This document discusses the climate of different regions in Turkey. It describes the Mediterranean climate as hot and dry in the summer and mild and rainy in the winter. The Black Sea climate is noted as rainy in the spring and cool in the summer. Central Anatolia's climate is identified as having maximum rainfall in the spring and minimum in the summer. The continental climate region experiences maximum rainfall in the summer and minimum in the winter.
Climate change and the Himalayan glaciers- Problems and prospects-PPTTek Jung Mahat
The document summarizes an e-conference on climate change and Himalayan glaciers. Discussions focused on the current impacts being seen in the region from climate change, future potential threats like species extinction and worsening disasters, and the need for more research and adaptation planning. Key priorities identified included updating regional inventories using new technologies, more monitoring of vulnerable areas, disseminating research findings more widely, and developing adaptation and mitigation strategies to protect people from rising risks.
An air mass is a large body of air with similar temperature and moisture properties that can cover hundreds of thousands of square miles. Air masses originate over land or water source regions and take on the characteristics of the surface below over time. There are four main types of air masses defined by their source region in tropical or polar latitudes and whether that region is over land or water. When polar air meets warmer air over the United States, it causes the formation of the polar jet stream, a narrow belt of strong winds near the top of the troposphere that influences weather patterns and temperatures in the US.
The Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and wet winters. It occurs in areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea like parts of California, Western Europe, South Australia, South Africa, Asia, and Chile. The vegetation in these regions, such as evergreen trees, pines, cypress and oaks, must adapt to periods of drought and prolonged winter wetness.
The oceanic climate in England has mild winters and cool summers. Typical vegetation includes temperate forests, swamps, marshes and trees such as oak, elm, beech, ash, pine and birch that are common in British forests.
Manganese is the 12th most abundant element in Earth's crust. It is a key component in steel production, where it is used as an alloy to produce steel and purify iron ore. Most manganese deposits formed as a result of the transport and precipitation of manganese in ancient marine sediments under low oxygen conditions. Major deposits are found in sedimentary rocks that are now exposed on continents due to tectonic uplift. India's manganese ore deposits are mainly metamorphosed sedimentary deposits associated with ancient rock series in several states. Manganese has many industrial uses including in steel production, batteries, paint pigments, and aluminum alloys.
India has a diverse landscape formed by geological processes over millions of years. The movement of tectonic plates resulted in the formation of three major landform regions - the Himalayan mountains in the north, the Peninsular Plateau in the south, and the Northern Plains between them. India also has coastal plains, deserts, and islands formed by the same geological events. The country's landforms continue to be shaped by erosion, deposition, and other environmental factors.
- West Bengal has varied geography ranging from the Himalayan mountains in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. Its climate also varies from tropical to subtropical.
- The main rivers are the Ganges and its distributaries, which provide water but also cause flooding during monsoons. Heavy rainfall occurs in the northern districts.
- The Bengal Delta was formed over millions of years as the sediment from the Himalayan rivers filled the depressed basin. It is the largest delta in the world and continues growing due to sediment deposition.
This document discusses the climate of different regions in Turkey. It describes the Mediterranean climate as hot and dry in the summer and mild and rainy in the winter. The Black Sea climate is noted as rainy in the spring and cool in the summer. Central Anatolia's climate is identified as having maximum rainfall in the spring and minimum in the summer. The continental climate region experiences maximum rainfall in the summer and minimum in the winter.
Climate change and the Himalayan glaciers- Problems and prospects-PPTTek Jung Mahat
The document summarizes an e-conference on climate change and Himalayan glaciers. Discussions focused on the current impacts being seen in the region from climate change, future potential threats like species extinction and worsening disasters, and the need for more research and adaptation planning. Key priorities identified included updating regional inventories using new technologies, more monitoring of vulnerable areas, disseminating research findings more widely, and developing adaptation and mitigation strategies to protect people from rising risks.
