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1. RESUME HANDBOOK
Essential Of Research Design
And Methodology
SEPTIANI WULANDARI
03032622226001
ASSIGNMENT 1
Metode dan Etika Penelitian & Publikasi Ilmiah
DOSEN PENGAJAR
Prof. Ir. Hasan Basri, Ph.D.

2. ESSENTIAL OF RESEARCH
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
DATA PREPARATION, ANALYSES,
AND INTERPRETATION
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION IN
RESEARCH
DISSEMBLING RESEARCH
RESULTS AND DISTILLING
PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH
DESIGN OF METHODOLODY

3. CHAPTER 7
DATA PREPARATION, ANALYSES, AND INTERPRETATION
3
In most types of research studies, the process of data analysis
involves the following three steps :
1. Preparing the data for analysis
2. Analyzing the data
3. Interpretating the data

4. 4
DATA
PREPARATIO
N
Transformin
g Data
Logging
and
Tracking
Data
Data
Screeeni
ng
Data
Entry
Constructin
g
A Database
The Data
Codebook
One of the key elements of the data tracking system is the
recruitment log. A well-designed tracking system can provide the
researcher with up-to-date information on the general status of the
study,
The Researcher should plan to screen
the data to make certain that (1)
responses are legible and
understandable,
(2) Responses are within an acceptable
range,
(3) Responses are complete, and (4) all
of the necessary information has been
included.
The statistical analysis may also dictate
what type of program you choose for your
database. For example, certain advanced
statiscal analyses may require the use of
specific statistical programs.
The researcher or data entry staff will be
required to make certain transformations
before the data can be analyzed. These
transformations typically involve the
following :
• Identifying and coding missing values
• Computing totals and new variables
• Reversing scale items
• Recording and categorization
One way of ensuring the accuracy of data entry
is through double entry that are entered into
the data base twice and then compared to
determine whether there are any discrepancies.
A data codebook should contain the following elements for each
variable : (a) Variable name, (b) Variable description, (c) Variable format
(number, data, text), (d) Instrument or method of collection, (e) Data
collected, (f) Respondent or group, (g) Variable location (in
database), (h) Notes.
The Researcher should carefully plan how the data will be logged, entered, transformed (as necessary),
and organized into a database that will facilitate accurate and efficient analysis.

5. DATA ANALYSIS
5
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
 Descriptive statistics are used to describe the
data collected in research studies and to
accurately characterize the variables under
observation within a specific sample. Descriptive
analyses are frequently used to summarize a
study sample prior to analyzing a study’s primary
hypotheses. This provides information about the
overall represntativeness of the sample, as well
as the information necessary for other
researchers to replicate the study, if they so
desire.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
 Inferential statistics be used to infer, from between-
group differences in a particular study sample, how
effective a new treatment or medication may be for
a larger population. Inferential statistics draw
general conclusions about the population on the
basis of the findings identified in a sample.
 A comprehensive review of inferential statistics
could fill many volumes of text, including :
• T-test
• Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
• Chi-square
• Regression
A comprehensive review of statistical procedures is beyond the scope of this text, in general, they can be broken
down into two major areas : descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics allow the researcher to describe the
data and examine relationships between variables, while inferential statistics allow the researcher to examine
causal relationships.

6. 6
A
B
C
D
ARE YOU FULLY
POWERED ?
ARE YOUR DISTRIBUTIONS
IN GOOD SHAPE ?
ARE YOU FISHING ?
HOW RELIABLE AND
VALID ARE YOUR
MEASURES ?
INTERPRETING DATA
AND DRAWING
INFERENCES

7. 7
E
F
G
H
STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
vs CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
ARE THERE ALTERNATIVE
EXPLANATIONS ?
ARE YOU CONFUSING
CORRELATION WITH
CAUSATION ?
HOW SIGNIFICANT IS YOUR
NON - SIGNIFICANCE ?
INTERPRETING DATA
AND DRAWING
INFERENCES

8. CHAPTER 8
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH
8
To help the reader better contextualize and appreciate the importance of
the protection of research participants :
1. Historical Background
2. Fundamental Ethical Principles
3. Informed Consent
4. Institutional Review Boards

9. 9
1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Based on my review of Essentials of Research Design and Methodology. Researcher,
and research subject, that most research with human subjects is ethically sound and
socially valuable.
Research with human subjects has led to the development of medications, vaccines,
surgical procedures, medical devices, and psychotherapies which have saved millions of
human lives, and improved the quality of life. Research has also provided us with
knowledge that has informed public policies

10. 10
2. FUNDAMENTAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
The many post-Nuremberg efforts just reviewed have largely defined the
philosophical and administrative basis for the most existing codes of research
ethics. In most types of fundamental ethnical principles to ensure autonomy
(respect for persons), beneficence, and justice.
- Respect for persons means that these individuals should have every right
to participate in research if they so choose. The main point is that these
individuals should be able to make this decision autonomously. For these
reasons, it is probably good practice for researchers to maintain clear
boundaries between themselves and persons who have authority over
prospective research participants.

