TS Embedded Systems.pdf

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Getting Started with Embedded Systems:
A Beginner’s Guide
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INTRODUCTION:
1.
This ppt provides a comprehensive introduction
to the design, development, and programming of
embedded systems. Students will learn about the
fundamental concepts, architectures, and tools used in
the field of embedded systems. Practical hands-on
exercises and projects will reinforce the theoretical
knowledge and help students gain proficiency in
developing embedded systems.
Getting Started with Embedded Systems: A Beginner’s Guide
TechnoScripts | Best Embedded Training Institute in Pune

2. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Embedded systems are computer systems
designed to perform specific tasks within larger
systems or devices. They are often embedded
within other devices or systems and are dedicated
to a particular function or set of functions. Unlike
general-purpose computers, embedded systems are
optimized for efficiency, reliability, and real-time
operation.

2. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Embedded systems are computing systems
with a dedicated function within a larger system or
device. They are designed to perform specific tasks
efficiently and reliably, often with real-time
requirements. Embedded systems typically consist
of a combination of hardware and software
components.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Real-time operation: Embedded systems often require real-
time responsiveness to meet timing constraints and deadlines.
Limited resources: Embedded systems have constraints on
resources such as memory, processing power, and energy
consumption.
Specific functionality: Embedded systems are designed for
specific applications and perform dedicated functions.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Deterministic behavior: Embedded systems are expected to behave
predictably and consistently under various operating conditions.
Dependability: Embedded systems are often used in critical
applications where reliability and safety are paramount.
Low-power consumption: Embedded systems are designed to operate
efficiently with minimal power consumption.

4. APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES:
1. Systems: Embedded systems are widely used in modern vehicles for functions such
as engine management, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), airbag control, and
infotainment systems.
2. Medical Devices: Embedded systems play a crucial role in medical devices such as
pacemakers, insulin pumps, patient monitoring systems, and imaging equipment.
3. Consumer Electronics: Many consumer electronic devices rely on embedded
systems, including smartphones, smart TVs, home appliances, gaming consoles, and
wearable devices.

4. APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES:
4. Industrial Automation: Embedded systems are used in industrial control systems,
robotics, factory automation, and process monitoring.
5. Aerospace and Defense: Embedded systems are essential in aerospace and
defense applications, including aircraft control systems, missile guidance systems,
and military communication systems.
6. Internet of Things (IoT): The IoT relies heavily on embedded systems for
collecting, processing, and transmitting data in various connected devices,
including smart homes, smart cities, and industrial IoT applications.

5. OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS:
Requirements Analysis: Identify and define the specific requirements and
functionalities of the embedded system based on the intended application.
System Design: Design the overall system architecture, including hardware and
software components, considering factors such as performance, power
consumption, and connectivity.
Hardware Design: Develop the hardware components of the embedded system,
including selecting appropriate microcontrollers or microprocessors, designing
circuit boards, and integrating necessary sensors and actuators.
The development process for embedded systems typically involves several stages:
1.
2.
3.

5. OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS:
4. Software Development: Write and test the firmware and software that will
run on the embedded system. This includes low-level programming, device
drivers, and application-specific software.
5. Integration and Testing: Integrate the hardware and software components,
perform unit testing, and ensure proper functionality and compatibility.
6. Deployment and Maintenance: Deploy the embedded system into the target
environment and monitor its performance. Regular maintenance and updates
may be required to address any issues or add new features.

6. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE:
Embedded systems architecture refers to the
structure and organization of the hardware components
in an embedded system. It includes the selection of
microcontrollers or microprocessors, the memory types
used, and the arrangement of input/output (I/O) ports
and peripherals.

7. MICROCONTROLLERS AND MICROPROCESSORS:
Microcontrollers and microprocessors are the
central processing units (CPUs) in embedded systems.
They are responsible for executing the instructions
and controlling the operations of the system. Here are
some key points about microcontrollers and
microprocessors:

Integrated circuits that combine a microprocessor
core, memory, and I/O peripherals on a single chip.
Designed for low-power and low-cost applications.
Typically used in smaller embedded systems with
limited computational requirements.
Examples include the PIC, AVR, and ARM Cortex-M
series.
A) Microcontrollers:

Central processing units (CPUs) require external memory and
peripheral chips for complete functionality.
Generally more powerful and versatile than microcontrollers.
Suitable for applications that require higher processing
capabilities and complex algorithms.
Examples include the Intel x86 series, ARM Cortex-A series,
and AMD Ryzen.
B) Microprocessors:

8. MEMORY TYPES: ROM, RAM, FLASH:
Read-Only Memory (ROM):
Non-volatile memory that contains permanent data and instructions.
The data stored in ROM remains intact even when the power is turned off.
Used for storing firmware, bootloaders, and system-level constants.
Examples of ROM include Mask ROM (MROM), Programmable ROM (PROM),
and Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM).
Memory is an essential component of embedded systems for storing data,
instructions, and variables. The most commonly used memory types in embedded
systems are:
1.

