercise
is necessary for my health."
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Counterclaims
Counterclaims are statements or
arguments that present an opposing
viewpoint or challenge the main
argument or claim presented in a text.
They offer an alternative perspective
and seek to rebut or undermine the
validity of the original claim.
#

Sample of Counterclaims
Example:
Original Claim: "Regular exercise is
essential for maintaining good health."
Counterclaim: "While exercise is
important, other factors such as diet
and genetics also play significant roles
in determining overall health."
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Question
Which of the following sentences is a counterclaim?
a. This dark twin of legitimate news has afflicted journalism for a
long. But there have always been effective ways of neutralizing its
pernicious presence
b. The Internet gave fake news a tremendous boost by making it
possible for anyone with access to the digital world by weighing of
a personal computer a tablet or a smart phone to disseminate
information to a mass audience
c. The birth of the social media in particular was a celebrated as the
irreversible democratization of the world of information
d. This is a lot of power but without the corresponding responsibility
#

Question
Which of the following sentences is a counterclaim?
a. This dark twin of legitimate news has afflicted journalism for a
long. But there have always been effective ways of neutralizing its
pernicious presence.
b. The Internet gave fake news a tremendous boost by making it
possible for anyone with access to the digital world by weighing of
a personal computer a tablet or a smart phone to disseminate
information to a mass audience
c. The birth of the social media in particular was a celebrated as the
irreversible democratization of the world of information
d. This is a lot of power but without the corresponding responsibility
#

Question
a. This dark twin of legitimate news has afflicted
journalism for a long. But there have always been
effective ways of neutralizing its pernicious presence.
In this sentence, the phrase "But there have always
been effective ways of neutralizing its pernicious presence"
presents a counterclaim to the idea that fake news has
afflicted journalism. It suggests that while fake news has
been a problem, there are ways to mitigate its negative
effects.
#

Research Proposal
•A research proposal is a document that
outlines the plan for a proposed research
study.
•It typically includes sections such as
introduction/background, research
objectives/questions, literature review,
methodology, timeline, and budget.
#

Research Report
•A research report is a document that
presents the findings and results of a
completed research study.
•It typically includes sections such as
introduction, literature review,
methodology, results/findings, discussion,
conclusion, and references.
#

Click the icon below
Composing Professional Correspondence
#

Reading and Writing Skills NDEA Refresher.pptx

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