Background: Traumatic dental injuries are common in children, and they are often associated with facial fractures in road traffic accidents. Boys sustain dental trauma almost twice as much as girls. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of traumatic dental injury among 8-12 years old Sudanese children. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional school based study for 813 school children (395 boys and 418 girls) 8-12 years old were selected from private and public primary schools for assessment of traumatic dental injuries according to Ellis classification and the causes of trauma were studied. Data was collected by visual examination and no radiographs were taken. Chi-square test was used to test association between the different variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: High prevalence (27.9%) of traumatic dental injuries was observed in this study. Boys and girls were more or less equally affected (48.6%, 51.4%) respectively. Falling was the most common cause (14.1%) while the least common one was road traffic accidents (0.6%). Tooth fracture was the most frequent type of tooth injury reported in the current study (13.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence, type and most common causal factors of traumatic injuries to the maxillary anterior teeth in Sudanese schoolchildren 8-12years old was approximately the same as that found in other countries.
Traumatic dental injuries, incidence, classification, and treatment. This seminar is made to help establish the proper diagnosis and management of traumatic dental injuries based on evidence and international guidelines
Introduction
Etiology of traumatic dental injuries
Mechanism of traumatic dental injuries
Epidemiological triad
Host factors
Agent factors
Enviromental factors
Impact of TDI on Oral health related quality of life
Classification of traumatic dental injuries
Public health implications
Conclusion
References
Traumatic Dental Injuries to Permanent Anterior Teeth, Relation with Age and...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Traumatic dental injury (TDI) in school children has become a serious dental public health problem in developing and developed countries. Worldwide research clearly shows that the prevalence of TDI is increasing. The purpose of this study is to clinical compare without use radiograph film in comparing between groups of boys and girls which complain of traumatic fracture of anterior permanent teeth in enamel and dentine reigns with or with out Pulp rom records of patients aged 9-12years. A descriptive cross-sectional survey in Arab Israeli schoolchildren between 2012-2015. A sample of 4262, Arab Israeli schoolchildren (2344(55%)) males and 1918(45%)) females) aged 9-12years, were interviewed and examined between 2012-2015 in different dental private clinics in Israel. Among the 4262 schoolchildren examined, 520(12,2%) had experienced traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). Males had experienced a significantly higher prevalence of trauma 340(8%) than females 180(4,2%). Overall traumatised permanent incisors were found to occur fairly frequently with males having experienced significantly more TDIs than females. The prevalence of TDIs in Arab Israeli schoolchildren was 12,2%; enamel fractures were the most frequently observed injury and falls were the leading cause of trauma.
Introduction
Recap of Epidemiological triad
Strategies based on levels of prevention
Primary level
Secondary level
Tertiary level
Indian scenario
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Traumatic dental injuries, incidence, classification, and treatment. This seminar is made to help establish the proper diagnosis and management of traumatic dental injuries based on evidence and international guidelines
Introduction
Etiology of traumatic dental injuries
Mechanism of traumatic dental injuries
Epidemiological triad
Host factors
Agent factors
Enviromental factors
Impact of TDI on Oral health related quality of life
Classification of traumatic dental injuries
Public health implications
Conclusion
References
Traumatic Dental Injuries to Permanent Anterior Teeth, Relation with Age and...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Traumatic dental injury (TDI) in school children has become a serious dental public health problem in developing and developed countries. Worldwide research clearly shows that the prevalence of TDI is increasing. The purpose of this study is to clinical compare without use radiograph film in comparing between groups of boys and girls which complain of traumatic fracture of anterior permanent teeth in enamel and dentine reigns with or with out Pulp rom records of patients aged 9-12years. A descriptive cross-sectional survey in Arab Israeli schoolchildren between 2012-2015. A sample of 4262, Arab Israeli schoolchildren (2344(55%)) males and 1918(45%)) females) aged 9-12years, were interviewed and examined between 2012-2015 in different dental private clinics in Israel. Among the 4262 schoolchildren examined, 520(12,2%) had experienced traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). Males had experienced a significantly higher prevalence of trauma 340(8%) than females 180(4,2%). Overall traumatised permanent incisors were found to occur fairly frequently with males having experienced significantly more TDIs than females. The prevalence of TDIs in Arab Israeli schoolchildren was 12,2%; enamel fractures were the most frequently observed injury and falls were the leading cause of trauma.
