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There are three types of communities discussed in the document. The first is a zamindari system introduced during British rule where a zamindar was a landlord who collected land revenue from peasants to pay the state. The second is a panchayat raj system, which is India's current local governance system consisting of gram panchayats at the village level, mandal parished at the block level, and zila parished at the district level. A third type discusses urban communities but no details are provided.
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Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
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Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
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Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
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Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
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Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
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Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
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Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
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Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
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Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
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Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Type ofcommunity
- 1. TYPES OF COMMUNITY PREPARED BY, MR.SUBIN RAJ R ASST.PROFESSOR MHN DEPARTMENT RCN
- 16. • Zamindari system was introduced by Lord Cornwallis through Permanent Settlement during the British Period. Under the system Zamindar was the landlord of an area and he had to pay a fixed sum of land revenue to the State which he collected from the peasants.
- 18. • In India, the Panchayat Raj now functions as a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of local administration. The system has three levels: 1. Gram Panchayat (village level) 2. Mandal Perished or Block Samite or Panchayat Samite (block level) 3. Zila Perished (district level)