Tue, 09.00h weiss, martin union organizing in germany´s it sector

Frankfurt

Collective bargaining and union organizing
in the IT industry in Germany
德国IT行业的集体谈判与工会组织

Martin Weiss, IG Metall Frankfurt/Main
Martin Weiss，法兰克福五金工会
Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, December 4-6, 2011
广州，中山大学 2011年12月4-6日

Topics 话题
Frankfurt

1. Labor relations in Germany 德国劳动关系
2. A historical abstract on the development of labor
relations in the IT industry in Germany
德国IT行业劳动关系发展的历史梗概

3. Main issues of collective bargaining and union
organizing in the IT industry in Germany
德国IT行业的集体谈判和工会组织的主要问题

4. Contract manufacturing in Germany 德国的合同制造
5. Decent work in global supply chains for the IT industry
in Germany 在德国IT产业的全球供应链中的体面工作

Martin Weiss, IG Metall Frankfurt 2

Frankfurt

1. Labor relations in Germany
德国的劳动关系


Labor relations in Germany
德国的劳资关系 Frankfurt

Different levels to secure rights of the employees in
German industries
在德国的产业中，不同的层次以确保员工的权利

 Individual contracts 个人合同
 Works councils 工作委员会
 Trade unions 工会
 Labor laws 劳动法


Individual contracts
个人合同 Frankfurt

By law individual contracts have to contain at least the following
aspects:根据法律规定，个人合同至少包含以下几个方面：

 Name and adress of the contractors承包商的姓名和地址
 Start of contract and its end if it is temporary临时合同的开始和结束时间
 Location of work or perhaps several locations工作的地点（一个或多个）
 Job title职称
 Wage with all components and the date for payment工资组成和付薪日期
 Working-hours, usually per week工作时间，通常以一周计算
 Duration of holidays per year每年假期的期限
 Period of notice (dismissal)解雇的通知期限
 Collective agreements or works agreements applied适用的集体协议或工
作协议


Works councils – election and size
工作委员会——选举与规模 Frankfurt

Works councils are not obligatory.工作委员会是非强制性
的。They can be elected in locations of a company with
min. five employees, if at least three employees start the
election.若有至少三名雇员提出选举，他们可以在一个有至
少五名雇员的公司的地方当选。
The size of the works council depends on the amount of employees
in the location:工作委员会的规模取决于在该地方雇员的人数。
 <= 20: 1  401 - 700: 11
 21 – 50: 3  701 – 1.000: 13
 51 – 100: 5  1.001 – 1.500: 15
 101 – 200: 7  1.501 – 2.000: 17
 210 – 400: 9  .........


Works councils –
Workers‗ representation at plant level Frankfurt

工作委员会——在厂级的工人代表
Every four years, a works council is elected by secret ballot by
all the employees in the company. The election is paid for by
the employer.每隔四年，工作委员会由公司所有的员工以无记名投
票的方式选出。这次选举是由雇主支付的。
The works council represents the workers‗ interests in the
company (except the interests of executive staff).工作委员会代
表着工人在公司的利益。（行政人员的利益除外）

Members of a works council are protected against dismissal.防
止解雇工作委员会成员。
Management / executive staff cannot be a member of a works
council and are not allowed to elect it.管理或行政人员不能成为工
作委员会成员，也不允许选举。

Works councils are not allowed to take industrial actions.工作委
员会不允许采取工业行动。

Works Council – the rights
工作委员会——权利 Frankfurt

The works council ensures that the company follows
工作委员会要确保公司遵守
 Laws法律
 Regulations 规章
 health and safety measures 健康与安全措施
 collective agreements 集体协议
 works agreements 工作协议

Furthermore, the works council is the representative of interests of
the employees inside the company. 还有，工作委员会是雇员在公司内
的利益代表。
And it has rights of information, consultation and co-determination.
Co-Determination leads to works agreements.
它拥有信息、咨询和共同决定的权利。共同决定引导工作协议。


Trade unions main tasks
工会的主要任务 Frankfurt

Collective bargaining 集体谈判
Co-operating with the works council and the workforce as provided by
the works constitution 与工作委员会、工作宪章提供的劳动力共同合作
Influencing policies and legislation with the aim of improving working
and living conditions 以提高工作和生存条件为目标影响政策和规章
Representing their members before the labor courts and social courts
在劳动法庭和社会法庭上代表他们的成员
Executing tasks and duties in many areas of working, social and
economic life 在工作、社会和经济生活上执行任务与职责
(e.g. sending lay judges to the labor and social courts, sending
representatives to the social security institutions, etc.) （例如寄送解雇
判决给劳动和社会法庭，派送代表到社会保障机构）
Trade unions act as the ―opposing social partner‖ of the employers‗
associations in the above-mentioned fields.工会在上述提及领域的雇主
组织内作为反社会伙伴。

