Let's Take a Ride: 5 Largest U.S. Public Transit SystemsInfographic World
Five major US cities including Chicago, New York City, Boston, Washington, DC, and San Francisco have the largest, most extensive public transit systems in the country. To gain a better understanding of the history and scope of each city and its public transportation system, MPA@UNC, the online mpa degree, has created a visualization to show how millions of Americans travel daily via mass transit—Let’s Take a Ride: 5 Largest US Public Transit Systems.
Virginians for High Speed Rail (VHSR), High-Speed Rail and Richmond, July 2009, presentation by Executive Director Danny Plaugher
What is High Speed Rail? Who is VHSR and what are their Goals? $1.5 billion is needed to upgrade to Emerging High Speed Rail in Virginia. What can you do?
www.VHSR.com
Let's Take a Ride: 5 Largest U.S. Public Transit SystemsInfographic World
Five major US cities including Chicago, New York City, Boston, Washington, DC, and San Francisco have the largest, most extensive public transit systems in the country. To gain a better understanding of the history and scope of each city and its public transportation system, MPA@UNC, the online mpa degree, has created a visualization to show how millions of Americans travel daily via mass transit—Let’s Take a Ride: 5 Largest US Public Transit Systems.
Virginians for High Speed Rail (VHSR), High-Speed Rail and Richmond, July 2009, presentation by Executive Director Danny Plaugher
What is High Speed Rail? Who is VHSR and what are their Goals? $1.5 billion is needed to upgrade to Emerging High Speed Rail in Virginia. What can you do?
www.VHSR.com
Transport is the act of moving, carrying and conveying items and people from one place to another. Communication on the other hand refers to the process of transferring information between individuals, groups and places. Transport and communications facilities enable people to interact by travelling, moving commodities and spreading information.
How to Improve Amtrak - America's Railroaddurangokid123
This is a small presentation about how to improve the government operated, for profit company Amtrak. Amtrak is our nation's passenger rail provider and has been in operation since 1970.
Transport is the act of moving, carrying and conveying items and people from one place to another. Communication on the other hand refers to the process of transferring information between individuals, groups and places. Transport and communications facilities enable people to interact by travelling, moving commodities and spreading information.
How to Improve Amtrak - America's Railroaddurangokid123
This is a small presentation about how to improve the government operated, for profit company Amtrak. Amtrak is our nation's passenger rail provider and has been in operation since 1970.
Railroads were big business in the mid to late 1800s in the United S.pdfsales113
Railroads were big business in the mid to late 1800s in the United States. Explain why railroads
were so important to citizens of America at this time. Be sure to include in your answer railroads
monopolies and other economic abuses of the railroads (short answer question).
Solution
Railroads were big business in the mid to late 1800s in the United States.
In the mid to late 1800s or in Beginning in the nineteenth century in the United States. Until the
late 1800s the federal government encouraged the growth of big business. By the end of the
century.A huge system of railroads was developed that to moved goods and people across great
distances, facilitated the settlement of large portions of the country, created towns and cities, and
unified a nation.
The earliest railways in the United States were short, wooden railways. The first locomotive for
use on railways was imported from England in 1829. By 1840, railroad track in the United States
had reached almost three thousand miles. There were Several other innovations helped foster the
growth of railroads between 1840 and 1860. Between 1890 and 1900 another 40,000 miles of
track were added to the railroad net; after 1900, still another 60,000 miles of line were built
railroads monopolies and other economic abuses of the railroads
Developing of railroads rapidly became huge businesses, imperative to the success of American
enterprise. The main need of the railroads helped create several other many industries like steel,
copper, glass, tools, and oil etc. The need for all of these industries to stay successful was
worrisome for railroad owners. The result was a revolution in the organization and scale of
enterprise: \"Big business reached greater markets than were ever conceived of before and could
benefit from the ability to raise vast amounts of capital that made possible the cost economies of
large-scale production\" With these huge amount of capital, the railroad companies were able to
finance the political campaigns through whatever and whomever was needed in government.