An air mass is a large body of air with similar temperature and moisture properties that can cover hundreds of thousands of square miles. Air masses originate over land or water source regions and take on the characteristics of the surface below over time. There are four main types of air masses defined by their source region in tropical or polar latitudes and whether that region is over land or water. When polar air meets warmer air over the United States, it causes the formation of the polar jet stream, a narrow belt of strong winds near the top of the troposphere that influences weather patterns and temperatures in the US.
The Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and wet winters. It occurs in areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea like parts of California, Western Europe, South Australia, South Africa, Asia, and Chile. The vegetation in these regions, such as evergreen trees, pines, cypress and oaks, must adapt to periods of drought and prolonged winter wetness.
The oceanic climate in England has mild winters and cool summers. Typical vegetation includes temperate forests, swamps, marshes and trees such as oak, elm, beech, ash, pine and birch that are common in British forests.
Manganese is the 12th most abundant element in Earth's crust. It is a key component in steel production, where it is used as an alloy to produce steel and purify iron ore. Most manganese deposits formed as a result of the transport and precipitation of manganese in ancient marine sediments under low oxygen conditions. Major deposits are found in sedimentary rocks that are now exposed on continents due to tectonic uplift. India's manganese ore deposits are mainly metamorphosed sedimentary deposits associated with ancient rock series in several states. Manganese has many industrial uses including in steel production, batteries, paint pigments, and aluminum alloys.
India has a diverse landscape formed by geological processes over millions of years. The movement of tectonic plates resulted in the formation of three major landform regions - the Himalayan mountains in the north, the Peninsular Plateau in the south, and the Northern Plains between them. India also has coastal plains, deserts, and islands formed by the same geological events. The country's landforms continue to be shaped by erosion, deposition, and other environmental factors.
- West Bengal has varied geography ranging from the Himalayan mountains in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. Its climate also varies from tropical to subtropical.
- The main rivers are the Ganges and its distributaries, which provide water but also cause flooding during monsoons. Heavy rainfall occurs in the northern districts.
- The Bengal Delta was formed over millions of years as the sediment from the Himalayan rivers filled the depressed basin. It is the largest delta in the world and continues growing due to sediment deposition.
India belongs to the tropical monsoon climate zone. Since the Indian subcontinent is separated from the rest of Asia by the lofty Himalayan ranges, they block the cold air masses moving southwards from Central Asia. The climatic conditions of India are highlighted in this module.
1) Water exists in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms. Water vapor accounts for around 4% of the atmosphere and plays an important role in determining weather through condensation and precipitation.
2) The amount of water vapor present in air is known as humidity, which is measured in terms of absolute or relative humidity. Evaporation from oceans and other water bodies adds water vapor to the atmosphere.
3) When air reaches its dew point temperature, water vapor condenses to form precipitation like rain, snow, sleet or hail which then falls to the Earth's surface through processes like convectional, orographic or frontal rainfall. The distribution of rainfall varies globally depending on factors like
A2 Physical Geography - Hot arid and Semi Arid Environmentnazeema khan
The document discusses several key points about deserts and their formation:
1. Ocean currents play a major role in creating arid conditions in coastal deserts by lowering temperatures and reducing precipitation. The cold Benguela and Peruvian currents cause aridity in the Namib and Atacama deserts.
2. Other factors that contribute to desertification include high pressure systems, mountains that create rain shadows, and distance from the ocean. The Himalayas and Andes cause rain shadows in the Thar and Patagonia deserts.
3. Various landforms are shaped by wind and water processes in arid environments, including yardangs, zeugens, and alluvial fans.
This document looks at the factors that affect weather and climate. The weather systems that also affect the Caribbean is also examined. These include ITCZ, Hurricanes, Cold Fronts, Easterly waves, Anticyclones
This document provides an overview of temperate grasslands, including their location, climate, soil characteristics, and major types. The major temperate grasslands discussed are steppes, prairies, pampas, and veldt. Key details about the climate, dominant plants, and characteristic animal species of each grassland type are described. The document also discusses threats to temperate grasslands from overgrazing, invasive species, and urbanization, as well as conservation strategies.
