TS Automative Embedded Systems.pdf

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Best Embedded Training Institute in Pune
Automative
Automative Embedded Systems
Embedded Systems

ABOUT US
TechnoScripts is India's No. 1
Embedded Training Institutes and offers
students job-oriented training programs
with a job guaranteed placements.
Technoscripts is a leading Indian
entity founded in 2005 exploring itself in
embedded system development &
training. We provide job-oriented courses
with a 100% placement guarantee. We
provide professional training to students
ready for the corporate world.

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
Understand the basic principles and characteristics of embedded systems.
Design and implement embedded systems using microcontrollers and
development tools.
Develop firmware and software for embedded systems using programming
languages and frameworks.
Interface and communicate with external devices and sensors.
Analyze and optimize the performance of embedded systems.
Apply best practices for debugging, testing, and maintaining embedded
systems.
Gain an understanding of real-time operating systems and their role in
embedded systems.
Explore emerging trends and applications in the field of embedded systems.
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Automative
Embedded Systems
TechnoScripts | Best Embedded Training Institute in Pune

CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Embedded Systems
3. Characteristics of Embedded Systems
4. Applications and Examples
5. Overview of the Development Process
6. Embedded Systems Architecture
7. Memory Types: ROM, RAM, Flash
8. put/Output (I/O) Ports and Peripherals
9. Embedded C Programming
10. Assembly Language Programming

INTRODUCTION:
1.
The Automotive Embedded Systems PPT is designed to
provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the
principles, techniques, and tools used in developing embedded
systems for automotive applications. The course covers a wide
range of topics, including hardware architecture, software
development, communication protocols, and testing
methodologies specific to the automotive industry. Students will
gain hands-on experience through practical exercises and
projects, enabling them to design and implement embedded
systems for automotive applications.

2. OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN THE
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY:
In this part, you will gain a comprehensive understanding of embedded
systems and their role in the automotive industry. They will explore the concept of
embedded systems as computer systems designed to perform specific tasks within
larger systems, with a focus on their applications in automobiles. The instructor will
provide an overview of the various components and functionalities of embedded
systems found in vehicles, highlighting their real-time operation, limited resources,
and integration with hardware and software components. Students will learn about
the significance of embedded systems in enhancing the performance, functionality,
and safety of modern automotive systems.

2. AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Automotive Embedded Systems is a specialized
field of engineering that focuses on the design,
development, and integration of electronic systems
within vehicles. These embedded systems play a critical
role in controlling, monitoring, and managing various
aspects of modern automobiles, including safety,
powertrain, infotainment, and driver assistance systems.

3. KEY COMPONENTS OF AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS :
1. Electronic Control Units (ECUs): These are dedicated
microcontroller-based systems that control and manage specific
functions within the vehicle. ECUs are responsible for tasks such as
engine management, transmission control, braking systems, airbag
deployment, and various other subsystems.

SYSTEMS :
2. Sensors and Actuators: Embedded systems in automotive applications
rely on various sensors to collect data from the vehicle and its
surroundings. These sensors include accelerometers, temperature
sensors, pressure sensors, radar, lidar, cameras, and more. Actuators,
such as motors and solenoids, are used to execute physical actions
based on the signals received from the embedded systems.

SYSTEMS :
3. Communication Protocols: Automotive embedded systems require
efficient and reliable communication between different components
and ECUs. Common protocols used in this domain include CAN
(Controller Area Network), LIN (Local Interconnect Network),
FlexRay, Ethernet, and more. These protocols facilitate data
exchange and coordination between various systems.

SYSTEMS :
4. Software Development: Automotive embedded systems rely on
sophisticated software to control and coordinate the operation of
different subsystems. Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are often
used to manage timing and synchronization in these systems.
Additionally, software development in this field involves
programming in languages like C/C++, as well as utilizing tools and
frameworks specific to automotive development.

SYSTEMS :
5. Safety and Security: Safety is a paramount concern in automotive
embedded systems. Standards such as ISO 26262 define safety
requirements for automotive systems, and engineers must ensure that
embedded systems comply with these standards. Moreover,
automotive embedded systems are susceptible to cybersecurity
threats, and efforts must be made to implement secure architectures
and protocols to protect against potential attacks.

SYSTEMS :
6. Testing and Validation: Given the critical nature of automotive
embedded systems, thorough testing and validation are essential.
Engineers conduct various types of testing, including unit testing,
integration testing, system testing, and validation tests. Testing
methodologies and tools specific to automotive embedded systems
are utilized to ensure the reliability, safety, and performance of these
systems.

