Abstract: The study estimated trend equations for budgetary allocation on crop research program in Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research between 1992 E.C and 2008 E.C. Secondary data in the form of capital budget allocation records were obtained from Planning, monitoring and Evaluation directorate of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Results from the fitted trend equations showed that the capital budget allocation to the research program were high and significant at 1 percent. Annual compound growth rate of expenditure on the sector was also high (12% in crop research program, 6% in cereal crops research sub program, 14% in POFCRSP, 28 in AMBCRSP and 21% in PPRSP). And insignificant growth rate were exhibited by the CSTCRSP, Furthermore, the fitted quadratic equations in time variable showed the significant acceleration in budget allocation growth on crop research program. the cuddy della instability index come with the result of moderate instability in CRP, CRCSP, POFCRSP and PPRSP, while a high degree of instability index in CSTCSP and a severe instability in AMBCRSP. Further during the study period 0.8 million birr were utilized per varietal development by the research program. The mean difference test depicted that, there is a significant budget allocation difference between PASDEP I and GTP I. The mean budget allocated during GTP I was less than the mean budget allocated during PASDEP I by 36.4 million birr.Keywords: CSTCRSP, AMBCRSP, CRP, CRCSP, POFCRSP and PPRSP.
Title: Trend Analysis in Budgetary Allocation to Crop Research Program: The Case of EIAR
Author: Eyob Bezabeh
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
This paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based individual crop advisory system that provides crop-specific advisories to farmers based on weather input data. The system utilizes expert agricultural knowledge and weather data to generate automatic advisories tailored to a farmer's specific crop type, location, and growth stage. It was developed using PHP for the front-end and MATLAB for the GUI. The system was tested on both realistic and randomly generated weather data, and the success rates for providing accurate advisories with both data types were calculated. The system aims to provide more specific advisories to farmers compared to existing region-based advisory services.
Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Pre...paperpublications3
Abstract: Prematurity used to be a major cause of infant deaths. The premature babies need improved medical and nursing techniques by highly competence nursing team.
Material and Methods: This descriptive hospital based study was conducted at Soba university hospital, Khartoum state in the period from January to March 2014. The study aimed at assessing the knowledge and practices of pediatric nurses in neonatal intensive care unit concerning nursing management of preterm babies. The sample size compromised of 50 nurses that constituted the total coverage of study population during the period of the study. Data were collected using structured interview questionnaire and observation check list designed f or the study. The data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Results:The results obtained that the majority of nurses were knowledgeable about the characteristics of preterm babies, causes of prematurity, immediate nursing care of preterm, signs of hypothermia were adequate (100%, 92%, 100%,100% respectively). Half of them (50%) identify the breathing pattern of preterm baby. The nurses clinical performance were inadequate where 70% of them recorded pulse rate only when recorded the baby pulse.100% did not wear mask, 80% find a difficulty on selecting appropriate vein for sampling . Also 48% of nurses gave feeding incorrect and 60% of them did not aspirate gastric contents before feeding.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of pediatric nurses had adequate knowledge about prematurity, but they were lacking in their clinical skills to manage the preterm baby. So the study recommended continuous training programs for the nurses to refresh their knowledge and practices towards management of preterm babies to ideal standards.Keywords: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge, Practices Regarding Nursing Management, Premature Babies.
Title: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Premature Babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Soba University Hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan
Author: Widad Ibrahim A/gadir A/moula, Ietimad Ibrahim Abd Elrahman kambal
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Trends, Growth and Instability of Teff Production in Ethiopiapaperpublications3
1) The document analyzes trends in the area, production, and productivity of teff in Ethiopia from 2000/01-2014/15. It finds that area, production, and productivity all increased significantly over this period at annual growth rates of 3.5%, 8.8%, and 5.1% respectively.
2) Yield increases accounted for 56% of the over 30 million ton increase in production, while area increases contributed 22% and the interaction effect contributed 22%. Instability was low for all factors.
3) Regression analysis showed a strong positive relationship between area and production. The author concludes increases in yield were the main driver of higher teff production in Ethiopia in recent years.
El documento define el aborto y sus tipos. Explica que la vida humana comienza en la fecundación y que existen tres tipos de aborto: espontáneo, indirecto y provocado. Describe los métodos pre y post-implantación para abortar, incluyendo químicos, aspirado y legrado. También cubre las estrategias para promover el aborto, como crear nuevos conceptos sobre los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de la mujer.
Este documento discute el tema del aborto desde diferentes perspectivas. En primer lugar, describe algunas de las razones por las que las mujeres recurren al aborto y cuestiona si el aborto realmente resuelve sus problemas. Luego define los diferentes tipos de aborto, ya sea espontáneo, terapéutico, eugenésico o inducido, y los métodos utilizados para realizarlos. Finalmente, analiza algunos de los argumentos a favor y en contra del aborto y las consecuencias emocionales y psicológicas que puede generar en las mujeres.
Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensor Node for WSN for Automatic Meter...paperpublications3
Abstract:Deploying an embedded technology, a wireless sensor node is designed and implemented for establishment of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for automatic meter reading. The amount of power consumed by the load is extracted by passing the respective current through 1Ohm resistor. The analog voltage observed across it is digitized by employing on chip ADC of AVR Atmega 8L microcontroller. The ADC of 10 bit resolution helps to enhance preciseness in the data. Using principle of energy meter, the power consumed is determined and depicted in the terms of watts and units as well. An embedded firmware is developed by employing CodeVisionAVR, the IDE, which is dedicated for AVR family of microcontrollers. Employing an ubiquitous technology, the Zigbee technology, RF communication is established at 2.4GHz of ISM band. The Zigbee RF module is interfaced to the system and programmed by using X-CTU. Each node (End Devices) is assigned with its own ID and disseminates the data to the co-ordinator node, which is interfaced to the base station. The present wireless sensor network is operating in star technology and following IEEE 802.15.4 standards, it is operating with great reliability. The WSN is suitable for electric power distribution and control boards. Keyword:Automatic Meter Reading, AVR Microcontroller, Embedded technology, IEEE802.15.4, WSN, Zigbee technology.