With this control in Washington, there was no way to stop the overwhelming control of this
industry over society. So we can say that the entire nation was subject to the whims of this
monopoly.
We can highlighteconomic abuses of the railroads as follow
the railroads acquired control of many facets of the new economy.
This body now had the ability to \"squeeze out competitors, force down prices
paid for labor and raw materials
the railroads companies were charged customers more
they get special favors and treatments from National and State government\" . The railroads had
all the power, because they controlled all the prices.
as we all know that citizens of the west could not survive without the use of the railroads, they
were forced to pay whatever rates the raildroad companies set.
..
A Guide to the Largest Public Transit Systems in the U.S. Ritu Pant
Five major US cities including Chicago, New York City, Boston, Washington, DC, and San Francisco have the largest, most extensive public transit systems in the country. To gain a better understanding of the history and scope of each city and its public transportation system, MPA@UNC, the online mpa degree, has created a visualization to show how millions of Americans travel daily via mass transit
transportation and the health and wealth of citiesTheLastMile
Since 1950, conventional urban transportation planning has been largely directed at providing fast and efficient mobility for private travel – freeways were built, streets were widened and buildings were razed for parking. Most cities went along with the program and suffered tremendously, but there have been a handful of cities that resisted the status quo and developed an alternative city friendly approach to transportation. These cities focused on transportation solutions that were compatible with, and enhanced their urban fabric, life and character.
Transportation planners have largely overlooked the story of how and why these trailblazing cities forged a different approach. But the transportation policies that these cities adopted contain important lessons about the path forward for creating sustainable places. The success of these cities has spurred a growing number of municipalities to adopt their own versions of city friendly transportation planning. They are now also beginning to reap the benefits that come from reducing car dependency. In this presentation I will tell the story of some of the places that pioneered city friendly transportation planning and how this approach can help to rein in sprawl and help to revitalize traditional urban centers.
In 2017-8, Michael Burrill forwarded his ideas on how cities can encourage Smart Growth and fund regional rail transit lines - without raising taxes - to public officials and interested citizens in several cities. Attached are his latest slides that use tax revenues from Transit-Oriented-Development (TOD) in Cincinnati as an example. Most other regions can anticipate similar results - with revenues from TOD at least five to 20 times the cost of new light rail lines.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
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RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
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𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
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Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
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1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
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1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
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3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
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To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Exploring Patterns of Connection with Social Dreaming
TRF 2015 Atlanta Presentation on American Railroads
1. Michigan State University, 2014
By Professor Robert E. Gallamore
Adjunct Faculty
Railway Management Program
Broad College of Business
Michigan State University
A presentation on the new book
American Railroads:
Decline and Renaissance
in the Twentieth Century
March 13, 2015 – Atlanta, Georgia
3. - 3 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Twentieth Century Limited circa 1904
4. - 4 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
4
1890
• Rapid Growth of RRs in last
decades of
19th Century, and
• Consolidation through
mergers in second half of 20th
Century
• Today’s 7 major Class I &
• Hundreds of short lines RRs
5. - 5 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
The Twentieth Century’s Macro Trends for Railroads
• Expansion
• Regulation and Deregulation
• Legislation (at least 20 major laws affecting RRs)
• War and Depression (macroeconomic effects)
• Competitive Modes
• Demand Shifts
• Technology
• Mergers and Restructuring
8. - 8 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Railroads Lead Other Modes in Ton-Mile Volume
9. - 9 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Twentieth Century Railroad Timeline
1991-2000
1981-1990
1971-1980
1961-1970
1951-1960
1941-1950
1931-1940
1921-1930
1911-1920
1901-1910
2001-2010 Renaissance
Final Four mergers, ICC termination and STB start-up
Mid-century mergers, Penn Central, Interstate Highways
World War II – Peak passenger levels, Reed-Bulwinkle
1920 Act – Planned Mergers, rise of highways
Harriman Empire dissolved. Federal Control in WWI
Northern Securities split-up, Hepburn and Mann-Elkins Acts
Demand shifts, post-war migration, regulatory rigidity
Implementation / defense of deregulation.