Volatile memory that stores data and instructions temporarily during
system operation.
RAM is faster but loses its contents when the power is turned off.
Used for storing variables, program stack, and dynamic data.
Examples of RAM include Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM
(DRAM).
2. Random Access Memory (RAM):

A non-volatile memory that combines the features of ROM and RAM.
Flash memory allows for both reading and writing of data.
Used for storing firmware updates, user data, and configuration
settings.
Examples include NOR Flash and NAND Flash memory.
3. Flash Memory:

9. INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) PORTS AND PERIPHERALS:
Embedded systems require input and
output capabilities to interact with the external
world. This is achieved through input/output
(I/O) ports and peripherals. Here are some key
points about I/O ports and peripherals:

Dedicated pins on microcontrollers or microprocessors used for
communication with external devices.
I/O ports can be configured as inputs or outputs to send or receive digital
signals.
Used for interfacing with sensors, actuators, displays, and communication
modules.
Examples include General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins.
1. I/O Ports:

Additional hardware components integrated into the embedded system to
provide specific functionalities.
Examples of peripherals include:
Serial Communication Interfaces: UART, SPI, I2C for communication with
external devices.
Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC): Used for converting analog signals from
sensors to digital values.
Timers and Counters: Used for timekeeping, generating PWM signals, or
measuring events.
Communication Modules: Ethernet, USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth for connectivity.
Display Interfaces: LCD, LED, OLED for visual output.
Motor Control Interfaces: PWM outputs for controlling motors.
2. Peripherals:

The selection and configuration of I/O ports and
peripherals depend on the specific requirements of
the embedded system and the peripherals needed to
interact with the external environment. The choice of
microcontroller or microprocessor also influences
the available I/O capabilities.

10. EMBEDDED C PROGRAMMING:
Embedded C programming is a subset of the C
programming language specifically tailored for developing
software for embedded systems. It provides a structured
and efficient approach to writing code for embedded
applications. Here are the key aspects of embedded C
programming:

1. Syntax: Embedded C follows the syntax rules of the C programming
language. It includes features such as variable declarations, loops,
conditional statements, functions, and pointers.
2. Data Types: Embedded C supports standard C data types such as int,
float, char, and pointers. Additionally, it may include platform-specific data
types for efficient memory usage, such as uint8_t, uint16_t, etc., from the C
standard library <stdint.h>.

3. Control Flow: Embedded C programming uses control flow statements like
if-else, for loops, while loops, and switch-case to control the execution of
code based on conditions and requirements.
4. Memory Management: Embedded C allows explicit memory management
using pointers. This is important in embedded systems where memory
resources are limited. Developers must ensure efficient memory allocation
and deallocation to optimize resource usage.

11. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING:
Assembly language programming involves writing
code using mnemonic instructions that directly
correspond to the machine-level instructions
understood by the microcontroller or microprocessor.
Here are the key aspects of assembly language
programming:

1. Low-Level Programming: Assembly language programming provides direct
control over the hardware and registers of the microcontroller or
microprocessor. It allows fine-grained control over the system's resources and
enables developers to write highly optimized and efficient code.
2. Mnemonic Instructions: Assembly language instructions are represented by
mnemonics that map to specific machine-level instructions. These mnemonics
are readable representations of the binary instructions and make it easier for
programmers to understand and write assembly code.

3. Register Manipulation: Assembly language programming involves
manipulating registers, which are special storage locations within the
microcontroller or microprocessor. Registers hold data during processing
and facilitate efficient execution of instructions.
4. Addressing Modes: Assembly language provides various addressing modes
to access memory and peripherals. These modes allow direct addressing,
indexed addressing, indirect addressing, and more. Understanding and using
the appropriate addressing modes is crucial for efficient memory access.