Title:Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensor Node for WSN for Automatic Meter Reading
Author:A. M. Pawar, S. N. Patil, B. P. Ladgaonkar
International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology, (IJRRMCSIT)
Paper Publications
This paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based individual crop advisory system that provides crop-specific advisories to farmers based on weather input data. The system utilizes expert agricultural knowledge and weather data to generate automatic advisories tailored to a farmer's specific crop type, location, and growth stage. It was developed using PHP for the front-end and MATLAB for the GUI. The system was tested on both realistic and randomly generated weather data, and the success rates for providing accurate advisories with both data types were calculated. The system aims to provide more specific advisories to farmers compared to existing region-based advisory services.
Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Pre...paperpublications3
Abstract: Prematurity used to be a major cause of infant deaths. The premature babies need improved medical and nursing techniques by highly competence nursing team.
Material and Methods: This descriptive hospital based study was conducted at Soba university hospital, Khartoum state in the period from January to March 2014. The study aimed at assessing the knowledge and practices of pediatric nurses in neonatal intensive care unit concerning nursing management of preterm babies. The sample size compromised of 50 nurses that constituted the total coverage of study population during the period of the study. Data were collected using structured interview questionnaire and observation check list designed f or the study. The data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Results:The results obtained that the majority of nurses were knowledgeable about the characteristics of preterm babies, causes of prematurity, immediate nursing care of preterm, signs of hypothermia were adequate (100%, 92%, 100%,100% respectively). Half of them (50%) identify the breathing pattern of preterm baby. The nurses clinical performance were inadequate where 70% of them recorded pulse rate only when recorded the baby pulse.100% did not wear mask, 80% find a difficulty on selecting appropriate vein for sampling . Also 48% of nurses gave feeding incorrect and 60% of them did not aspirate gastric contents before feeding.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of pediatric nurses had adequate knowledge about prematurity, but they were lacking in their clinical skills to manage the preterm baby. So the study recommended continuous training programs for the nurses to refresh their knowledge and practices towards management of preterm babies to ideal standards.Keywords: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge, Practices Regarding Nursing Management, Premature Babies.
Title: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Premature Babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Soba University Hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan
Author: Widad Ibrahim A/gadir A/moula, Ietimad Ibrahim Abd Elrahman kambal
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Trends, Growth and Instability of Teff Production in Ethiopiapaperpublications3
1) The document analyzes trends in the area, production, and productivity of teff in Ethiopia from 2000/01-2014/15. It finds that area, production, and productivity all increased significantly over this period at annual growth rates of 3.5%, 8.8%, and 5.1% respectively.
2) Yield increases accounted for 56% of the over 30 million ton increase in production, while area increases contributed 22% and the interaction effect contributed 22%. Instability was low for all factors.
3) Regression analysis showed a strong positive relationship between area and production. The author concludes increases in yield were the main driver of higher teff production in Ethiopia in recent years.
El documento define el aborto y sus tipos. Explica que la vida humana comienza en la fecundación y que existen tres tipos de aborto: espontáneo, indirecto y provocado. Describe los métodos pre y post-implantación para abortar, incluyendo químicos, aspirado y legrado. También cubre las estrategias para promover el aborto, como crear nuevos conceptos sobre los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de la mujer.
Este documento discute el tema del aborto desde diferentes perspectivas. En primer lugar, describe algunas de las razones por las que las mujeres recurren al aborto y cuestiona si el aborto realmente resuelve sus problemas. Luego define los diferentes tipos de aborto, ya sea espontáneo, terapéutico, eugenésico o inducido, y los métodos utilizados para realizarlos. Finalmente, analiza algunos de los argumentos a favor y en contra del aborto y las consecuencias emocionales y psicológicas que puede generar en las mujeres.
Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensor Node for WSN for Automatic Meter...paperpublications3
Abstract:Deploying an embedded technology, a wireless sensor node is designed and implemented for establishment of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for automatic meter reading. The amount of power consumed by the load is extracted by passing the respective current through 1Ohm resistor. The analog voltage observed across it is digitized by employing on chip ADC of AVR Atmega 8L microcontroller. The ADC of 10 bit resolution helps to enhance preciseness in the data. Using principle of energy meter, the power consumed is determined and depicted in the terms of watts and units as well. An embedded firmware is developed by employing CodeVisionAVR, the IDE, which is dedicated for AVR family of microcontrollers. Employing an ubiquitous technology, the Zigbee technology, RF communication is established at 2.4GHz of ISM band. The Zigbee RF module is interfaced to the system and programmed by using X-CTU. Each node (End Devices) is assigned with its own ID and disseminates the data to the co-ordinator node, which is interfaced to the base station. The present wireless sensor network is operating in star technology and following IEEE 802.15.4 standards, it is operating with great reliability. The WSN is suitable for electric power distribution and control boards. Keyword:Automatic Meter Reading, AVR Microcontroller, Embedded technology, IEEE802.15.4, WSN, Zigbee technology.
Title:Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensor Node for WSN for Automatic Meter Reading
Author:A. M. Pawar, S. N. Patil, B. P. Ladgaonkar
International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology, (IJRRMCSIT)
Paper Publications
Agriculture Public Expenditure Workshop organized by the Strengthening National Comprehensive Agricultural Public Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa Program
Dar es Salaam, June 2013
Accra, Ghana, April 13-14, 2011
This document summarizes a study on household food security in rural Bangladesh. The study had two main goals: (1) evaluating food security conditions using a new comprehensive Food Security Index, and (2) analyzing the effects of microcredit schemes on food security. To evaluate food security, the study created an Improved Food Consumption Score (IFCS) using food categories weighted for nutritional value. A Multidimensional Food Security Index was also created using indicators for the dimensions of utilization, availability, and access. To analyze the effects of microcredit, the study investigated how microfinance programs impact food security and livelihoods.
Assessment of sustainable food securitywalled ashwah
This document summarizes a study that used principal component analysis to develop an aggregated indicator of sustainable food security for 60 countries in the Mediterranean region. It analyzed 21 indicators across dimensions of food security, environmental sustainability, and economic sustainability. The results showed developed European countries had high sustainable food security values, while Middle Eastern, North African, and Sahel countries had lower or negative values. The indicator was also highly correlated with other development indicators like GDP per capita and HDI.