Staggers Rail Act deregulation, 1980s large mergers
Amtrak, 3R Act, Northeast RR Reorg, Conrail, 4R Act
The Great Depression, Transportation Act of 1940
10. - 10 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
11. - 11 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Inland Waterways – Built and Maintained by Federal
Government, and Not Tolled until 1980
• Great Lakes, St. Lawrence Seaway, and coastal system
• Also riverine “brown water” inland system
• Includes such uneconomic extensions as Arkansas River
to Tulsa, Tennessee-Tombigbee to Mobile
12. - 12 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Tulsa
Tennessee-Tombigbee
The US Inland Waterway System
13. - 13 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Inland Waterways – Built and Maintained by Federal
Government, and Not Tolled until 1980
• Great Lakes, St. Lawrence Seaway, and coastal system
• Also riverine “brown water” inland system
• Includes such uneconomic extensions as Arkansas River to
Tulsa, Tennessee-Tombigbee to Mobile
• Waterway user charges small initially and still far less
than full cost recovery
• Based on per gallon fuel use = inefficient
• American Railroads proposes segment charges to
relate user fees to lockage and dredging costs
14. - 14 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Public Roads Built with Fuel Taxes Aided
the Motor Vehicle Mode
• The “Good Roads” movement was to “get farmers out of
the mud”
• Federal, state, and local fuel excises developed local roads
and intercity highways for cars and trucks
• At first, divided highways were toll turnpikes in the East,
later freeways in the West
• Interstate and Defense Highways date from 1956 = 90%
federal construction share, states own and maintain
• Larger and heavier trucks alternately approved at state
and federal level until “frozen” at 1991 levels
• FHWA says heaviest trucks pay only ~ 60% of true costs
15. - 15 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Interstate Highways Overlap the US Railroad Network
16. - 16 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Amtrak (1971) Sought to Preserve Essential
Service –
Photo Credits: James W. McClellan
Some Benefits from Integrated
National Fleet and Marketing
Perpetual Lack of Assured Funding
No Consensus on Future Structure /
Mission
Only Northeast Corridor Service
Seems Assured and Truly Needed
But Most Immediate Goal Was to
Relieve Burden of Passenger
Deficits on Freight Railroads
17. - 17 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Was Amtrak a Success or Failure ?
Or something less than planned or hoped ?
• Relieve freight railroads of passenger deficits
• Preserve essential service /
• Integrate operations for economies of scale & fleet
• Save taxpayer $ vs. direct subsidy to RRs
• Achieve long term consensus on pax rail funding
• Provide state-of-the-art equipment fleet for future
• Serve as long run alternative to highways and air lines
18. - 18 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
3R Act (1973) -- Northeast Restructuring Planning Process
• Established US Railway Association to make Preliminary and
Final System Plans and select lines for Conrail
• USRA proposed a “Three Systems East” solution, but Solvent
railroads would not participate
• Default was Big Conrail – approved by 4R Act
• Selected lines conveyed to Conrail from Bankrupt Estates April
1, 1976
• Courts ruled these “takings” required Constitutional minimum
payments by US to estates
• Congress then passed Northeast Rail Services Act (NERSA) to
assist Conrail start-up (trimmed lines, employees, commuter
services)
• Total bill to taxpayers ~ $8 billion
• Conrail IPO 1987 (largest to that time) $1.8 billion
19. - 19 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Northeast Restructuring Culminated in Staggers Rail Act
• Earlier regulatory reform efforts were too little, too late
• ICC kept 4R Act changes from being effectively implemented
• American Railroads asserts Staggers Rail Act of 1980 could not
have passed without example of Conrail to show problem
• AND Conrail could not have succeeded without Staggers Rail Act
reforms
• Staggers Act declared railroads needed “adequate revenues”
• These were approved unless shippers could show inadequate
competition and rates > about 180% of variable costs
• Truly “captive” shippers could use alternative (hypothetical)
“stand alone cost case” (SACC) procedures
• ICC had to consider the effect of mergers on competition, and
had to act within time limits
20. - 20 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Index, 1980 = 1.0
What the Staggers Rail Act Accomplished
The AAR provides data and frequently updates this chart after a design developed by
R. E. Gallamore and J. R. Meyer in the late 1990s. See American Railroads, p. 424.
21. - 21 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century(Class I freight, non-Class I freight, and passenger).
