Twitter and Jan 25 Egyptian Protest

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This study analyzes Twitter communications during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and January 25th demonstration. The researchers trace how Twitter communications developed over time and suggest a sequential crisis communication model of improvisation, verification, and solidification (IVS). An analysis of over 4,000 tweets from Egypt, other Arab nations, and non-Arab nations during the demonstration found that tweets from Egypt focused more on improvising information, tweets from non-Arab nations focused more on verification, and tweets discussing solidification of collective identity were evenly distributed. The IVS process showed how Twitter served as a global collective sense-making system through personal participation during the political crisis.

Technology

Twitter as a Global Collective Sense-
making System under a Political
Crisis: Improvisation, Verification,
and Solidification during the Jan 25th
Egypt Demonstration
Knight Foundation Event, Jan 17th
, 2013, Cronkite School of
Journalism, ASU
Hazel Kwon, PhD, School of Social and
Behavioral Sciences

• This study explores Twitter as a collective awareness system
during a social crisis. We trace how Twitter
communications develop over time during the political
crisis of the 2011 Egypt revolution, particularly January 25th
demonstration. Refining the “milling” and “keynoting”
concepts of the Emergent Norm Theory to the social
media context, we suggest a sequential crisis
communication model of IVS (Improvisation, Verification,
and Solidification). An ad-hoc comparative analysis of the
IVS model reveals that, while the ‘Improvised’
communication was salient among tweets originated from
Egypt, communications purposed for the ‘Verification’ of
situational information were especially noticeable in
tweets originated from Non-Arab nations. In contrast,
communications intended for the ‘Solidification’ of
collective identity were evenly distributed across different
regions of the globe. The IVS process was led primarily by
personalized, spontaneous participation of politically
active individuals.

“the Egyptian Revolution was a
spontaneous movement led by
nothing other than the wisdom
of the [online] crowd”
Wael Ghonim (2012), the founder of the We Are
All Khaled Saed Facebook page

part I: The Jan 25th
Demonstration,
Egypt 2011

One monumental day during
Arab Spring: Jan 25th
, 2011
Clear Goal:
resignation
of Mubarak
Rapid
communic
ation & the
regime’s
reaction
The role
of the
Internet
A long-term
protest
started off

• Three day tweets (Jan 23-25)
• Hashtag #egypt
• A total of 4,431 tweets; Only English
(81.6%) and Arabic (11.7%) considered
• 2, 925 tweets included geographical
information
• Tweets were collected real time, i.e. 8 times a day
• 246 tweets from 23rd, 316 from 24th, and 3,869 from 25th.
• Tweets were collected real time, i.e. 8 times a day
• 246 tweets from 23rd, 316 from 24th, and 3,869 from 25th.

Part 2: Characterizing
Crisis Communication
in Twitter

Personalization & Immediateness
: self-organized, self-connective participation

Diffused Crowd CommunicationDiffused Crowd Communication
:: A global sequential ProcessingA global sequential Processing

Geographical Distribution
of Communication
Communication Type
Location Improvisation Verification Solidification
Egypt
Obs 391 209 160
Exp 317.5 297.8 144.7
SD. R. 4.1*** -5.1*** 1.3
Arab
Country
Obs 246 196 88
Exp 221.4 207.7 100.9
SD. R. 1.7 -.8 -1.3
Non-Arab
Country
Obs 585 741 309
Exp 683.1 640.6 311.3
SD. R. -3.8*** 4.0*** -.1
Note: ***
p < .001

A short time
window of a
long-term event
Limitation of
geographic
information
Limitation &
Future directions
Design implications for
mobile and social
media?
Mechanism of info
verification

Thank you!Thank you!
Ghonim, W. (2012). Revolution 2.0: The Power of the People Is Greater Than the People in Power. Boston, NY
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Hermida, 2010 Twittering the news. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 297–308.
Oh, O., Eom, C., & Rao, H. R. (2012). Collective sense-making through the Twitter service during the 2011 Egy
Revolution. Proceedings of Thirty Third Interantional Conference on Information Systems, Orland, FL, 2012.
Papacharizi, Z., & de Fatima Oliveira, M. (2012). Affective news and networked publics: The rhythms of news
storytelling on #Egypt. Journal of Communication, 62, 255-282.
Turner, R. H., & Killian, L. M. (1987). Collective Behavior (3rd
Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

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lab81.jpglab82.jpglab83.jpglab84.jpglab85.docx

DIPESH30

lab8/1.jpg lab8/2.jpg lab8/3.jpg lab8/4.jpg lab8/5.jpg lab8/6.jpg lab8/7.jpg Kavanaugh et al. Between a Rock and a Cell Phone Proceedings of the 9th International ISCRAM Conference – Vancouver, Canada, April 2012 L. Rothkrantz, J. Ristvej and Z. Franco, eds. 1 Between a Rock and a Cell Phone: Communication and Information Technology Use during the 2011 Egyptian Uprising Andrea Kavanaugh1 Steven D. Sheetz1 Riham Hassan2 Seungwon Yang1 Hicham G. Elmongui3 Edward A. Fox1 Mohamed Magdy1 Donald J. Shoemaker1 1 Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, +1 (540) 231-1806 2 Arab Academy for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt 3 Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt kavan, sheetz, seungwon, fox, mmagdy, [email protected][email protected][email protected] ABSTRACT Many observers heralded the use of social media during recent political uprisings in the Middle East even dubbing Iran’s post election protests a “Twitter Revolution”. We seek to put into perspective the use of social media in Egypt during the mass political demonstrations in 2011. We draw on innovation diffusion theory to argue that these media could have had an impact beyond their low adoption rates due to other factors related to demographics and social networks. We supplement our social media data analysis with survey data we collected in June 2011 from an opportunity sample of Egyptian youth. We conclude that in addition to the contextual factors noted above, the individuals within Egypt who used Twitter during the uprising have the characteristics of opinion leaders. These findings contribute to knowledge regarding the role of opinion leaders and social media, especially Twitter, during violent political demonstrations. Keywords social media, mobile phones, Middle East, social networks, innovation diffusion. THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN POLITICAL CRISES Protesters took to the streets with "a rock in one hand, a cell phone in the other," according to Rochdi Horchani – a relative of Mohamed Bouazizi, the 26-year-old Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire in December 2010 to protest police harassment and corruption (Ryan, 2011). Bouazizi’s death in early January 2011 as a result of his burns triggered riots leading to the downfall in mid-January of the 23-year reign of Tunisia’s President Ben Ali. A wave of protests against Middle East authoritarian governments followed in Egypt, Libya, Bahrain, Algeria, and Syria, and came to be dubbed the ‘Arab Spring’. Starting in July 2010, prior to the uprising, WikiLeaks began to release confidential State Department cables indicating that the US did not much admire the authoritarian leaders in many of these countries – a development played out via a set of online documents that certainly may have contributed to Arabs’ confidence in protesting. In addition, much credit has been given to the role played by social media used by citizens to share with each other and with intern ...

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Editor's Notes