The output gap indicating the difference between the actual and potential levels of output is a critical factor for estimating the inflationary pressures in an economy. If the main target of a central bank is ensuring and maintaining the price stability, estimating the output gap with a minimum error is crucial for the efficiency of the monetary policy. In this study, we estimated the output gap in Turkey for the 2002-2014 period by using four different methods. Two of these estimation methods are purely statistical (Linear Trend and Hodrick-Presscot (HP) Filtering) while the others are integrated with the relations suggested by the economic theory (multivariate structural model and structural autoregressive (SVAR) model). By using empirical decision criteria common in the literature, we conclude that SVAR model produces the most reliable output gap estimates to explain inflationary pressures in Turkey. However, we also found that the Hodrick-Presscot filtering method is the second best methodology in the output gap estimation process.
Supplementary Actuarial Analysis of Tuberculosis, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA HEALTH...HFG Project
This document provides an actuarial analysis of including tuberculosis (TB) coverage in the Lagos State Health Scheme in Nigeria. It analyzes 3 different TB treatment regimens and estimates the additional premium required. Based on historical TB case data from 2013-2016, it projects the number of cases and costs for the next 3 years. The analysis finds the additional premium to be 488.79 Naira on average per person to cover TB screening tests and the 3 treatment regimens. It acknowledges limitations in the source data and outlines key assumptions made in the projections.
Resource Gap for Tuberculosis Programme in Bangladesh, 2017-2022HFG Project
The resource gap analysis found that while Bangladesh allocates resources to its tuberculosis (TB) program, there remains a funding gap that threatens its ability to achieve TB reduction targets. Between 2017-2022, the TB program was allocated a total of $274 million from both domestic and donor sources. However, the estimated total cost of providing adequate TB services over that period is $370 million, leaving a funding gap of $96 million. Without additional resources, Bangladesh will struggle to meet its goals of reducing TB deaths and cases in accordance with its national strategic plan and global targets.
South Africa HIV and TB Expenditure Review 2014/15 - 2016/17. Executive SummaryHFG Project
The South African Government (SAG) and its development partners have mounted a formidable response to the world’s largest HIV epidemic and a persistent burden of tuberculosis (TB), the country’s leading killer. Nearly 4 million South Africans initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) by the end of financial year 2016/17, helping to curtail new infections and reduce the number of annual HIV-related deaths. Mortality from TB has also declined thanks, in part, to improved treatment success.
Despite progress, challenges remain. Roughly 3 million people living with HIV (PLHIV) lack treatment, and each year more than a quarter million are newly infected. Moreover, nearly a half million South Africans contract TB every year, with an increasing share affected by drug-resistant strains.
To effectively plan and steward the health system, the SAG routinely monitors programmatic and financial performance of the response to HIV and TB, including by tracking expenditure. Analysis of spending, including trends in sources, levels, geographic and programmatic distribution and cost drivers can help policymakers to assess whether resources are reaching priority populations, interventions, and hotspot geographies; to identify potential opportunities to improve allocative and technical efficiency; and to stimulate more productive dialogue at multiple levels of the system.
This review of HIV and TB expenditure in South Africa is an input to policy, planning and management processes within and amongst spheres of government and between government and development partners. The data have been especially useful to national and provincial programme managers as they perform their oversight functions, leading to improved spending of available resources. With 52 annexes, it also serves as an authoritative reference document detailing levels and trends in HIV and TB spending by the three main funders of the disease responses: the SAG, the United States Government (USG), primarily via the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (the Global Fund). The findings have informed South Africa’s report to the UNAIDS Global AIDS Monitor and the country’s forthcoming funding request to the Global Fund.
Agriculture Public Expenditure Workshop organized by the Strengthening National Comprehensive Agricultural Public Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa Program
Dar es Salaam, June 2013
Accra, Ghana, April 13-14, 2011
Summary results of TrackFin's testing in Brazil, Ghana and MoroccoTrackFin
This 4-pager is a short summary of the objectives of the TrackFin Initiative and the results from the testing in three countries (Brazil, Ghana and Morocco).
This document provides guidance on collecting and reporting on anthropometric indicators and annual monitoring indicators for Title II maternal and child health and nutrition programs. It discusses the key impact indicators of reduced stunting and underweight in children, as well as recommended annual monitoring indicators of growth promotion program participation and weight gain. The document provides information on anthropometric data collection, equipment, measurements, analysis, and comparison to standards. It aims to support consistent monitoring and evaluation of child nutrition activities.
NCSE Federal Funding for Environmental Research and Development 2013 - Append...Lyle Birkey
The document provides an overview of federal funding for environmental research and development in fiscal year 2013. It summarizes funding levels for various federal agencies that conduct environmental research, including the Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Science Foundation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Agriculture, Department of the Interior, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Defense, and National Institutes of Health. The document was developed by the National Council for Science and the Environment to analyze trends in environmental research funding across agencies over time.
The document is the 2014 FAO Statistical Yearbook for Europe and Central Asia. It provides detailed data and trends on food and agriculture in the region. Some key facts:
- Population in the region is aging, with those over 65 making up over 15% of the total in 2010.
- Per capita supply of food was highest for cereals and lowest for fish. Total food production increased between 1995-2011.
- Agricultural land makes up over 50% of total land area. Major crops include wheat, coarse grains, and oil-bearing crops.
- Livestock is also important, with cattle, pigs, and poultry headcounts in the hundreds of millions. Meat and dairy production have
42 new grants worth a total of $12.1 million USD were signed in 2015, including:
- 25 crop research grants totaling $7.3 million
- 5 livestock research grants totaling $2 million
- 5 land and water research grants totaling $1.2 million
- 2 agricultural mechanization grants totaling $0.1 million
- 5 other research program grants totaling $1.5 million
A total of $3.6 million was transferred to 15 research centers and other institutes to implement the projects. [SUMMARY
This study aims to analyze the level of efficiency of local government health sector sending during
the Covid-19 pandemic and productivity in the health sector. The measurement of efficiency and productivity
values was obtained using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI)
analysis methods. The assumptions used are Variable return to scale (VRTS) and output oriented. The results of
the study indicate
Evaluating economic impacts of agricultural research ciatCIAT
This document discusses key issues in evaluating the economic impacts of agricultural research through examples and lessons. It covers:
1) Identifying the counterfactual scenario of what would have happened without the research through various estimation approaches.