SYSTEMS :
Automotive Embedded Systems is a rapidly evolving
field due to advancements in technology and the increasing
complexity of vehicles. Engineers working in this domain must stay
updated with the latest developments, standards, and regulations in
order to design and develop robust embedded systems for the
automotive industry.

4. INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMOTIVE ARCHITECTURES
AND ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNITS (ECUS):
Automotive architectures and electronic control units (ECUs)
play a crucial role in the operation and functionality of
modern vehicles. In this section of the course, students will
gain a detailed understanding of automotive architectures and
the significance of ECUs in vehicle control and management.

4. AUTOMOTIVE ARCHITECTURES AND ELECTRONIC
CONTROL UNITS (ECUS):
Automotive Architectures:
Centralized Architecture: In this architecture, a single ECU or a central
processing unit controls and manages all the vehicle's subsystems. It
simplifies the system design but may lack redundancy and fault tolerance.
Distributed Architecture: This architecture utilizes multiple ECUs, with each
ECU responsible for controlling a specific subsystem or function. It allows for
modularity, scalability, and redundancy, increasing system reliability.
Hybrid Architecture: This combines elements of both centralized and
distributed architectures, providing a balance between simplicity and
flexibility.
1.

4. AUTOMOTIVE ARCHITECTURES AND ELECTRONIC
CONTROL UNITS (ECUS):
Engine Control Unit (ECU): This ECU manages the engine's operations,
including fuel injection, ignition timing, and emission control, to optimize
performance and efficiency.
Transmission Control Unit (TCU): The TCU controls the transmission system,
ensuring smooth gear shifts and efficient power delivery.
Body Control Module (BCM): The BCM handles various functions related to
the vehicle's body, such as lighting, climate control, and door locks.
Infotainment Control Unit (ICU): This ECU manages the vehicle's infotainment
system, including audio, video, navigation, connectivity, and user interfaces.
2. Electronic Control Units (ECUs):

5. ROLE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN SAFETY,
POWERTRAIN, INFOTAINMENT, AND DRIVER ASSISTANCE
SYSTEMS
Safety Systems: Embedded systems play a vital role in enhancing
vehicle safety. They enable features like anti-lock braking systems
(ABS), traction control systems (TCS), electronic stability control
(ESC), and airbag deployment systems. These systems rely on sensors,
actuators, and embedded software to monitor the vehicle's dynamics
and react to potential hazards, improving overall safety.

SYSTEMS
Powertrain Systems: Embedded systems optimize powertrain
performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions. They control the engine's
operation, adjust fuel injection, manage ignition timing, and regulate
other powertrain components. By integrating sensors, actuators, and
control algorithms, embedded systems enhance powertrain
performance and economy.

SYSTEMS
Infotainment Systems: Embedded systems enable advanced
infotainment features, including multimedia playback, touchscreen
interfaces, voice recognition, and connectivity options. These systems
integrate hardware and software components to provide a seamless
and user-friendly in-vehicle entertainment and information
experience.

SYSTEMS
Driver Assistance Systems: Embedded systems are key to
implementing driver assistance features. They utilize sensors, such as
cameras, radar, and lidar, along with embedded software, to provide
functionalities like adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping assist, blind-
spot monitoring, and collision warning systems. These systems
enhance driver safety, improve comfort, and help prevent accidents.

SYSTEMS
By understanding automotive architectures and the role of ECUs, students
will grasp the intricate relationship between embedded systems and different
aspects of vehicle functionality. They will appreciate how embedded systems
contribute to vehicle safety, optimize powertrain performance, enhance
infotainment capabilities, and provide advanced driver assistance features. This
knowledge will empower students to develop innovative solutions and contribute to
the advancement of automotive embedded systems.

6. EMBEDDED SYSTEM HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE:
Embedded System Hardware Architecture is a
critical aspect of automotive embedded systems. It
focuses on the hardware components and their
organization within an embedded system. This section of
the course provides students with a detailed
understanding of microcontrollers, microprocessors,
memory, input/output interfaces, sensors, actuators,
power management, and automotive-specific hardware
considerations.

7. INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS AND
MICROPROCESSORS USED IN AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS:
In the context of automotive systems, microcontrollers
and microprocessors are key components that provide
the processing power and intelligence required to
control and manage various functions within vehicles.
This section of the course aims to provide students with
a detailed understanding of microcontrollers and
microprocessors used in automotive applications.

