Turkey is surrounded by three seas - the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Aegean Sea. Its coastline is over 8,300 km long. The Black Sea and Mediterranean coasts run parallel to inland mountain ranges, resulting in smooth coastlines. However, the Aegean coast is irregular where mountains meet the sea perpendicularly. Coastal problems include erosion from natural and human causes like construction and pollution. Eutrophication from nutrient pollution is an issue in the Black Sea and Mediterranean, with sources including urbanization, agriculture, and tourism development. Coastal management strategies are needed to balance environmental protection and economic activity.

2. General
Information :
Turkey is surrounded by sea on three
sides, by the Black Sea in the north, the
Mediterranean in the south and the
Aegean Sea in the west. In the northwest
there is also an important internal sea,
the Sea of Marmara, between the straits
of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus,
important waterways that connect the
Black Sea with the rest of the world.

3. The land borders of Turkey are 2,573
kilometres in total, and coastlines
(including islands) are another 8,333
kilometres

4. Because the mountains
in the Black Sea region
run parallel to the
coastline, the coasts are
fairly smooth, without
too many indentations or
projections. The length
of the Black Sea
coastline in Turkey is
1,595 kilometres, and
the salinity of the sea is
17%.

5. The Mediterranean
coastline runs for
1,577 kilometres and
here too the
mountain ranges are
parallel to the
coastline.
Mediterrenean Sea The salinity level of
the Mediterranean is
about double that of
the Black Sea.

6. Although the Aegean
coastline is a
continuation of the
Mediterranean coast, it
is quite irregular because
the mountains in the area
fall perpendicularly into
the Aegean Sea. As a
result, the length of the
Aegean Sea coast is over
2,800 kilometres. The
coastline faces out to
many islands.

7. The Marmara Sea is
located totally within
national boundaries
and occupies an area
of 11,350 square
kilometres. The
coastline of the
Marmara Sea is over
1,000 kilometres long;
it is connected to the
Black Sea by the
Bosphorus and with
the Mediterranean by
the Dardanelles.

8. Turkey is focused largely on a variety of
historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its
Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts.

9. The rectangular shaped country is surrounded on three
sides by three different seas. Its shores are laced with
beaches, bays, coves, ports, islands and peninsulas.

10. Turkey has recently become one of the
world's most popular tourism destinations

11. COASTAL
PROBLEMS
Coastal Erosion
Eutrophication
Pollution

12. Coastal erosion occurs along beaches and shorelines.
Both wind action and water action have important
parts in this process and constantly change the
boundary between land and water. Coastal erosion
takes land away forever from one area to deposit it
someplace else.

13. Things that can Effect
Coastal Erosion
Seawalls force waves back to the ocean.
These waves take the sand in front of the
seawall and deposit it far away from land. The
water in front of the seawall gets deeper and
makes for bigger waves next to the shoreline, so
you always have to build bigger seawalls. The sea
will always win this battle because the force of
water will always be stronger than any seawall.

14. Sand replenishment takes sand away
from one place to deposit it
elsewhere. People built jetties to
catch sand which works great for that
beach. But beaches down current will
erode away because they don't get
any sand.

16. Eastern Black Sea Region,
located in the north east of
Turkey, has been exposed to
severe coastal erosion and
shoreline recession for the
last 30 years.

17. One of the most important reasons for
this problem is the response of the coast
on man made activities. As a result of sand
mining by people and municipalities, the
coastal balance was broken.

18. Another important cause is the
construction of a highway by filled soil
near the shore. The wave energy
increases by reflected waves from
these slopes and causes a seawardly
sediment transport.

19. Finally, the other important reason for
erosion and recession is incorrect site
selection, planning and design of coastal
structures such as harbours and fishery
harbours.

22. In the
Mediterranean region
it is particularly acute
due to mounting
pressure arising from
human
activities, including
poorly controlled mass
tourism.

23. Although erosion in the
Mediterranean is in part a
natural occurrence that can
never be entirely controlled, it
can be better managed in
order to reconcile human
needs with environmental
protection.

24. Eutrophication is an increase in the
rate of supply of organic matter in an
ecosystem.

27. Eutrophication is a major
problem in most of the
European regional seas
including the Mediterranean
and the Black Sea

28. EUTROPHICATION IN THE BLACK
SEA
 More than 50% of the input of nutrients in the Black Sea
originates from the Danube river. Eutrophication has changed
considerably the composition of fauna and flora in this
regional sea. Many of the fish and sea mammals at the top of
the chain have disappeared while intruder species increase.

29. EUTROPHICATION IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN
Eutrophication in the Mediterranean appears to
be limited along coastal areas.Enclosed bays and
river estuaries receive nutrient loads from
domestic and industrial wastewaters. Although
eutrophication phenomena have been more
intense in the northern part of
Mediterranean, special attention has to be paid
in the southern part as population
grows, agricultural and industrial activities
develop and national legislation does not seem to
be efficient in controlling nutrient enrichment of
the marine environment.

30. SOURCES OF EUTROPHICATION IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN
• Urbanization
• Tourism
• Agriculture

31. RECOMMENDATIONS
 Many issues should be addressed, concerning
research on climatic changes, study and
conservation policy on marine biodiversity,
treatment of sewage especially near big urban
areas, application of good agriculture practices
even in countries outside EU and careful
selection of sites for marine aquaculture units.
Due to conflicts in the use of the coastal zone,
integrated coastal zone management should be
applied. Thus successful physical planning can
be better organized so as to combine
environmental protection and economic
development

33. prepared by : Ebru
Özaydın