2) Managing the assessment of multiple objectives like productivity, poverty reduction, environment, and health.
3) Addressing aggregation of impacts at different levels from field to national.
4) The importance of integrating impact assessment with institutional research data management systems.
Policy Drivers of Africa’s Agriculture Transformation: A CAADP Biennial Revie...IFPRI Africa
This paper assesses the nature of agricultural transformation taking place in different parts of Africa and analyzes policy drivers of the transformation using data from the CAADP Biennial Review (BR) on 46 indicators from 2014 to 2018. First, a typology of agriculture transformation in different groups of countries is developed by analyzing the initial values and trends in three indicators—share of agriculture in total employment, share of agriculture in gross domestic product, and agriculture labor productivity. The typology, in addition to a conceptual framework that is developed for measuring the relative effect of a policy on an outcome, provides the basis for analyzing the policy drivers of agriculture transformation. The 46 BR indicators are classified into policies (13 indicators), intermediate results (23 indicators), and outcomes (10 indicators), and then econometric methods are used to measure the association between the policy indicators and the intermediate results and outcomes, which include agriculture intensification (e.g., access to finance and extension, fertilizer use, and irrigation development), agriculture growth, agriculture trade, food security, nutrition, and poverty.
The document provides a summary of progress for the Strengthening Impact Assessment in the CGIAR (SIAC) program. Key points:
- SIAC is a 4-year $12 million program led by SPIA to broaden impact assessment of CGIAR research through developing new methods and data collection.
- The program's objectives are to develop innovative methods for data collection, institutionalize diffusion data collection, assess full impacts of CGIAR research, and support communities of practice for impact assessment.
- Activities under Objective 1 include pilot testing methods for tracking adoption of improved varieties and technologies in crops like cassava, maize, and beans in countries like Ghana, Uganda, and Zambia. Results show
FY 2013 R&D REPORT January 6 2014 - PreambleLyle Birkey
Federal funding for environmental research and development in the US totaled over $9 billion in 2013 according to this report. The report provides an overview of environmental R&D funding across multiple federal agencies, with the largest amounts going to the Department of Energy ($2.5 billion), National Aeronautics and Space Administration ($1.5 billion), National Science Foundation ($600 million), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ($400 million). It also summarizes programs within each agency that receive environmental R&D funding and the areas of focus for that research.
Agriculture Public Expenditure Workshop organized by the Strengthening National Comprehensive Agricultural Public Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa Program
Dar es Salaam, June 2013
Accra, Ghana, April 13-14, 2011
This document summarizes a study on household food security in rural Bangladesh. The study had two main goals: (1) evaluating food security conditions using a new comprehensive Food Security Index, and (2) analyzing the effects of microcredit schemes on food security. To evaluate food security, the study created an Improved Food Consumption Score (IFCS) using food categories weighted for nutritional value. A Multidimensional Food Security Index was also created using indicators for the dimensions of utilization, availability, and access. To analyze the effects of microcredit, the study investigated how microfinance programs impact food security and livelihoods.
Assessment of sustainable food securitywalled ashwah
This document summarizes a study that used principal component analysis to develop an aggregated indicator of sustainable food security for 60 countries in the Mediterranean region. It analyzed 21 indicators across dimensions of food security, environmental sustainability, and economic sustainability. The results showed developed European countries had high sustainable food security values, while Middle Eastern, North African, and Sahel countries had lower or negative values. The indicator was also highly correlated with other development indicators like GDP per capita and HDI.
The output gap indicating the difference between the actual and potential levels of output is a critical factor for estimating the inflationary pressures in an economy. If the main target of a central bank is ensuring and maintaining the price stability, estimating the output gap with a minimum error is crucial for the efficiency of the monetary policy. In this study, we estimated the output gap in Turkey for the 2002-2014 period by using four different methods. Two of these estimation methods are purely statistical (Linear Trend and Hodrick-Presscot (HP) Filtering) while the others are integrated with the relations suggested by the economic theory (multivariate structural model and structural autoregressive (SVAR) model). By using empirical decision criteria common in the literature, we conclude that SVAR model produces the most reliable output gap estimates to explain inflationary pressures in Turkey. However, we also found that the Hodrick-Presscot filtering method is the second best methodology in the output gap estimation process.
Supplementary Actuarial Analysis of Tuberculosis, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA HEALTH...HFG Project
This document provides an actuarial analysis of including tuberculosis (TB) coverage in the Lagos State Health Scheme in Nigeria. It analyzes 3 different TB treatment regimens and estimates the additional premium required. Based on historical TB case data from 2013-2016, it projects the number of cases and costs for the next 3 years. The analysis finds the additional premium to be 488.79 Naira on average per person to cover TB screening tests and the 3 treatment regimens. It acknowledges limitations in the source data and outlines key assumptions made in the projections.
Resource Gap for Tuberculosis Programme in Bangladesh, 2017-2022HFG Project
The resource gap analysis found that while Bangladesh allocates resources to its tuberculosis (TB) program, there remains a funding gap that threatens its ability to achieve TB reduction targets. Between 2017-2022, the TB program was allocated a total of $274 million from both domestic and donor sources. However, the estimated total cost of providing adequate TB services over that period is $370 million, leaving a funding gap of $96 million. Without additional resources, Bangladesh will struggle to meet its goals of reducing TB deaths and cases in accordance with its national strategic plan and global targets.
South Africa HIV and TB Expenditure Review 2014/15 - 2016/17. Executive SummaryHFG Project
The South African Government (SAG) and its development partners have mounted a formidable response to the world’s largest HIV epidemic and a persistent burden of tuberculosis (TB), the country’s leading killer. Nearly 4 million South Africans initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) by the end of financial year 2016/17, helping to curtail new infections and reduce the number of annual HIV-related deaths. Mortality from TB has also declined thanks, in part, to improved treatment success.
Despite progress, challenges remain. Roughly 3 million people living with HIV (PLHIV) lack treatment, and each year more than a quarter million are newly infected. Moreover, nearly a half million South Africans contract TB every year, with an increasing share affected by drug-resistant strains.