This document provides information on the mineralogy of aluminium and copper. It discusses that the chief source of aluminium is bauxite, and lists other aluminium minerals associated with bauxite like diaspora, boehmite, and gibbsite. Bauxite deposits are described as occurring as blankets, interstratified beds, pockets in limestone, and transported deposits. Information is also provided on the geological distribution of aluminium deposits in India. Uses of aluminium and its alloys in household utensils, aircraft construction, and more are outlined. The document then discusses the main copper ore minerals and their compositions. Modes of copper ore occurrence and origins are described. Finally, geological distributions of copper deposits in
Himalayan glaciers are bodies of ice that originated on land from recrystallized snow under certain conditions. The Himalayas contain 15,003 glaciers which are receding faster than any other region in the world. According to scientists from the WGHG and ICSI, if current melting rates continue, Himalayan glaciers will disappear by the year 2035 due to rising temperatures causing the snow and ice to melt more quickly than it can accumulate.
Welcome to the land of colorful customes- the Deccan Plateau of India; this presentation serves to give you a kaleidoscopic pleasure trove for the discerning visitors.
España tiene un relieve diverso con montañas, mesetas y depresiones. La Meseta Central es una gran llanura elevada en el centro del país rodeada por cadenas montañosas como el Sistema Central y los Montes de Toledo. Otras cadenas montañosas incluyen los Pirineos, la Cordillera Cantábrica y los Sistemas Béticos. Las principales depresiones son las del Ebro y del Guadalquivir. España también tiene costas en el Atlántico, Mediterráneo y mar Cantábrico.
North America is the third largest continent, spanning over 24 million square km between latitudes of 7-85 degrees north and longitudes of 20-179 degrees west. Its major physical features include the Canadian Shield of old rocky areas, the Eastern Highlands including the Appalachian Mountains, the vast Central Lowlands agricultural region, and the Western Cordilleras mountain range extending from Alaska to Panama. The climate varies significantly from tundra and taiga in the north to grasslands, Mediterranean, desert, and tropical rainforest zones in the south, influenced by proximity to oceans and mountain ranges. The continent's economy is based around agriculture in the central plains, dairy farming, fishing, and major industries like mining, manufacturing,
The document discusses solar radiation and the processes that control Earth's heat balance and temperature distribution. It explains that Earth receives energy from the sun which is absorbed and radiated back to space. Some key points are:
- Solar radiation heats the atmosphere through various processes like convection, conduction, and radiation.
- Factors like the Earth's rotation, revolution, latitude, proximity to oceans influence the amount of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at different locations.
- Earth's temperature is determined by the balance between the solar energy received and radiated back to space. Temperature varies based on latitude, altitude, land/sea distribution and ocean/wind currents.
Climatic Controls- Latitude, Altitude, Pressure and wind system, Continentality, Ocean Currents, Relief
Importance of Himalayas
Indian Monsoon
La Nina
El NIno
Water Divide
A2 Geography Revision for Coastal Environments, subchapter 8.2 Coastal Landforms of Cliffed and Constructive Coasts. It is suitable for Year 13 Geography, Cambridge Examination in November 2016. It contains: key terms and definitions, a topic summary, sketches and descriptions, additional work (6 questions for testing your knowledge) and some suggested websites.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: WEATHER MEASUREMENTS. It contains: difference between weather and climate, measuring the weather, what do we measure, temperature, precipitation, wind direction, Beaufort scale, cloud cover, air pressure, glossary.
The document summarizes coastal geomorphology and processes. It describes how marine processes like waves, along with sub-aerial processes and human activities, shape the coastline over time. Constructive waves build up sediment while destructive waves erode coasts. Coastal erosion occurs through abrasion, hydraulic pressure, corrosion, and sub-aerial processes like weathering and mass movement. The type and rate of erosion depends on factors like wave energy, beach material, and rock type. Material is transported along the coast through swash and backwash of waves.
The document provides information about mid-latitude cyclones, including:
1) The stages of development of a mid-latitude cyclone are the initial, development, mature, and occlusion stages.