German Constitutional Law
德国宪法 Frankfurt

Article 9 section 3 of the German Constitutional Law
guarantees every person the right to join a trade union
and engage in activities for and in the trade union
(freedom of association).
德国宪法第九章第三条保证每个人有权利加入工会和从事工
会活动（结社自由）。

Also the existence, organisational autonomy and
activities of trade unions themselves are protected by
the German Constitutional Law.
工会的存在，组织的自主性和活动是由德国宪法保护的。


Collective agreements
in the metal and electrical industry Frankfurt

在金属和电子工业的集体协议
Works agreements cannot settle standards for minimum
wages, wage increase and working-hours
工作协议不能设定标准，包括最低工资、工资增长和工作时间
Collective agreements are based on the right to strike. So its
basis is the number of active members of the union in one
company.
集体协议是基于罢工的权利。所以它的基础在于在公司里组织的
活跃成员的数量。
Collective agreements in the metal and electrical industry
are mainly agreements with an association of employers for
a whole region.
在金属和电子行业的集体协议是整个地区的雇员组织的主要协议

Collective bargaining in the IT industry
在IT行业的集体谈判 Frankfurt

There is no collective agreement for the whole IT industry in Germany

在德国没有整个IT行业的集体协议

In contrast to the metal and electrical industry collective bargaining is
specific for each company 对比起金属和电子行业，IT行业的集体谈判在
每个公司是不同的

However, there are certain types of collective agreements for the
companies of the IT industry 但是，在IT行业的公司有固定类型的集体协议
 Specific collective agreements that base on a collective agreement for the
metal and electrical industry.特定的集体协议是基于金属和电子行业的集体
协议
 The consequence is that you do not have to bargain about wage increases
for the specific company.结果是你不需要就特定公司的工资增长进行谈判
 Specific collective agreements for one company 为一个公司特定的集体协
议

Frankfurt

2. A historical abstract on the development of
labor relations in the IT industry in Germany

德国IT行业劳动关系发展的历史梗概


German IT industry in the 80s Frankfurt

在80年代的德国的IT行业

Nearly all of the bigger companies were members of
the association of employers in the metal and
electrical industry like IBM and Siemens
几乎所有的大公司是金属和电子行业雇主联盟的成员，例
如IBM和西门子。

New IT companies like Nixdorf did not join the
employers association, especially when they focused
on sales and consulting
新的IT公司如利多富没有加入雇主组织，特别是当他们专
注于销售和咨询后


German IT industry in the 90s (1) Frankfurt

90年代的德国IT产业（1）

In the beginning of the 90s bigger companies for
software and services started to expand.
在90年代的开始，大的软件和服务公司开始膨胀。
Daimler founded a consulting company named debis
without a collective agreement.
戴姆勒成立了一个名为debis的咨询公司，没有集体协议
Siemens-Nixdorf was founded and decided to join the
employers association in 1991 only after a period of
negotiations with the works councils.
1991年在结束和工作委员会谈判的一段时间后，西门子-利
多富成立并决定加入雇主联盟

German IT industry in the 90s (2) Frankfurt

90年代的德国IT产业（2）
Employees of Digital Equipment (later Compaq) raised issues to get a
collective agreement and in 1993 finally went to strike and achieved a
collective agreement.数字设备公司（后来的康柏）的员工在1993年提出
获得集体协议的问题，最终通过罢工获得集体协议。

In 1993 IBM left the association of employers and in 1994 signed a
new collective agreement with another union on lower standards.在
1993年，IBM脱离雇主联盟，在1994年和另一个工会签订新的集体协议，
降低标准。

IT companies in Germany changed from selling hardware products to
software and services.德国的IT公司从卖硬件产品到软件和服务收费

Wages increased on the same level as in companies with collective
bargaining or even further. 根据集体协议，工资在不同公司以相同的甚
至更高的水平增长


German IT industry after 2001 Frankfurt

2001年后的德国IT产业

The burst of the internet bubble in 2001 changed the
situation.2001年的互联网泡沫崩溃改变了情况。
Wage increase only if the market situation requires to
do so.工资只会在市场情况要求时增长。
At EDS this led to a big union organizing campaign in
2009 with a six-week-strike at the end.在EDS，这个导
致2009年一个大工会活动以六个月的罢工结束。
The goals of the strike changed to the saving of jobs.
罢工的目的变为保留工作机会。
The strike was an important experience concerning
union organizing in the IT industry.在IT行业工会里，这
次罢工是一个重要的经历。


Collective agreements for companies in
the IT industry (1) Frankfurt
在IT行业里的公司集体协议（1）

Companies with a collective agreement
based on the collective agreement for the metal and
electrical industry基于金属和电子行业集体协议订立集体
协议的公司
 Atos源讯公司
 Fujitsu富士通
 Wincor Nixdorf德利多富
 Infineon英飞凌
 Vodafone沃达丰
 Alcatel-Lucent阿尔卡特朗讯
 Siemens Enterprise Communications西门子企业通讯
 Nokia Siemens Networks诺基亚西门子通讯公司

