The document discusses several trends in information technology including data mining, data warehousing, knowledge management, e-commerce, e-learning, and e-governance. It provides definitions and examples of how each technology is used. Specifically, it explains that data mining extracts patterns from data, data warehousing stores data from different sources, knowledge management identifies and shares insights and experiences, e-commerce involves online buying and selling, e-learning uses technology to provide self-paced learning, and e-governance uses technology to improve government services. The document aims to enhance conceptual understanding and applications of these emerging IT trends.

1. Trends In IT
Faculty: Mehek Waswani
G.S College of Commerce
& Economics

2. Learning Objective
 Conceptual Understandings and Applications
 Data Mining
 Data Warehousing
 Knowledge Management
 E-Commerce
 E-Learning
 E-Business
 E-Governance
.

3. Data Mining
• Data mining is the process of extracting
patterns from data
• As more data are gathered, with the amount of
data doubling every three years, data mining is
becoming an increasingly important tool to
transform these data into information. It is
commonly used in a wide range of
profiling practices, such as marketing,
surveillance, fraud detection and scientific
discovery.

4. Data Mining
•

5. Data mining commonly involves four
classes of task
• Classification - Arranges the data into predefined
groups. For example an email program might
attempt to classify an email as legitimate or spam.
Common algorithms include Decision Tree Learning
• Clustering - Is like classification but the groups are
not predefined, so the algorithm will try to group
similar items together.
• Regression - Attempts to find a function which
models the data with the least error.
• Association rule learning - Searches for
relationships between variables.

6. Application
• Data mining can yield exciting results for almost
every organization that collects data on its
customers , markets , products and processes
• Data mining in
customer relationship management applications
can contribute significantly to the bottom line.
• HRM(Human Resource Management)
• Market Basket Analysis
• Science & Engineering
• Games

7. Data WareHousing
• Data warehouses often hold large
amounts of information which are
sometimes subdivided into smaller
logical units called dependent data
marts.
• A data warehouse is an algorithm
and tool to collect data from different
sources and to store them in a single
repository to facilitate the decision
making process .

8. Simple conceptualization of a data
warehouse architecture
The interconnected layers are as follows:
Operational database layer
The source data for the data warehouse - An
organization's Enterprise Resource Planning
systems fall into this layer.
Data access layer
The interface between the operational and
informational access layer - Tools to
extract, transform, load data into the warehouse
fall into this layer.
Metadata layer

9. Simple conceptualization of a data
warehouse architecture
The data directory - This is usually more
detailed than an operational system data
directory. There are dictionaries for the
entire warehouse and sometimes
dictionaries for the data that can be
accessed by a particular reporting and
analysis tool.
Informational access layer
The data accessed for reporting and
analyzing and the tools for reporting and
analyzing data - Business intelligence
tools fall into this layer.

10. •

11. Inmon states that the data warehouse is
Subject-oriented
• The data in the data warehouse is organized so that
all the data elements relating to the same real-world
event or object are linked together.
• Non-volatile
• Data in the data warehouse is never over-written or
deleted - once committed, the data is static, read-
only, and retained for future reporting.
• Integrated
• The data warehouse contains data from most or all of
an organization's operational systems and this data is
made consistent.

12. Application’s Of Data Warehouse
• Data warehouse provides a common data
model for all data of interest regardless of the
data's source. This makes it easier to report
and analyze information than it would be if
multiple data models were used to retrieve
information such as sales invoices, order
receipts, general ledger charges, etc.
• Data warehouses can work in conjunction with
and, hence, enhance the value of operational
business applications, notably
customer relationship management (CRM)
systems.

13. Applications of Data Warehousing
• Because they are separate from
operational systems, data warehouses
provide retrieval of data without slowing
down operational systems
• Data warehouses facilitate decision support
system applications such as trend reports
(e.g., the items with the most sales in a
particular area within the last two years),
exception reports, and reports that show
actual performance versus goals.

14. •

15. Knowledge Management
Knowledge is something that applies to facts
or ideas acquired by study,
investigation,observation or experience
Knowledge management (KM) comprises a
range of practices used in an organisation
 to identify, create, represent, distribute and
enable adoption of insights and experiences
 Such insights and experiences comprise
knowledge, either embodied in individuals or
embedded in organisational processes or
practice.