Train Accidents by Type Per Million Train-Miles
Year Collisions Derailments Other Total
1980 1.67 8.98 0.78 11.43
1985 0.64 4.37 0.73 5.74
1990 0.52 3.52 0.69 4.73
1995 0.35 2.60 0.72 3.67
2000 0.33 2.92 0.88 4.13
2003 0.27 2.87 0.93 4.06
2004 0.31 3.16 0.93 4.40
2005 0.35 2.92 0.87 4.14
2006 0.25 2.70 0.74 3.68
2007 0.26 2.44 0.69 3.39
2008 0.25 2.31 0.65 3.21
2009 r 0.20 2.05 0.61 2.86
2010 r 0.18 1.90 0.62 2.70
2011 r 0.22 2.05 0.55 2.82
2012 p 0.21 1.76 0.42 2.39
per million train-miles has fallen 79 percent. The Federal
Railroad Administration data below cover all U.S. railroads
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Total Train Accidents Per
Million Train-Miles Remarkable
Improvement
s in Railroad
Safety Since
Deregulation.
Here’s Why:
Increased Cash
Flow
Stimulates
Reinvestment
New Capital
Brings
Technology
Improvements
Nine derailments
per million train-
miles in 1980.
Less than two
derailments
per million T-M
in 2012
22. - 22 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Total Operating Revenue and Expenses
U.S. Class I Railroads, 1978-2010
Total Operating Revenues (billion) Total Operating Expenses (billion)
Operating Ratio = Op. Expense /
Operating Revenues.
{Down = Good}
23. Picture of Selected Profile and Performance Data from
AAR’s 2010 Analysis of Class I Railroads
Hundreds of Additional Data Concepts are
Available, and Annual data exist back to 1978.
3.1 Cents / Ton-Mile
Operating Ratio = Op. Expense /
Operating Revenues.
{Down = Good}
24. - 24 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Advancing Technology Gave Railroads Great
Productivity and Safety Benefits
• Railroads are defined as:
– locomotives (engines with pulling or pushing power)
– moving trains of rolling equipment (freight or passenger cars)
– on fixed tracks and other infrastructure facilities (such as bridges)
– under control (rules, dispatcher instructions, signal systems)
• Railroads have been mis-characterized as having old or
obsolete technology, but in fact they have remained young
in their old age.
• One indicator of railroad progress from 1900 to 2000 is
that railroads today carry 10 times the ton-miles annually
with one-sixth the employees as in 1900.
25. - 25 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Technology Purchased with Improved Cash Flows from
Deregulation Led the Rail Renaissance
• Growth of traffic consumes existing capacity and often requires additional
capacity expansion
• Technology improvements typically come about with increased capital
investments
• New investments incorporate labor-saving and safety enhancements
• New technology often facilitates operating innovations and yields
profitable returns on investment
This is the Virtuous Spiral of Deregulation
Productivity Cash Flow Reinvestment
Technology Deployment Safety Improvement
Industry Growth
26. - 26 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
• Locomotives
– Diesel-electric locomotives replacing steam
– Fuel economy and emissions
• Track and Structures
– Welded steel rail
– Maintenance-of-way mechanization
• Rolling Stock / Freight Cars
– Tapered roller bearings in sealed journals
– Larger equipment – more weight on rail
– Double-stack intermodal cars and containers
• Control
– Track circuits and lighted signals
– Centralized traffic control (CTC)
– Positive train control (PTC)
Railroads Have Gained New Technologies in all Key
Areas: Infrastructure, Equipment, and Operations
--- Some Examples:
Steam to Diesel-Electric Power
27. - 27 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
But More Capital Means ROI Has to
Improve Still Further
RR Cost of Capital
RR Return on Investment
Class I RR Cost of Capital vs. Return on Investment
Note: In 2006, the Surface Transportation Board significantly changed the method by which it
calculates the rail industry cost of capital. 2010 cost of capital is preliminary. Source: STB
SLIDE 27 ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS
28. - 28 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Return on Investment is Crucial
R
O
I
IF ROI > COST OF
CAPITAL:
• Capital spending
expands
• Stronger physical
plant; more and
better equipment.