12. TOOLS AND ENVIRONMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT:
Embedded systems development requires specialized tools and
environments to write, compile, and debug code. Here are some common tools and
environments used in embedded systems development:

1. Integrated Development Environments (IDEs): IDEs provide a comprehensive
development environment that integrates code editors, compilers, build tools,
and debuggers in a single software package. Popular IDEs for embedded
systems include Keil MDK, MPLAB X, and Eclipse with plugins specific to
embedded development.
2. Cross-Compilers: Embedded systems often use microcontrollers with
different instruction sets than the host computer. Cross-compilers are
software tools that allow developers to compile code on the host computer for
the target embedded system.

3. Debuggers: Embedded systems debuggers provide features like step-by-step
execution, breakpoints, memory inspection, and variable monitoring. These
tools help identify and resolve software bugs and issues during development.
Examples include JTAG debuggers, in-circuit emulators, and software debuggers
integrated with IDEs.
4. Simulators and Emulators: Simulators and emulators allow developers to test
and debug embedded code without the need for physical hardware. They
provide a virtual representation of the target microcontroller or
microprocessor, allowing for testing and validation of code before deployment.

5. Programmer Tools: Programmer tools, such as hardware programmers or
debuggers, are used to transfer compiled code from the development
environment to the target embedded system's memory. These tools ensure
proper flashing and verification of code on the hardware.
It is important for embedded systems developers to choose the
appropriate programming languages, understand low-level programming with
assembly language, and utilize the right tools and environments to effectively
develop and debug software for embedded systems.

13. REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS:
A Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) is an operating
system specifically designed for real-time applications,
where the correctness of the system's behavior depends
not only on the logical results of computation but also on
the timing of those results. Here are the key aspects of
RTOS:

1. Real-Time Requirements: RTOS emphasizes meeting stringent timing
constraints in order to ensure that tasks and processes are executed within
specified deadlines. Real-time applications can be categorized as hard real-
time (strict deadlines) or soft real-time (flexible deadlines).
2. Task Management: RTOS provides mechanisms for managing tasks or
threads. Tasks represent units of work that need to be executed within specific
time constraints. The RTOS scheduler determines the order and timing of task
execution based on priority and scheduling policies.

3. Resource Management: RTOS manages system resources such as memory,
CPU, and peripherals. It provides mechanisms for efficient resource
allocation and protection, enabling tasks to share resources safely and avoid
conflicts.
4. Interrupt Handling: Interrupts play a crucial role in real-time systems.
RTOS provides mechanisms to handle interrupts, allowing high-priority
interrupt service routines (ISRs) to preempt lower-priority tasks and ensure
timely response to time-critical events.

14. TASK SCHEDULING & SYNCHRONIZATION IN RTOS:
Task scheduling in an RTOS involves determining the
order and timing of task execution. Synchronization refers
to mechanisms for coordinating and controlling access to
shared resources among tasks. Here are key aspects of task
scheduling and synchronization in RTOS:

1. Preemptive and Cooperative Scheduling: RTOS can employ preemptive or
cooperative scheduling policies. Preemptive scheduling allows higher-priority
tasks to preempt lower-priority tasks, while cooperative scheduling relies on
tasks voluntarily yielding the CPU.
2. Priority-based Scheduling: RTOS assigns priorities to tasks to determine
their order of execution. Higher-priority tasks are executed before lower-
priority tasks. Priority levels can be fixed or dynamic, allowing for task priority
adjustments during runtime.

3. Synchronization Mechanisms: RTOS provides synchronization primitives
such as semaphores, mutexes, and message queues to control access to shared
resources. These mechanisms enable tasks to coordinate their activities, avoid
conflicts, and enforce critical sections.
4. Task Communication: RTOS facilitates inter-task communication
mechanisms like message passing, event flags, and shared memory to enable
tasks to exchange data and information.

15. CASE STUDY: WORKING WITH A POPULAR RTOS:
Working with a popular RTOS involves
understanding its features and utilization in
real-world applications. Here is a generalized
process for working with a popular RTOS:

1. Selection: Evaluate different RTOS options based on criteria like
compatibility with the target hardware, available features, community support,
and licensing terms. Common examples of popular RTOS include FreeRTOS,
RTX, and uC/OS.
2. RTOS Configuration: Configure the RTOS based on the specific requirements
of the embedded system. This includes setting task priorities, adjusting
scheduling policies, configuring memory management, and selecting
synchronization mechanisms.