Microcontrollers:
Definition and Characteristics: Students will learn that microcontrollers are
integrated circuits (ICs) specifically designed for embedded systems. These
ICs contain a microprocessor core along with other components such as
memory, input/output (I/O) interfaces, timers, and analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs) on a single chip. The instructor will explain the key
characteristics of microcontrollers, such as low power consumption, real-
time operation, and suitability for control-oriented tasks.
1.

Microcontrollers:
Architecture: Students will explore the architecture of microcontrollers used
in automotive systems. They will learn about the different components within
a microcontroller, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory (ROM,
RAM, and Flash), I/O ports, timers/counters, and serial communication
interfaces. The instructor may discuss popular microcontroller architectures
such as ARM, MIPS, or AVR.
1.

Microcontrollers:
Selection Criteria: Students will gain insights into the factors influencing the
selection of microcontrollers for automotive applications. They will learn
about considerations such as processing power, memory requirements, I/O
capabilities, power consumption, cost, and compatibility with automotive-
specific standards and protocols. The instructor will explain how these
factors impact the choice of microcontrollers to meet the specific
requirements of automotive systems.
1.

Definition and Characteristics: Students will understand that
microprocessors are general-purpose CPUs typically used in computing
applications. Unlike microcontrollers, microprocessors do not include built-
in memory, I/O interfaces, or other peripherals on a single chip. The
instructor will explain that microprocessors require external components for
memory, I/O, and other functionalities.
2. Microprocessors:

Architecture: Students will gain knowledge of microprocessor architectures
commonly used in automotive systems. The instructor may discuss
architectures such as x86, ARM, or PowerPC, and explain their features and
suitability for automotive applications. Students will understand that
microprocessors require additional support chips, such as memory chips, I/O
controllers, and communication interfaces, to function as part of an
embedded system.
2. Microprocessors:

Integration in Automotive Systems: Students will explore how
microprocessors are integrated into automotive systems. They will learn
about the interfacing of microprocessors with external memory, I/O devices,
and communication protocols. The instructor may provide examples of how
microprocessors are utilized in automotive control units, infotainment
systems, and advanced driver assistance systems.
2. Microprocessors:

This is for a solid understanding of microcontrollers and microprocessors used
in automotive systems. They will appreciate the differences between
microcontrollers and microprocessors in terms of architecture, integration, and
selection criteria. Students will understand the role of these components in
providing the necessary processing power and intelligence for controlling
various functions within vehicles. This knowledge will enable them to make
informed decisions when selecting and utilizing microcontrollers or
microprocessors for automotive embedded systems.

8. STUDY OF MEMORY, INPUT/OUTPUT INTERFACES, AND
SENSORS/ACTUATORS:
The study of memory, input/output (I/O) interfaces, and sensors/actuators
in automotive embedded systems is essential for understanding how these
components interact with microcontrollers or microprocessors to enable the
control and operation of various functions within vehicles. This section of
the course provides students with a detailed understanding of these crucial
elements in automotive embedded systems.

SENSORS/ACTUATORS:
Memory:
Memory Organization: The instructor will explain how memory is
organized and utilized in automotive-embedded systems. This includes
understanding the division of memory into segments or sections, such as
code memory, data memory, and stack memory. Students will gain
insights into how memory is allocated and accessed by the
microcontroller or microprocessor for program execution and data
storage.
1.

SENSORS/ACTUATORS:
Memory:
Memory Management Techniques: Students will explore memory
management techniques employed in automotive embedded systems.
This may include strategies for optimizing memory usage, such as
memory allocation and deallocation, data structures, and efficient
storage of program instructions and data.
1.

SENSORS/ACTUATORS:
Types of I/O Interfaces: Students will learn about various types of I/O
interfaces used in automotive embedded systems. This includes General-
Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), Inter-
Integrated Circuit (I2C), Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter
(UART), and other communication protocols. The instructor will explain
the characteristics and applications of each interface type.
2. Input/Output (I/O) Interfaces:

SENSORS/ACTUATORS:
I/O Interfacing: Students will gain insights into how I/O interfaces are
used to connect external devices, such as sensors, actuators, displays,
and communication modules, to the microcontroller or microprocessor.
They will learn about the role of I/O pins, protocols, and communication
protocols in facilitating data exchange between the embedded system
and external devices.
2. Input/Output (I/O) Interfaces:

SENSORS/ACTUATORS:
Types of Sensors: Students will explore various types of sensors used in
automotive embedded systems. This includes temperature sensors,
pressure sensors, position sensors, proximity sensors, speed sensors, and
others. The instructor will explain the principles of operation,
characteristics, and applications of each type of sensor.
3. Sensors and Actuators:

SENSORS/ACTUATORS:
Types of Actuators: Students will learn about different types of actuators
employed in automotive embedded systems. This may include motors,
solenoids, valves, relays, and other devices that execute physical actions
based on signals received from the microcontroller or microprocessor.
The instructor will explain the functioning, control, and applications of
each actuator type.

SENSORS/ACTUATORS:
Integration and Control: Students will understand how sensors and
actuators are integrated into automotive embedded systems and
controlled by the microcontroller or microprocessor. They will learn
about the role of embedded software, signal conditioning, and control
algorithms in processing sensor data and generating control signals for
actuators.

SENSORS/ACTUATORS:
By studying memory, I/O interfaces, and sensors/actuators in automotive
embedded systems, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how
these components contribute to the operation and control of various functions
within vehicles. They will appreciate the importance of efficient memory usage,
the role of I/O interfaces in connecting external devices, and the integration
and control of sensors and actuators for data acquisition and physical action.
This knowledge will enable students to design and develop effective embedded
systems for automotive applications.

9. OVERVIEW OF POWER MANAGEMENT AND
AUTOMOTIVE-SPECIFIC HARDWARE CONSIDERATIONS:
Power management and automotive-specific hardware
considerations are critical aspects of designing and developing
automotive embedded systems. This section of the course focuses
on understanding the challenges, techniques, and considerations
related to power management and hardware design specific to
automotive applications.

Power Management:
Power Supply Requirements: Students will learn about the unique power
supply requirements in automotive systems. They will understand the
need for stable and reliable power sources to ensure the proper
functioning of embedded systems. The instructor will explain the
importance of understanding voltage levels, current requirements, and
power distribution within the vehicle.
1.

Power Management:
Power Management Techniques: Students will explore various techniques
employed in automotive embedded systems to efficiently manage power
consumption. This may include strategies such as power gating, clock
gating, voltage scaling, and sleep modes. They will understand the
significance of power management in maximizing energy efficiency,
extending battery life, and reducing overall power consumption.
1.

Power Management:
Energy Harvesting and Regeneration: Students will gain insights into
energy harvesting and regeneration techniques used in automotive
systems. They will learn about systems that capture and utilize energy
from sources such as braking or engine waste heat to power-specific
subsystems or recharge batteries. The instructor may discuss technologies
like regenerative braking and solar power integration.
1.

Temperature Range: Automotive embedded systems operate in a wide
range of temperatures, from extreme cold to high heat. Students will learn
about the challenges associated with temperature variations and the
importance of selecting components that can withstand these conditions.
The instructor will explain techniques for thermal management, heat
dissipation, and component selection to ensure reliable operation.
2. Automotive-Specific Hardware Considerations:

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding: Students will understand
the significance of EMI shielding in automotive embedded systems. They
will learn about the sources of electromagnetic interference within
vehicles, such as the ignition system, motors, and radio frequency devices.
The instructor will discuss techniques for shielding sensitive components
from EMI and ensuring electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).

Mechanical Robustness: Automotive embedded systems need to withstand
vibrations, shocks, and physical stresses encountered during vehicle
operation. Students will learn about the mechanical considerations in
hardware design, including shock absorption, mounting techniques, and
ruggedization. The instructor may discuss the use of mechanical
enclosures and vibration-resistant components.

Environmental Durability: Automotive systems are exposed to various
environmental conditions, including moisture, dust, and chemicals.
Students will gain insights into the importance of selecting components
that are resistant to these environmental factors. They will learn about
protective measures such as conformal coatings, sealing techniques, and
IP (Ingress Protection) ratings.

By understanding power management techniques and automotive-specific hardware
considerations, students will develop the knowledge and skills necessary to design
reliable and efficient embedded systems for automotive applications. They will
appreciate the importance of managing power consumption, ensuring proper functioning
under varying temperatures, addressing electromagnetic interference, enhancing
mechanical robustness, and ensuring environmental durability. This knowledge will
enable students to develop automotive embedded systems that meet the specific
requirements and challenges of the automotive industry.

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