To effectively plan and steward the health system, the SAG routinely monitors programmatic and financial performance of the response to HIV and TB, including by tracking expenditure. Analysis of spending, including trends in sources, levels, geographic and programmatic distribution and cost drivers can help policymakers to assess whether resources are reaching priority populations, interventions, and hotspot geographies; to identify potential opportunities to improve allocative and technical efficiency; and to stimulate more productive dialogue at multiple levels of the system.
This review of HIV and TB expenditure in South Africa is an input to policy, planning and management processes within and amongst spheres of government and between government and development partners. The data have been especially useful to national and provincial programme managers as they perform their oversight functions, leading to improved spending of available resources. With 52 annexes, it also serves as an authoritative reference document detailing levels and trends in HIV and TB spending by the three main funders of the disease responses: the SAG, the United States Government (USG), primarily via the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (the Global Fund). The findings have informed South Africa’s report to the UNAIDS Global AIDS Monitor and the country’s forthcoming funding request to the Global Fund.
Agriculture Public Expenditure Workshop organized by the Strengthening National Comprehensive Agricultural Public Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa Program
Dar es Salaam, June 2013
Accra, Ghana, April 13-14, 2011
Summary results of TrackFin's testing in Brazil, Ghana and MoroccoTrackFin
This 4-pager is a short summary of the objectives of the TrackFin Initiative and the results from the testing in three countries (Brazil, Ghana and Morocco).
This document provides guidance on collecting and reporting on anthropometric indicators and annual monitoring indicators for Title II maternal and child health and nutrition programs. It discusses the key impact indicators of reduced stunting and underweight in children, as well as recommended annual monitoring indicators of growth promotion program participation and weight gain. The document provides information on anthropometric data collection, equipment, measurements, analysis, and comparison to standards. It aims to support consistent monitoring and evaluation of child nutrition activities.
NCSE Federal Funding for Environmental Research and Development 2013 - Append...Lyle Birkey
The document provides an overview of federal funding for environmental research and development in fiscal year 2013. It summarizes funding levels for various federal agencies that conduct environmental research, including the Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Science Foundation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Agriculture, Department of the Interior, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Defense, and National Institutes of Health. The document was developed by the National Council for Science and the Environment to analyze trends in environmental research funding across agencies over time.
The document is the 2014 FAO Statistical Yearbook for Europe and Central Asia. It provides detailed data and trends on food and agriculture in the region. Some key facts:
- Population in the region is aging, with those over 65 making up over 15% of the total in 2010.
- Per capita supply of food was highest for cereals and lowest for fish. Total food production increased between 1995-2011.
- Agricultural land makes up over 50% of total land area. Major crops include wheat, coarse grains, and oil-bearing crops.
- Livestock is also important, with cattle, pigs, and poultry headcounts in the hundreds of millions. Meat and dairy production have
42 new grants worth a total of $12.1 million USD were signed in 2015, including:
- 25 crop research grants totaling $7.3 million
- 5 livestock research grants totaling $2 million
- 5 land and water research grants totaling $1.2 million
- 2 agricultural mechanization grants totaling $0.1 million
- 5 other research program grants totaling $1.5 million
A total of $3.6 million was transferred to 15 research centers and other institutes to implement the projects. [SUMMARY
This study aims to analyze the level of efficiency of local government health sector sending during
the Covid-19 pandemic and productivity in the health sector. The measurement of efficiency and productivity
values was obtained using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI)
analysis methods. The assumptions used are Variable return to scale (VRTS) and output oriented. The results of
the study indicate
Evaluating economic impacts of agricultural research ciatCIAT
This document discusses key issues in evaluating the economic impacts of agricultural research through examples and lessons. It covers:
1) Identifying the counterfactual scenario of what would have happened without the research through various estimation approaches.
2) Managing the assessment of multiple objectives like productivity, poverty reduction, environment, and health.
3) Addressing aggregation of impacts at different levels from field to national.
4) The importance of integrating impact assessment with institutional research data management systems.
Policy Drivers of Africa’s Agriculture Transformation: A CAADP Biennial Revie...IFPRI Africa
This paper assesses the nature of agricultural transformation taking place in different parts of Africa and analyzes policy drivers of the transformation using data from the CAADP Biennial Review (BR) on 46 indicators from 2014 to 2018. First, a typology of agriculture transformation in different groups of countries is developed by analyzing the initial values and trends in three indicators—share of agriculture in total employment, share of agriculture in gross domestic product, and agriculture labor productivity. The typology, in addition to a conceptual framework that is developed for measuring the relative effect of a policy on an outcome, provides the basis for analyzing the policy drivers of agriculture transformation. The 46 BR indicators are classified into policies (13 indicators), intermediate results (23 indicators), and outcomes (10 indicators), and then econometric methods are used to measure the association between the policy indicators and the intermediate results and outcomes, which include agriculture intensification (e.g., access to finance and extension, fertilizer use, and irrigation development), agriculture growth, agriculture trade, food security, nutrition, and poverty.
The document provides a summary of progress for the Strengthening Impact Assessment in the CGIAR (SIAC) program. Key points:
- SIAC is a 4-year $12 million program led by SPIA to broaden impact assessment of CGIAR research through developing new methods and data collection.
- The program's objectives are to develop innovative methods for data collection, institutionalize diffusion data collection, assess full impacts of CGIAR research, and support communities of practice for impact assessment.
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Trend Analysis in Budgetary Allocation to Crop Research Program: The Case of EIAR
1. ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (14-20), Month: October - December 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 14
Paper Publications
Trend Analysis in Budgetary Allocation to
Crop Research Program: The Case of EIAR
Eyob Bezabeh
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research
Abstract: The study estimated trend equations for budgetary allocation on crop research program in Ethiopian
Institute of Agricultural Research between 1992 E.C and 2008 E.C. Secondary data in the form of capital budget
allocation records were obtained from Planning, monitoring and Evaluation directorate of Ethiopian Institute of
Agricultural Research. Results from the fitted trend equations showed that the capital budget allocation to the
research program were high and significant at 1 percent. Annual compound growth rate of expenditure on the
sector was also high (12% in crop research program, 6% in cereal crops research sub program, 14% in
POFCRSP, 28 in AMBCRSP and 21% in PPRSP). And insignificant growth rate were exhibited by the CSTCRSP,
Furthermore, the fitted quadratic equations in time variable showed the significant acceleration in budget
allocation growth on crop research program. the cuddy della instability index come with the result of moderate
instability in CRP, CRCSP, POFCRSP and PPRSP, while a high degree of instability index in CSTCSP and a
severe instability in AMBCRSP. Further during the study period 0.8 million birr were utilized per varietal
development by the research program. The mean difference test depicted that, there is a significant budget
allocation difference between PASDEP I and GTP I. The mean budget allocated during GTP I was less than the
mean budget allocated during PASDEP I by 36.4 million birr.