3. Task Design and Implementation: Analyze the system requirements and
decompose the functionality into individual tasks. Define the task structures,
priorities, and synchronization requirements. Implement the tasks, ensuring
they meet the real-time constraints.
4. Integration and Testing: Integrate the RTOS and application-specific code.
Test the system to verify that tasks execute within the specified deadlines,
synchronization mechanisms work correctly, and resources are managed
efficiently.

5. Performance Optimization: Analyze and fine-tune the system to improve
performance and resource utilization. This may involve optimizing task scheduling,
minimizing context switches, reducing memory footprint, and optimizing interrupt
handling.
Working with a popular RTOS involves understanding its features,
configuration, task design, synchronization mechanisms, and performance
optimization techniques. It is essential to follow best practices and leverage
the resources and documentation provided by the RTOS vendor to ensure
efficient and reliable real-time application development.

16. INTERFACING AND COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS:
Interfacing and communication protocols are
crucial aspects of embedded systems that enable
devices to interact with each other and exchange
data. Here are detailed explanations of the topics
related to interfacing and communication
protocols:

17. GPIO (GENERAL-PURPOSE INPUT/OUTPUT) & ITS
APPLICATIONS:
GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output) refers
to a set of pins on microcontrollers or
microprocessors that can be configured as either
input or output to communicate with external devices.
Here are the key aspects of GPIO and its applications:

APPLICATIONS:
1. GPIO Pins: GPIO pins are programmable pins that can be used to either read
digital inputs (e.g., button presses, sensor readings) or drive digital outputs
(e.g., control LEDs, activate relays).
2. Input Mode: In input mode, GPIO pins can read the logic level (high or low) of
an external signal or sensor. This allows the microcontroller to sense and
respond to changes in the external environment.

APPLICATIONS:
3. Output Mode: In output mode, GPIO pins can drive a logic level (high or low)
to control external devices such as LEDs, motors, or relays. This enables the
microcontroller to send signals or actuate external components.
4. Interrupts: GPIO pins can be configured to generate interrupts, allowing the
microcontroller to respond quickly to specific events or signals from external
devices. This is useful for time-critical applications or for reducing power
consumption by waking the microcontroller from sleep modes.

18. SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS:
UART, SPI, I2C:
Serial communication protocols provide a
means for data transfer between
microcontrollers/microprocessors and
external devices. Here are detailed
explanations of three popular serial
communication protocols:

UART, SPI, I2C:
UART is a simple asynchronous serial communication protocol.
It uses two wires: one for transmitting data (TX) and one for receiving data
(RX).
UART does not require a clock signal, making it easy to implement and
widely supported.
It is commonly used for point-to-point communication, such as between a
microcontroller and a computer or between two microcontrollers.
1. UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter):

UART, SPI, I2C:
SPI is a synchronous serial communication protocol that supports full-
duplex communication.
It typically requires four wires: SCLK (clock), MOSI (master out, slave in),
MISO (master in, slave out), and SS (slave select).
SPI supports multiple slave devices connected to a single master device.
It is commonly used for high-speed communication with devices like
sensors, displays, flash memory, and other peripherals.
2. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface):

UART, SPI, I2C:
I2C is a synchronous, multi-master, multi-slave serial communication
protocol.
It requires two wires: SDA (data line) and SCL (clock line).
I2C supports multiple devices connected to the same bus.
It is commonly used for communication between sensors, EEPROM, real-
time clocks, and other low-to-moderate bandwidth peripherals.
3. I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit):

19. INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL DEVICES & SENSORS:
Interfacing with external devices and
sensors is a crucial aspect of embedded
systems development. Here are the key
aspects of interfacing with external devices
and sensors:

1. Communication Protocols: Select the appropriate communication protocol
(UART, SPI, I2C) based on the requirements of the external device or sensor.
2. Connection: Connect the microcontroller or microprocessor to the external
device or sensor using the appropriate wires or connectors.
3. Data Exchange: Implement the necessary software routines to exchange data
with the external device or sensor using the chosen communication protocol.

4. Signal Level Compatibility: Ensure that the voltage levels and logic levels of
the microcontroller and external device are compatible to avoid damage or
incorrect data transfer.
5. Device-Specific Libraries or Drivers: Utilize any device-specific libraries or
drivers provided by the manufacturer to simplify the interfacing process and
ensure proper functionality.

6. Data Processing: Process the data received from the external device or
sensor according to the application requirements, such as performing
calculations, applying filters, or making decisions based on the data.
7. Error Handling: Implement error handling mechanisms to handle exceptional
conditions, such as timeouts, transmission errors, or invalid data received from
the external device or sensor.

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