2) Conditions necessary for their formation include contact between warm/moist and cold/dry air masses at the polar front with convergence and disturbances forming a low pressure system.
3) Characteristics include originating in mid-latitudes, moving eastward, rotating counterclockwise, having a diameter of up to 1,000 miles, bringing changing weather over 1-3 days, and being caused by clashes between different air masses.
Drought occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation over an extended period, resulting in water shortages. Drought can have substantial impacts on agriculture and regional economies. In India, drought has historically led to tens of millions of deaths from famines in the 18th-19th centuries. Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the summer monsoon, and failure of the monsoons can result in below average crop yields, impacting parts of India like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Haryana, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. The document then discusses various physical and climatic factors that can cause drought, as well as human impacts like overuse of water resources and depletion of forests.
India has significant climate variations due to its large size and diverse topography. The monsoon winds and Himalayan mountains play a key role in determining India's regional climates. The monsoons are vital, providing most of India's annual rainfall from June to September and influencing the agricultural cycle. However, monsoon rainfall is uneven in amount and timing, sometimes causing droughts or floods. The climate zones range from tropical in the south to cooler temperate in the north.
India belongs to the tropical monsoon climate zone. Since the Indian subcontinent is separated from the rest of Asia by the lofty Himalayan ranges, they block the cold air masses moving southwards from Central Asia. The climatic conditions of India are highlighted in this module.
1) Water exists in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms. Water vapor accounts for around 4% of the atmosphere and plays an important role in determining weather through condensation and precipitation.
2) The amount of water vapor present in air is known as humidity, which is measured in terms of absolute or relative humidity. Evaporation from oceans and other water bodies adds water vapor to the atmosphere.
3) When air reaches its dew point temperature, water vapor condenses to form precipitation like rain, snow, sleet or hail which then falls to the Earth's surface through processes like convectional, orographic or frontal rainfall. The distribution of rainfall varies globally depending on factors like
A2 Physical Geography - Hot arid and Semi Arid Environmentnazeema khan
The document discusses several key points about deserts and their formation:
1. Ocean currents play a major role in creating arid conditions in coastal deserts by lowering temperatures and reducing precipitation. The cold Benguela and Peruvian currents cause aridity in the Namib and Atacama deserts.
2. Other factors that contribute to desertification include high pressure systems, mountains that create rain shadows, and distance from the ocean. The Himalayas and Andes cause rain shadows in the Thar and Patagonia deserts.
3. Various landforms are shaped by wind and water processes in arid environments, including yardangs, zeugens, and alluvial fans.
This document looks at the factors that affect weather and climate. The weather systems that also affect the Caribbean is also examined. These include ITCZ, Hurricanes, Cold Fronts, Easterly waves, Anticyclones
This document provides an overview of temperate grasslands, including their location, climate, soil characteristics, and major types. The major temperate grasslands discussed are steppes, prairies, pampas, and veldt. Key details about the climate, dominant plants, and characteristic animal species of each grassland type are described. The document also discusses threats to temperate grasslands from overgrazing, invasive species, and urbanization, as well as conservation strategies.
This document provides information on the mineralogy of aluminium and copper. It discusses that the chief source of aluminium is bauxite, and lists other aluminium minerals associated with bauxite like diaspora, boehmite, and gibbsite. Bauxite deposits are described as occurring as blankets, interstratified beds, pockets in limestone, and transported deposits. Information is also provided on the geological distribution of aluminium deposits in India. Uses of aluminium and its alloys in household utensils, aircraft construction, and more are outlined. The document then discusses the main copper ore minerals and their compositions. Modes of copper ore occurrence and origins are described. Finally, geological distributions of copper deposits in
Himalayan glaciers are bodies of ice that originated on land from recrystallized snow under certain conditions. The Himalayas contain 15,003 glaciers which are receding faster than any other region in the world. According to scientists from the WGHG and ICSI, if current melting rates continue, Himalayan glaciers will disappear by the year 2035 due to rising temperatures causing the snow and ice to melt more quickly than it can accumulate.