Keywords: CSTCRSP, AMBCRSP, CRP, CRCSP, POFCRSP and PPRSP.
1. INTRODUCTION
The Crop Research program is one of the 8 research programs of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. It is
mandated to develop and adapt environmentally sound technologies, comprising improved high yielding, good quality,
pest and disease resistance varieties and improved crop management practices. By this time the research program
coordinates and facilitates 29 national commodities under six national case teams. The budget for crop research depends
on the total amount of the budget EIAR receives annually from the government and the amount and/or percentage of
utilization of allocated budget during the past fiscal year. And also, the amount of loan and/or grant the process received
is taken into consideration to allocate the government approved capital budget during budget distribution among the
research processes within the institute. On the other hand, after allocating the capital budget to each research processes,
the research processes in general crop research process in particular allocate the amount of budget it received to each case
teams by taking into consideration: previous budget allocation trend, its budget utilization performance, and the amount of
loan and/or grant the case team have. The same procedure is followed by the case teams to allocate the budget approved
to each projects under the case team. And commodity leaders also allocate the budge they received from the national case
team to each activities and centers where the activities are going to be implemented. They allocate the budget to the
centers according to the amount of activities they have and the place where the research centers exist. But there is no clear
scientific process for allocation of core research funds to research processes in general and research centers in particular
in EIAR. The crop research process has the first priority/focus in the budgetary allocation in the institute. during the 2008
fiscal year of Ethiopia the research process has been allocated 30% of the capital budget of the institute. With this
backdrop the present study aimed at assessing the trends, instability and growth of budgetary allocation to the crop
research program in Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research and measuring the crop research program performance
using the varietal output as an indicator from 1992 E.C to 2008 E.C.
2. ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (14-20), Month: October - December 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 15
Paper Publications
2. METHODOLOGY AND DATA
Secondary Data from Ethiopian institute of Agricultural research Planning, monitoring and Evaluation Directorate and
Procurement, finance and property management was used. The analysis of this study is based on different econometric
models and descriptive statistics. The secondary data on the allocation of budget for the crop research program (CRP) and
the sub programs under crop research program (Cereal crops research sub program (CRSP), pulse, oil and fiber crops
research sub program (POFRSP), Horticulture crops research sub program (HRSP), Coffee, spice and tee crops research
sub program (CTSRSP), Aromatic, medicinal and bio fuel crops research sub program (AMBRSP) and plant protection
research sub program (PPRSP) by the national government (from 1992 E.C to 2008 E.C) and external grants awarded and
expenditures to the CRP, was collected from different years annual report of the institute and data base of planning,
monitoring and evaluation directorate. Semi-log trend function was fitted to the data following the procedure of Gujarati
to find out the trend and estimate the growth rate allocated budget to the crop research program in Ethiopian Institute of
Agricultural Research.
ln yt= a + bt+e
Where y = dependent variable (allocated budget to the crop research program); t = trend over specific period, b =
coefficient of trend; ln = natural logarithm; and e = error term. Here, the coefficient of trend (b) measures the constant
proportional or relative change in y for a given absolute change in the value of time t. Therefore the compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) can be taken as:
CAGR = exp (b) -1
Instability in the budgetary allocation can be measured by different methods, such as the coefficient of variation (CV),
dispersion, Cuddy Della Valle Index (CDI), etc. The present study applies the Cuddy Della Valle Index for measuring the
instability. This Index first de-trends the given series and gives a clear direction about the instability. The use of
coefficient of variation as a measure to show the instability in any time series data has some limitation. If the time series
data exhibit any trend the variation measured by CV can be over-estimated. As against that Cuddy-Della Valle index
attempts de trend the CV by using coefficient of determination (R2
). Thus it is a better measure to capture instability in the
allocation of budget. A low value of this index indicates the low instability.
In this study, the instability in the allocated budget was estimated using Cuddy-Della Valle index (CDVI).
The estimable form of the equation is as follows:
I = CV*SQRT(1- R2
)
Where: I is the instability index in percent, CV is the coefficient of variation in percent,
R2
is the coefficient of determination from time trend regression adjusted by the number of degree of freedom.
In this study instability will be characterized based on the following rules of thumb (ISNAR, 1997):
0 < S < 0.10*µ, mild instability
0.10* µ < S < 0.5*µ, moderate instability
0.5* µ < S < µ, high instability
S >= µ, severe instability
where S is the standard error of the estimated trend equation and µ is the sample mean. the estimated trend equation was
yt = a + bt + et, where y is the allocated budget to the crop research program, t is time, a and b are the population
regression parameters estimated by ordinary least squares and ε is the disturbance term
In order to confirm the existence of acceleration or deceleration or stagnation in budgetary expenditures, quadratic
equations in time variables are fitted to the data for the three periods following the procedure adopted by Demenongu,
T.S, Ukolhol F.Y, and Daudu,S., 2013 as follows:-
lny = a + bt +ct2
3. ISSN 2349-7823
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Page | 16
Paper Publications
According to the above specification, the linear and quadratic time terms define the secular path in the dependent
variables (y), while the quadratic time term (t2
) allows for the possibility of acceleration or deceleration or stagnation in
growth during the period of study. Significant positive value of the coefficient of t2
confirms significant acceleration in
growth, significant negative value of t2
confirms significant deceleration in growth while non significance of the
coefficient of t2
implies stagnation or absence of either acceleration or deceleration in the growth process.