Introduction
Recap of Epidemiological triad
Strategies based on levels of prevention
Primary level
Secondary level
Tertiary level
Indian scenario
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
The management of impacted canines is important in terms of esthetics and function. Clinicians must formulate treatment plans that are in the best interest of the patient and they must be knowledgeable about the variety of treatment options. When patients are evaluated and treated properly, clinicians can reduce the frequency of ectopic eruption and subsequent impaction of the maxillary canine. The simplest interceptive procedure that can be used to prevent impaction of permanent canines is the timely extraction of the primary canines. This procedure usually allows the permanent canines to become upright and erupt properly into the dental arch, provided sufficient space is available to accommodate them. In the present article, an overview of the incidence and sequelae, as well as the surgical, periodontal, and orthodontic considerations in the management of impacted canines is presented.
Prevalence,riskfactors and treatment needs of traumatic dental injuries to an...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Aims and Objectives: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) of the permanent anterior teeth among the
school children are quite prevalent but often the neglected problem. The objective of the present
study was to assess the prevalence of the TDIs of the permanent anterior teeth among 6-15 years
schoolchildren attending government and private schools of Bhopal city.
The management of impacted canines is important in terms of esthetics and function. Clinicians must formulate treatment plans that are in the best interest of the patient and they must be knowledgeable about the variety of treatment options. When patients are evaluated and treated properly, clinicians can reduce the frequency of ectopic eruption and subsequent impaction of the maxillary canine. The simplest interceptive procedure that can be used to prevent impaction of permanent canines is the timely extraction of the primary canines. This procedure usually allows the permanent canines to become upright and erupt properly into the dental arch, provided sufficient space is available to accommodate them. In the present article, an overview of the incidence and sequelae, as well as the surgical, periodontal, and orthodontic considerations in the management of impacted canines is presented.
Prevalence,riskfactors and treatment needs of traumatic dental injuries to an...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Aims and Objectives: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) of the permanent anterior teeth among the
school children are quite prevalent but often the neglected problem. The objective of the present
study was to assess the prevalence of the TDIs of the permanent anterior teeth among 6-15 years
schoolchildren attending government and private schools of Bhopal city.
Prevalence of traumatic dental injury in arab israeli communityAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Abstract: Traumatic dental injury (TDI) in school children has become a serious dental public health problem in developing and developed countries. Worldwide research clearly shows that the prevalence of TDI is increasing.
Objective: The purpose of this study is to clinical compare without use radiograph film in comparing between groups of boys and girls which complain of traumatic fracture of anterior permanent teeth in enamel and dentine reigns with or with out Pulp rom records of patients aged 9-12years.
Design: A descriptive cross-sectional survey in Arab Israeli schoolchildren between 2003-2015.
Subjects: A sample of 4262 ,Arab Israeli schoolchildren (2344(55%)) males and 1918(45%)) females) aged 9-12years ,were interviewed and examined between 2003-2015in different dental private clinics in Israel.
Results: Among the 4262 schoolchildren examined, 520(12,2%) had experienced traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). Males had experienced a significantly higher prevalence of trauma 340(8%) than females 180(4,2%) .
Conclusion: Overall traumatised permanent incisors were found to occur fairly
frequently with males having experienced significantly more TDIs than females. Theprevalence of TDIs in Arab Israeli schoolchildren was 12,2%; enamel fractures were the most frequently observed injury and falls were the leading cause of trauma.
Keywords: Permanent Teeth, School Children, Trauma,Arab Israeli(Arab48)
Pattern of Pediatric Mandibular Fracture in Central Indiaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Interdisciplinary Seminars and First-Aid Textbook on Dental Trauma for Medica...Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
Interdisciplinary Seminars and First-Aid Textbook on Dental Trauma for Medical Students and Practitioners
Cecilia Young*
Independent Researcher, Hong Kong
*Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young, Independent Researcher, Hong Kong.