17. Applicaton of Knowledge Management
• datainformationknowledge
• The value of KM
• It is important to manage knowledge assets
because –
– Organizations compete increasingly on the base
of knowledge (the only sustainable competitive
advantage)
– Most of our work is information based (and often
immersed in a computing environment)
– Our products, services, and environment are
more complex than ever before
– Workforces are increasingly unstable leading to
escalating demands for knowledge
replacement/acquisition

19. Applications of Knowledge Management
• 1.Formalization of human knowledge
• 2. Extracting hidden knowledge
• 3. Providing the right users with the right
information at the right time
• 4. Transforming raw data into meaningful
information used for decision making
• 5.Improved knowledge about problem domain
• 6.Easy integration with other systems and
methods
• 7. Capturing knowledge assets from scattered
data sources and providing possibility of
integrating KM with decision making systems

20. E-Commerce
• Electronic commerce, commonly known
as (electronic marketing) e-commerce or
eCommerce, consists of the buying and
selling of products or services over
electronic systems such as the Internet
and other computer networks.
• E-Commerce is delivery of I
information,product/service or payments
over telephone lines, computer network or
other electronic means

21. E-Commerce
Electronic Commerce

22. E_Commerce
• In present scenario E-Commerce is playing very
essential role in the online business. Although it
is one of the best & cheapest intermediate for
reaching out to new customers in the online
market, if e-commerce implemented effectively,
it also offers a smart way of doing online
business & expanding it more.
• An online business eCommerce podium is
planned & implemented to make the most of its
reach to potential customers and provide them
with a convenient, satisfying & protected
shopping experience.

23. E-Commerce
• E-Commerce helps to Increase the sales revenue to
the business
• Business people can spend less money and earn
high profits with e-commerce
• It is very Easier to scale up online
• Easily we can track the segment of customers who
are happy with purchasing goods through online
• Avoid losing sales to competitors who are online
• Instantaneous global sales presence in quick time
• We can Operate the business in 24 *7 basis
• Easily we can increase our business customers
• We set up shop anywhere in the world, self-
governing of geographical locations
• Inexpensive way to turn your Web site into a
revenue center

24. Electronic Commerce

25. E-Commerce
• Reduce Customer Support costs via e-mail marketing &
customary newsletters
• We can create customized mailing list
• Easily we can drive free traffic to the website
• Instantly we can develop our business across the
internet by using various e-commerce strategies
• Customers can easily buy their products by using
different payment gateways
• Develop more shopping carts by using e-commerce
• We can easily promote our business website by using
various promotional activities such as Search Engine
Optimization, Pay Per Click Management, Email
Marketing, Social Media Optimization, Online Banner
Advertisement, Online Branding and Affiliate
Management etc

26. E-Learning
• E-learning (or electronic learning or
eLearning) encompasses forms of
technology-enhanced learning (TEL) or
very specific types of TEL such as online
or Web-based learning .
• E-learning fosters self paced learning
whereby students can learn at the rate
they prefer

28. Application of E-Learning
E-Learning can provide for major benefits for the
organizations and individuals involved.
• Improved performance: A 12-year meta-analysis of
research by the U.S. Department of Education
found that higher education students in online
learning generally performed better than those in
face-to-face courses.
• Increased access: Instructors of the highest calibre
can share their knowledge across borders, allowing
students to attend courses across physical,
political, and economic boundaries. Recognized
experts have the opportunity of making information
available internationally, to anyone interested at
minimum costs. For example, the MIT
OpenCourseWare program has made substantial
portions of that university's curriculum and lectures
available for free online.

29. Application of E-Learning
• Convenience and flexibility to learners: In
many contexts, eLearning is self-paced and the
learning sessions are available 24x7. Learners
are not bound to a specific day/time to physically
attend classes. They can also pause learning
sessions at their convenience.
• To develop the skills and competencies
needed in the 21st century, and in particular
to ensure that learners have the digital
literacy skills required in their discipline,
profession or career

30. E-Governance

31. E-Governance
• E-Government (short for electronic
government, also known as e-gov, digital
government, online government or
transformational government) is used to
refer to the use of information and
communication technology to provide and
improve government services, transactions
and interactions with citizens, businesses,
and other aims of government.

32. • The primary delivery models of e-
Government can be divided into:
• Government-to-Citizen or Government-to-
Customer (G2C)
• Government-to-Business (G2B)
• Government-to-Government (G2G)
• Government-to- Employees (G2E)
Applications of E-Governance

33. Applications of E-Governance
• Within each of these interaction domains, four
kinds of activities take place:
• pushing information over the Internet, e.g:
regulatory services, general holidays, public
hearing schedules, issue briefs, notifications, etc.
• two-way communications between the agency
and the citizen, a business, or another
government agency. In this model, users can
engage in dialogue with agencies and post
problems, comments, or requests to the agency.
• conducting transactions, e.g: lodging tax returns,
applying for services and grants.
• governance, e.g: online polling, voting, and
campaigning

34. Open
Session