There are various statistical techniques to compare two or more mean values, which generally go by the name of analysis
of variance. But the same objective can be accomplished within the framework of regression analysis (Gujarati, 2006). to
determine the significant difference between the allocation made to the crop research program during the PASDEP I 1998
to 2002 and 2003 to 2007, the study used the following model:
yi = a + b1D1 + ui
Where, yi = budget allocation of research sub program i
D1 = 1 if it is PASDEP I
= 0 otherwise
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Levels and Trends in the allocation of budget to the crop research program (1992 E.C to 2008 E.C):
It can be revealed from the figure (fig 1) that the total allocated budget to the program reached more than 80 million birr
during 2008 E.C from 14.3 million birr during the 1992 fiscal year. Budget allocation to the CRP averaged 28, 983.86 birr
annually between 1992 to 2008, registering its highest allocation of about 81,508.92 birr in 2008 and the most least
allocation of about 10,554.62 birr in 1997.
Fig 1. Trends in budgetary allocation of CRP, 1992 E.C to 2008 E.C
Table 1.1. indicates the annual percentage change and proportion of budgetary allocations to CRP by the institute between
1992 and 2008. The result shows that the proportion of the allocation to CRP decreased from 50% in 1992 to 30% in
2008. If we take a look at the budget year of 2001, there is an increase of government budget allocation to the institute
than the allocation during 2000, but proportion of budget allocation to CRP by the institute decreased from 22% in 2000
to 17% in 2001. On the other hand the table shows that the changes in allocation from year to year varies. For instance,
positive percentage change is exhibited except during 1995, 1996,1997, 2000 and 2006. Percentage change in allocation
changed from 4.6% in 1992 to 22.4% in 2008.
4. ISSN 2349-7823
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Table 1.1 Annual percentage change and proportion of budgetary allocation to CRP, 1992-2008
Year Percentage allocation Percentage change in allocation
1992 50 -
1993 27 4.6
1994 40 14.9
1995 27 (57.5)
1996 28 (2.0)
1997 25 (3.8)
1998 23 7.5
1999 21 8.5
2000 22 (0.3)
2001 17 13.1
2002 29 43.1
2003 36 22.4
2004 31 23.1
2005 38 35.9
2006 27 (26.4)
2007 30 17.7
2008 30 22.4
Compound growth rate and instability analysis:
The compound growth rate analysis on the budgetary allocation to CRP across the period from 1992 E.C. to 2008 E.C
shows that, the annual budget grew at a compound rate of 14% per annum at 1% of significance. On the other hand,
during the study period the crop research program recorded a moderate instability (44%) of the capital budget funding.
If we take a look at each sub programs of crop research program, cereal research sub program has been allocated about
100,421,269 birr during the study period which is 23% of the budget allocated to crop research process. Pulse, oil and
fiber crops research sub program takes the lion share in the allocation of the budget. It was about 108,824,470 birr which
is 24% of the total budget allocated to the crop research process. The horticulture crops research sub program, the coffee,
tea and spice research sub program, aromatic, medicinal and bio fuel crops research sub program and plant protection
research sub program have been allocated 103,400,953 birr, 56,323,739 birr, 28,381,846 birr and 47,324,814 birr which
constitutes about 23%, 13%, 6% and 11% of the budget allocated to the crop research process during the study period.
Table 1.2 depicts that the percentage change in the allocation to cereal crops research sub program changed from 0.7% in
1993 to 1.5% in 1994 and dropped as low as to -36% in 1995. It then increased to as high as 68% in 2002 and dropped to -
23% in 2006 then increased to 16% in 2007. On the other hand, the percentage change in the allocation to the pulse, oil
and fiber crops research sub program it shows a positive change during the study period except during 1995, 1996, 9999
and 2006 and also the percentage change in the allocation to the horticultural crops research sub program shows the
positive change during the study period except during 1995 and 2006. But, it shows a negative percentage change in the
allocation to the coffee, spice and tee crops research sub program during the study period except during 2002 to 2005 and
2007 budget year. Aromatic, medicinal and biotechnology crops research sub program exhibits a negative percentage
change in 1993 E.C, 1995 E.C, 1996 E.C, 1999 E.C and 2006 E.C, while that of the plant protection research sub program
experienced a negative percentage change in 1995 E.C, 2000 E.C, 2001 E.C and 2006 E.C.
On the other hand, the share (proportion) of the allocated budget to the cereal crops research sub program decreased from
47% in 1992 E.C to as low as 12% in 2007 E.C. This is because, grant amounts from different donors to some activities of
cereal crops research program was increasing from time to time. So, the allocated budget to the research sub program
from the national government has been decreased and the share inclined to the pulse, oil and fiber crops research sub
program and the horticulture crops research sub program. The allocation to the pulse, oil and fiber crops, horticultural
crops research sub programs exhibited an increase in the share of the allocation of the budget by crop research program
5. ISSN 2349-7823
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Page | 18
Paper Publications
from 20% in 1992 E.C to 33% in 2007 E.C and 15% in 1992 E.C to 32% in 2007 E.C respectively. And also the share of
the allocation to the coffee, spice and tea crops research sub program increased from 14% in 1992 E.C to 17% in 2006
E.C and decreased to 9% in 2006 E.C. Aromatic medicinal and bio technology crops research sub program took 2% of the
allocation share in 1992 E.C and increased to 11% in 2006 E.C then decreased to 6% in 2007 E.C. The plant protection
research sub program has been allocated 5% of the budget allocated to the crop research program in 1992 E.C and
increased to 17% in 2001 E.C then the share decreased to 11% in 2007 E.C.
Growth rate and Instability in budgetary allocation analysis:
Table 2. showed the computed annual compound growth rate of budgetary allocation on crop research program and the
sub programs under the crop research program across the period from 1992 E.C. to 2007 E.C. And the allocated budget
grew at a compound rate of 12% per annum at 1% of significance. The pulse, oil and fiber crops research sub program,
Horticultural crops research sub program, Aromatic, medicinal and bio energy crops research sub program and plant
protection research sub program showed a positive significant (significant at 1%) compounded annual growth rate of
12%, 14%, 28% and 21% respectively. But, the coffee, spice and tee crops research sub program exhibited an
insignificant positive compounded annual growth rate per annum. On the other hand, Table 3 depicted that during the
study period the crop research program recorded a moderate instability (47%) of the capital budget funding. And also only
the coffee, spice and tee crops research sub program and the aromatic, medicinal and bio fuel crops research sub program
exhibited high instability (59.2%) and severe instability (71%) respectively, while cereal crops research, pulse, oil and
fiber crops research, horticultural crops research and plant protection research sub programs incurred a moderate
instability of 41%, 49.8%, 40.7% respectively.