• Faster, more
reliable service
• Sustainability
IF ROI < COST OF
CAPITAL:
• Lower capital
spending
• Weaker physical
plant, equipment
• Slower, less
reliable service
• Disinvestment
29. 0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
CostofCapital(Industry)orReturnon
Investment(Railroads)
STB Revenue Adequacy Findings -
2000-2010
Industry Cost of Capital BNSF
CSX GT-CN
KCS NS
SOO-CP UP
31. • Overbuilding rail network in 19th
Century, account poor ICC oversight
• Milwaukee Road Pacific extension
• Harriman Empire split up; Central
Pacific not left with UP, so Western
Pacific was built.
• Railroads prematurely took up much
2nd main track, then had to replace it;
e.g. Southern Crescent, New York
Central 4-track “water level” route,
Chicago-St. Louis, Donner Pass.
– But sometimes maintenance savings
in interim (opportunity cost savings)
made rail-banking worthwhile.
• Chicago tangle not fixed in timely
manner, so CREATE must now.
• Monumental Penn Station torn down
(1963) – Architectural gem lost.
• Penn Central merger, and forced inclusion of
New Haven
• Failure to Rationalize [NOT Nationalize!]
industry under 1920 Transportation Act
• ICC handling of Rock Island merger with UP
and SP
• Rejection of USRA’s 3-System East plan,
resulting in Big Conrail
• ICC’s Value of Service rate-making kept long
after rail dominance lost.
• BN merger (1970) approved with few
competitive conditions, hurting regional
competition and Milwaukee Road ability to
compete / reorganize.
• 1940 Transportation Act - Inherent
Advantages doctrine
Lines Built or Not Built –
Facilities Destroyed
Policy or Strategic Mistakes
We Were Lucky – Policy and Managerial Blunders
Might have Derailed the Renaissance
• RRs understand importance of
passenger service to the public, but
don’t embrace PTC the same way.
32. - 32 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Six Transport Policy Principles
for the Future
1. Let markets and efficiency principles guide policy
2. Allow RRs to earn adequate returns for reinvestment
3. Respect private property and franchise values
4. Take advantage of railroad fuel efficiency and relatively
benign environmental impact
5. Encourage migration of cargo and passenger traffic to
most efficient modes
6. In response to global climate change (GCC) challenge,
encourage adaption of energy development and use to
environmentally sustainable alternatives
33. - 33 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Six Transport Policy Principles
for the Future
1. Let markets and efficiency principles guide policy
2. Allow RRs to earn adequate returns for reinvestment
3. Respect private property and franchise values
4. Take advantage of railroad fuel efficiency and relatively
benign environmental impact
5. Encourage migration of cargo and passenger traffic to
most efficient modes
6. In response to global climate change (GCC) challenge,
encourage adaption of energy development and use to
environmentally sustainable alternatives
34. - 34 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Takeaways
US Railways are the “Enduring Enterprises”; they
survive more than they prosper.
Continuing investment, and with it – deployment of new
technology – is key to competitive survival.
To warrant new investment, rate of return must improve,
and that means real increases in revenue and lower
costs.
Revenues will not increase to full potential without
improvements in service reliability – and these will be
based on information technologies.
Railway customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders,
and the economy all benefit from smarter policies toward
the industry.
35. - 35 -
American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century
Questions?
Ending Observations?
robert@
gallamore.
com
www.
gallamore.
com