Welcome to the land of colorful customes- the Deccan Plateau of India; this presentation serves to give you a kaleidoscopic pleasure trove for the discerning visitors.
España tiene un relieve diverso con montañas, mesetas y depresiones. La Meseta Central es una gran llanura elevada en el centro del país rodeada por cadenas montañosas como el Sistema Central y los Montes de Toledo. Otras cadenas montañosas incluyen los Pirineos, la Cordillera Cantábrica y los Sistemas Béticos. Las principales depresiones son las del Ebro y del Guadalquivir. España también tiene costas en el Atlántico, Mediterráneo y mar Cantábrico.
North America is the third largest continent, spanning over 24 million square km between latitudes of 7-85 degrees north and longitudes of 20-179 degrees west. Its major physical features include the Canadian Shield of old rocky areas, the Eastern Highlands including the Appalachian Mountains, the vast Central Lowlands agricultural region, and the Western Cordilleras mountain range extending from Alaska to Panama. The climate varies significantly from tundra and taiga in the north to grasslands, Mediterranean, desert, and tropical rainforest zones in the south, influenced by proximity to oceans and mountain ranges. The continent's economy is based around agriculture in the central plains, dairy farming, fishing, and major industries like mining, manufacturing,
The document discusses solar radiation and the processes that control Earth's heat balance and temperature distribution. It explains that Earth receives energy from the sun which is absorbed and radiated back to space. Some key points are:
- Solar radiation heats the atmosphere through various processes like convection, conduction, and radiation.
- Factors like the Earth's rotation, revolution, latitude, proximity to oceans influence the amount of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at different locations.
- Earth's temperature is determined by the balance between the solar energy received and radiated back to space. Temperature varies based on latitude, altitude, land/sea distribution and ocean/wind currents.
Climatic Controls- Latitude, Altitude, Pressure and wind system, Continentality, Ocean Currents, Relief
Importance of Himalayas
Indian Monsoon
La Nina
El NIno
Water Divide
A2 Geography Revision for Coastal Environments, subchapter 8.2 Coastal Landforms of Cliffed and Constructive Coasts. It is suitable for Year 13 Geography, Cambridge Examination in November 2016. It contains: key terms and definitions, a topic summary, sketches and descriptions, additional work (6 questions for testing your knowledge) and some suggested websites.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: WEATHER MEASUREMENTS. It contains: difference between weather and climate, measuring the weather, what do we measure, temperature, precipitation, wind direction, Beaufort scale, cloud cover, air pressure, glossary.
The document summarizes coastal geomorphology and processes. It describes how marine processes like waves, along with sub-aerial processes and human activities, shape the coastline over time. Constructive waves build up sediment while destructive waves erode coasts. Coastal erosion occurs through abrasion, hydraulic pressure, corrosion, and sub-aerial processes like weathering and mass movement. The type and rate of erosion depends on factors like wave energy, beach material, and rock type. Material is transported along the coast through swash and backwash of waves.
The document provides information about mid-latitude cyclones, including:
1) The stages of development of a mid-latitude cyclone are the initial, development, mature, and occlusion stages.
2) Conditions necessary for their formation include contact between warm/moist and cold/dry air masses at the polar front with convergence and disturbances forming a low pressure system.
3) Characteristics include originating in mid-latitudes, moving eastward, rotating counterclockwise, having a diameter of up to 1,000 miles, bringing changing weather over 1-3 days, and being caused by clashes between different air masses.
Drought occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation over an extended period, resulting in water shortages. Drought can have substantial impacts on agriculture and regional economies. In India, drought has historically led to tens of millions of deaths from famines in the 18th-19th centuries. Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the summer monsoon, and failure of the monsoons can result in below average crop yields, impacting parts of India like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Haryana, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. The document then discusses various physical and climatic factors that can cause drought, as well as human impacts like overuse of water resources and depletion of forests.