Estimated quadratic equations:
The estimated quadratic equations in time variable for budgetary allocation on crop research program is shown in Table 2.
The coefficient of t2
for the study period was statistically significant. This result confirms for the significant acceleration
in the growth of budgetary allocation on crop research program in Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. In other
words, the growth in the allocation of budget on crop research program for the periods under review has been
accelerating. This suggests that the crop research program has been consistently given attention in terms of funding by the
institute. Where as if we take a look at each sub programs of the crop research program
Mean difference Test:
And the frame work of the regression analysis indicated that there is a significant difference between the allocated budget
of PASDEP I and GTP I. The mean budget allocation to the crop research program during PASDEP I was 51165774.61
birr, while the allocation during GTP I was 36385706.07 less from the allocation during PASDEP I.
Varietal output:
A number of national and international research institutions are involved in the development and release of improved crop
technologies in Ethiopia. And this study focused in measuring the crop research program of the Ethiopian Institute of
Agricultural Research performance in varietal output between the periods 1992 and 2007 Ethiopian budget year. Between
1992 E.C and 2007 E.C 540 crop technologies have been released and registered by the research program in total. It was
increasing at a compound annual growth rate of 19% (significant at 1%) releasing/registered technologies. The resulting
ratio of total budget allocated in million birr to number of technologies released/registered was 0.8:1 , suggesting that total
research expenditure was 0.8 million birr per technology produced. In 1992 it was about 2.4 million birr per technology
produced and increased to 7.8 million birr in 1993 and decreased to 1.1 million birr in 2007.
Table 1.2: Annual percentage change of budgetary allocation (1992 E.C to 2007 E.C)
Budget year in E.C Cereal POF HORTI CTS AMB PP
1992
1993 0.724 16.665 7.852 -9.449 -9.449 32.566
1994 1.503 26.287 41.635 23.253 23.253 17.745
1995 -35.589 -42.773 -42.000 -29.976 -40.843 -11.305
1996 -5.465 -2.802 1.597 -2.859 -21.586 13.902
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1997 -11.610 4.362 4.742 -28.675 178.136 1.510
1998 -1.758 7.568 15.381 -2.517 45.361 23.048
1999 -2.240 -9.007 5.631 5.877 -3.406 92.258
2000 4.193 6.189 10.479 -3.027 10.186 -24.347
2001 6.712 21.827 7.172 -96.376 15.354 -3.271
2002 68.121 48.686 67.117 9527.760 55.193 134.684
2003 13.148 47.298 39.506 30.314 49.898 11.648
2004 22.826 34.197 22.900 24.210 82.285 31.565
2005 57.684 56.256 77.017 45.408 80.197 23.596
2006 -22.499 -17.300 -25.443 -5.729 -0.429 -48.849
2007 16.428 172.014 181.075 5.669 6.107 73.014
Table 2: Growth rate in budget allocation
CRP Cereal POF HORTI CTS AMB PP
CAGR 12*
6 12*
14*
12 28*
21*
* significant at 1%
Table 3. Estimated coefficient of variation as a measure of funding instability
Research program/sub program Estimated coefficient of variation in percent Classification
CRP 46.7 Moderate instability
CRSP 41 Moderate instability
POFRSP 49.8 Moderate instability
HORTIRSP 48.3 Moderate instability
CTSRSP 59.2 High instability
AMBRSP 70.6 Severe instability
PPRSP 40.7 Moderate instability
Table 4 Estimated quadratic equation in time variables for the allocation of budget on crop research program for the period
between 1992 E.C and 2007 E.C
Program/subprogram a B c R2
CRP
16.8 -0.2 0.017
0.904
(91.031)*
(-3.622) (5.971)*
CRSP
9.1 -0.3 0.018
0.843
(51.695) (-5.184) (6.572)
POFRSP
8.4 -0.2 0.018
0.905
(43.180) (-3.722) (6.079)
HORTIRSP
7.9 -0.1 0.015
0.911
(39.368) (-2.072) (4.675)
CTSRSP
8.5 -0.5 0.035
0.424
(9.248) (-1.948) (2.456)
AMBRSP
5.5 -0.3 0.016
0.940
(19.862) (0.678) (3.755)
PPRSP
6.5 0.059 0.008
0.901
(23.823) (0.792) (1.779)
t-values in parenthesis
"*" significant at 1%
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4. CONCLUSION
Using Semi-log model the study documents that the budgetary allocation to the crop research program was increasing
signicantly at a compound growth rate of 12%, while cereal research sub program exhibited a positive compounded
growth rate of 6%, Pulse, oil and fiber crops research program, Horticultural crops research sub program, Aromatic,
medicinal and bio fuel crops research sub program and plant protection research sub program incurred a growth rate of
14%, 28% and 21% compounded per annum, while Coffee, spice and tee crops research program showed no significant
growth during the study period. On the other hand, using quadratic equations in time variable, the study have confirmed
acceleration in capital funding on the crop research program in Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. This is an
evidence of a little bit of financial commitment to the program, which is the major focus of research program in the
Institute (EIAR). further this study documented that, cereal crops research sub program, pulse, oil and fiber crops research
sub program, horticultural crops research sub program and plant protection research sub program exhibited a mild
instability of capital budget funding, but the coffee, spice tee crops research sub program was incurred a higher instability
and aromatic, medicinal and bio fuel crops research sub program recorded a severe instability index in the capital budget
allocation.
REFERENCES
[1] Gujarati, D (2006): Basic Econometrics, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition
[2] ISNAR. 1997. Instability of national Agricultural Research system in sub-Sahara Africa: Lessons from nigeria
[3] Demenongu, T.S, Ukohol F.Y, Daudu, S. 2013. trends in budgetary expenditure on the Agricultural sector in Nigeria
[4] Margaret Nseobongita, Inebihe George UKpong. and Ineye Douglas Ekpebu, 2013. Budgetary allocations
toagricultural sector in Nigeria implications and investment and productivity, Journal of agricultural science Vol5,
No.11
[5] Ethiopian Institute of agricultural Research Annual reports