11. 11
FUNDAMENTAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
- Beneficence means being kind or a charitable act of gift. In the research
context, the ethical principle of beneficence has its origins. Importantly,
the edict “ do no harm” is probably more easily adhered to in clinical
practice in which clinicians employ well-established and well-validated
procedures.
According The National Research Act Led to the development of
Institutional Review Boards (IRB) should
(1) Determine the validity of the assumptions on which the research is
based.
(2) Distinguish the nature of the risk, and
(3) Determine whether the researcher’s estimates of the probability of
harm or benefits are reasonable.

12. 12
FUNDAMENTAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
- Justice is the selection of research participants must be the results of fair
selection procedures and must also result in the fair selection outcomes.
Importantly, There should be no bias or discrimination in the selection
and recruitment of research participants. The principle of justice is also
relevant to how research participants are treated or not treated (Positively
or negatively) by the researcher.

13. 13
3. INFORMED CONSENT
The principle mechanism for describing th research study to potential
participants and providing them with the opportunity to make autonomous
and informed decisions regarding whether to participate.
The three basic elements of informed consent are that it must be
1. Competence
2. Knowingnes
3. Voluntariness
4. Developing a Consent Form
- An Explanation of the purpose of the study,
- A Description of any potential risks to the participant
- A Description of any potential benefits to the participant or to others
that may reasonably be expected from the research.

14. 14
3. INFORMED CONSENT
- A Description of alternative procedures or interventions
- A Statement describing the extent
- For research involving more than minimal risk
- Information about who can be contacted in the event of research-related
Injury or adverse event.
- A Clear statement
- A Description of circumstances
- A Statement that any new findings.

15. 15
4. INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS
1. Introduction and rationale for study
2. Specific aim
3. Outcomes to be measured
4. Number of participants to be enrolled per year and in total
5. Consideration of statistical power in relation to enrollment
6. Study procedures
7. Identification of the sources of research material obtained from
individually identifiable living human participants in the form of
specimens, records, or data.
8. Sample characteristics
9. Recruitment Procedures, nature of information to be provided to
prospective participants, and the methods of documenting
consent.

16. 16
4. INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS
10. Potential Risks and benefits of participation. (Are the risks to participants
reasonable in relation to the anticipated benefits to participants and in
relation to the importance of the knowledge that may reasonably be
expected to result from the research ?)
11. Procedures for protecting against or minimizing potential risks.

17. 17
SUMMARY
Ethical Consideration in Research was intended to provide a
general history and overview of some of the central ethical issues
relating to the conduct of scientific research.
The federal government has established an extensive system of
regulations and guiding principles to promote respect for persons,
beneficence and justice in research with human participants.

18. 1. Disseminating Research Results
2. Distilling Principles of Research
Design and Methodology
CHAPTER 9

19. DISSEMINATING THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH STUDIES
19
Sharing The Results of
Research Studies
1. Adds to the knowledge
base in a particular
scientific field.
2. Improves the overall
quality of research being
conducted.
3. Allows other researchers to
replicate a study’s results
or extend the study’s
findings.
4. Improves the way we live.
Presentation of
Research Results
One option available to those
researchers who decide to
share the results of their
research is to present their
findings at professional
conferences.
Publication of Research
Results
Publication of research results
is the most common method
of disseminating the results of
a research study.

20. PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
20
Keeping your eyes open is often the first step in
the research process. It is often through the
simple act of observation that researchers
formulate their research ideas and choose their
research questions.
KEEP YOUR EYES OPEN
To be able to draw valid conclusions based on
your research, which is the goal of all research, it
is essential that you adhere to the empirical
approach.
BE AN EMPIRICIST
To be creative when conducting research.
Creativity is particularly important in generating
new research ideas, comping up with appropriate
and perhaps novel research designs, and thinking
about the implications of your research studies.
BE CREATIVE
To have a coherent body of research, each
research study should be the next logical step in
the overall line of research
Research Begets Research
The rights of study participants are of paramount
importance in the research context, and protecting
those rights takes precedence over all other
research-related considerations.
ADHERE TO ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
If you are having fun while you do it, you will be
more likely to become engaged in the process.
Research can be exciting, so take pride in being
part of something that will advance science and
potentially improve the way we all live.
HAVE FUN

21. CHECKLIST OF RESEARCH-RELATED CONCEPTS AND CONSIDERATIONS
21
1. Follow The Scientific Method
2. Keep the goals of scientific
research in mind
5. Articulate hypotheses
that are falsifiable and
predictive.
4. Use operational definitions
3. Choose a research topic carefully

22. 22
6
Choose variables
based on the
research question
and hypotheses.
7
9
8
10
Use random selection
whenever possible.
Be aware of
multicultural
considerations
Use random
assignment
whenever
possible.
Eliminate
sources of
artifact and
bias.

23. 23
11 12 13
14 15 16
Choose reliable and
valid measurement
strategies.
Use rigorous
experimental designs.
Attempt to increase
the validity of a
study.
Use care in analyzing
and interpreting the
data.
Become familiar with
commonly
encountered ethical
considerations.
Disseminate the
results of research
studies.

24. T H A N K Y O U !
A N Y Q U E S T I O N S ?