India has significant climate variations due to its large size and diverse topography. The monsoon winds and Himalayan mountains play a key role in determining India's regional climates. The monsoons are vital, providing most of India's annual rainfall from June to September and influencing the agricultural cycle. However, monsoon rainfall is uneven in amount and timing, sometimes causing droughts or floods. The climate zones range from tropical in the south to cooler temperate in the north.
3. Türkiyede iklim
İKLİMİ ETKİLEYEN
UNSURLAR
ENLEM
DENİZELLİK DAĞLARIN
(Güneş ışınlarının YÜKSELTİ
(DENİZE YAKINLIK) UZANIŞ YÖNÜ
geliş açısı)
4. İKLİMİ ETKİLEYEN UNSURLAR
ENLEM
Güneş ışınlarının geliş
açısı :
Güneş ışınlarının dik
G
yada dike yakın geldiği Ü
yerler daha çok N
E
ısınırken yatay veya Ş
teğet geldiği yerler daha
az ısınır.
5. İKLİMİ ETKİLEYEN UNSURLAR
DENİZELLİK
Denize yakınlık
Bir bölgenin denize yakın ya
da uzak olması (deniz
etkisinden faydalanma oranı)
iklimini etkiler. Denizler geç
ısınıp geç soğur. Çünkü, ısı
iletkenlikleri zayıftır. Böylece
deniz etkisi altında bulunan
(denize yakın) yerlerde de
hava geç ısınıp, geç soğur. Bir
başka etkisi ise denizden esen
rüzgarların kışın ılıtıcı, yazın
serinletici etki yapmasıdır.
6. İKLİMİ ETKİLEYEN UNSURLAR
YÜKSELTİ
Atmosfer yerden yansıyan
ışınlarla ısındığı için alt
katları sıcak, üst katları
soğuktur. Yükseldikçe
sıcaklık 200m'de 1c derece
azalır. Çünkü yükseldikçe
nem ve yoğunluk
azalmaktadır. Ayrıca
yerler alçak yerlere oranla
gündüz daha fazla ısınır.
7. İKLİMİ ETKİLEYEN UNSURLAR
DAĞLARIN UZANIŞ
YÖNÜ
Dağ sıraları hava kütlelerinin
ilerlemesini engelleyerek
iklimde yerel değişmelere
neden olular. Toroslar ve
Kuzey Anadolu Dağları kıyıya
paralel uzandıkları için nemli
havanın İç Anadolu’ya
girmesini engellerken Ege’de
kıyıya dik uzanan dağlar
Akdeniz ikliminin iç kesimlere
kadar sokulmasına yardımcı
olur
8. İklimi etkileyen bu etmenler yurdumuzda üç farklı iklimin oluşmasına neden olmuştur.
TÜRKİYEDE GÖRÜLEN İKLİMLER
9. AKDENİZ İKLİMİ
Yazlar sıcak ve
kurak
Kışlar ılık ve
yağışlıdır.
10. AKDENİZ İKLİMİ
Bitki Örtüsü: Maki
Maki: kısa boylu
(bodur)
ağaççıklardan
oluşan bitki
topluluğu.
11. AKDENİZ İKLİMİ
MUĞLA
YAĞIŞLAR
En fazla yağış kışın
düşer.
Yazın yağışlar yok
dencek kadar azdır.
15. KARASAL İKLİM
Yazlar sıcak ve kurak,
Kışlar soğuk ve kar
yağışlıdır.
16. KARASAL İKLİM
BİTKİ ÖRTÜSÜ:
BOZKIR
Bozkır: İklim şartlarının
ağaç yetişmesine uygun
olmadığı yarı kurak
yerlerdeki otsu, dikensi
küçük çalı topluluklarıdır.
İlkbahar aylarında
yemyeşil olan bu ot
toplulukları, yaz kuraklığı
ile sapsarı kurak ve çorak
çalı topluluğuna dönüşür.
17. KARASAL İKLİM
Karasal iklimin
görüldüğü yerlerde en
fazla yağış ilkbahar
aylarında düşer.