Collective agreements for companies in
the IT industry (2) Frankfurt
在IT行业里的公司集体协议（1）

Specific collective agreements for single companies
单一公司的特定集体协议
 IBM
 Deutsche Telekom德国电信
 T-Systems
(IT branch of Deutsche Telekom)德国电信的IT分支

Responsible for these specific collective agreements is
ver.di, another union within the German Unions
Association.
负责这些特定集体协议的是ver. Di, 另一个德国工会协会
联盟

Union organizing is difficult in the IT
industry 在IT行业里的工会组织是困难的 Frankfurt

Companies without a collective agreement
没有集体协议的公司
 HP
 SAP
 Software AG
 CSC
 Microsoft

All of these companies have works councils.所有这些公司都有工作委员
会
So they have collective regulations, but not about working-hours or
the increase of wages.所以他们有集体规章，但是没有谈及工作时间或工
资的增长。
The main reason is that IG Metall‗s influence in these companies is
not strong enough yet.主要原因是五金工会在这些公司的影响力不够强。

Frankfurt

3. Main issues in collective bargaining and
union organizing in the IT-Industry in Germany

德国IT行业的集体谈判和工会组织的主要问题


Advantages of collective agreements
Wages 集体协议的优势——工资 Frankfurt

During the last ten years average wages in Germany
lost 4% of their value.在过去十年，在德国的平均工资丧
失了其价值的4%
In the same time wages in the coverage of collective
agreements of the metal and electrical industries
rised by 15% of their value.与其同时，金属和电子行业
的工资在集体协议的覆盖范围下增加了其价值的15%
So this is an attractive reason to gain a collective
agreement by joining the IG Metall in the IT industry.
所以，在IT行业，通过加入五金工会去获得集体协议，是
一个吸引人的原因。

Advantages of collective agreements
Working-hours per week Frankfurt
集体协议的优势——每周工作时间
35 working-hours per week are the standard of the collective
agreement of the metal and electrical industry in Germany.在德国
的金属和电子行业，每周35个工作小时是集体协议的标准。

40 working-hours per week are the standard of companies
without collective agreements.每周40个工作小时是没有集体协议的
公司标准。

Most of the IT companies have working-hours between 35 and 40
in the individual contracts.大多数的IT公司在个人合同上拥有工作在
35至40小时的工作时间

The main goal for IG Metall is to keep 35 working-hours as a
standard and to make sure that every working-hour is
documented and therefore not lost.五金工会的主要目标是保持35
个小时工作时间作为标准，并且保证每个工作时间被记录不被丢失。

Frankfurt

4. Contract manufacturing in Germany
德国的合同制造


An example for IT manufacturing
in Germany (1) Frankfurt
德国IT制造商的一个例子（1）
In 2000 Fujitsu Siemens Computers had factories in Augsburg,
Paderborn and Erfurt富士通西门子计算机公司曾拥有奥格斯堡、帕
德博恩和埃尔福特工厂。

The factory in Paderborn (700 employees) was sold to the
contract manufacturer Flextronics在帕德博恩（700名员工）的工
厂曾卖给了合同制造商Flextronics

Part of the deal was to keep the standards of the collective
agreement交易的一部分是为了保持集体协议的标准

Today there is no IT manufacturing any more in Paderborn. IG
Metall has made concessions to save the factory. Today there
are 500 employees with contracts based on the collective
agreement.现在再也没有IT制造商在帕德博恩。五金工会为了保留工
厂作出让步。现在基于集体协议，有500名拥有合同的雇员。

An example for IT manufacturing
in Germany (2) Frankfurt
德国IT制造商的一个例子（2）
The factories in Augsburg and Erfurt were secured by
a collective agreement. IG Metall made concessions
to save the jobs in the factories. The jobs are mainly
an assembling of IT components according to
customers‗ orders.在奥格斯堡和埃尔福特的工厂被集体
协议保护着。五金工厂为保留工厂的工作职位作出让步。
这些工作主要是根据客户订单的需求一些IT部件而集装。
Fujitsu hired workers on temporary loan receiving
very low wages.富士通用雇用工人，他们需要临时贷款，
收取非常低的工资。
IG Metall fights for wages which are as high as the
wages of the permament staff.
五金工会为他们的工资与永久工人保持一致而奋斗

Frankfurt

5. Decent work in global supply chains
for the IT industry in Germany

在德国IT产业的全球供应链中的体面工作


What can international unions do
to secure decent work? Frankfurt

国际的工会可以做些什么去保证体面的工作？
Forcing the IT companies to agree to rules of the
International Labor Organization (ILO) and even
higher levels as well as controlling them or better let
them be controlled by independent auditors
迫使IT公司同意以国际劳动组织（ILO）的规则和更高的层
次以及控制他们或更好地让他们由独立审计师控制
How can we force IT companies?
By giving information on works council meetings
about working conditions at the international IT
suppliers.
我们怎样才能迫使IT企业？通过提供在工作委员会会议上
的信息，关于国际IT供应商的工作条件。


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