Received: May 29, 2018 ; Published: June 21, 2018
Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis...ijtsrd
Background Dental caries continues to be a major health issue for worldwide population which decreases individual’s quality of life. In children dental caries and gingivitis are major health problem due to lack of preventive efforts and change in dietary requirement. According to WHO, oral health awareness among children can be promoted through schools by improving good knowledge, attitude and behavior related to oral health that will be helpful for prevention and control of dental diseases among children. Hence there is a necessity to find out oral hygiene practices and occurrence of dental caries among school age children. With this background, researcher make a plan to conduct a survey with the following objective. Objective To assess dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among school age children in a selected community area. Methodology A quantitative approach with cross sectional descriptive design was used to assess dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among children. 195 school going children residing in rural area of Doiwala block were selected by using convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by pretested questionnaire. Ethical permission was obtained from institutional ethical committee and informed consent was taken from study participants. Results The statistical finding shows that 184 94.36 mothers had not attend any education related to dental hygiene previously. Maximum mothers 97.95 have taught their child how to brush the teeth. It was surprising to note that 144 58.96 of children found to be suffering from dental caries. It was found that 38.79 of children were suffering with teeth pain. Very less 45 29.9 children had reported that they had visited dentist. There was significant association found between material use for remove food debris between the teeth’s and dental caries at p .001 . There was also significant association found between technique use for brushing teeth and dental caries p 0.003 . Conclusion The research findings showed that school age children give very less importance to oral hygiene. In this study we found greater need of health education and encouraging parents regarding children oral hygiene which can be beneficial to prevent dental caries among school going children. Mr. John Davidson | Ms. Mugdha Devi Sharan Sharma | Mr. Atul Kumar "Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis among School Age Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32964.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/32964/assess-the-oral-hygiene-practices-occurrence-of-dental-caries-and-gingivitis-among-school-age-children/mr-john-davidson
Dental traumatology has progressed in recent years to
improve the understanding of the biological considerations involved in both diagnosis and treatment principles.
Through public awareness efforts lay people are
more knowledgeable about dental trauma
Traumatic dental injuries in children is important topic. Injuries in primary teeth also important. Mnagemant of traumatic dental injuries is very important. One should have all knowledge about dental injuries. All kinds of traumtic dnetal injuries were treatable. We should know different staorage media for avulsed tooth.
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a major public health issue in the United States that accounts for approximately 50% of poisoning cases in the nation each year and around 50,000 emergency room visits. In most instances of CO poisoning, the culprit is a malfunctioning or poorly tended heating system within the home or, occasionally, commercial building, which causes the system to leak this hazardous gas. One of the more insidious aspects of CO poisoning is that the gas is odorless and colorless, and victims of CO poisoning often do not realize that there is a problem until they begin to experience the effects of poisoning and have no choice but to seek medical attention. Unfortunately, many victims of CO poisoning die before they are able to seek treatment. This paper makes use of a qualitative, systematic literature review to examine the four major parts of the brain that are most severely affected by CO poisoning. Overall, the literature review showed that the white matter, globus pallidus, basal ganglia, and cortex are the parts of the brain most severely impacted by CO poisoning. While many CO poisoning victims do make it to the hospital on time and are treated, they may nonetheless suffer long-term neurological consequences as a result of their exposure. As such, CO poisoning is a major public health issue.
Drug abuse has now become a major public health problem in Nigeria requiring urgent attention. Although drug abuse cut across all age groups, the youths are however the most affected. This study aimed at assessing Community Pharmacists involvement in the rehabilitation of drug abuse victims. The study was carried out in Abuja Municipal Area Council, questionnaires were administered to Community Pharmacists practicing within the Area Council. A total of 176 Community Pharmacists participated in the study, and slightly above a quarter (27.43%) of them had post-graduate degrees. More than three-quarters (79.5%) of the study participants had received training on drug abuse. A total of 89.2% of the study participants had come across persons suspected to be abusing prescription medicines. Almost all (96.6%) of the study participants indicated that they are willing to advise persons suspected to be abusing drugs on the dangers of drug abuse, and 88.1% of the study participants had spoken to clients concerning abuse of prescription medicines. Also, more than three-quarters (80.1%) of the study participants indicated that pharmacists’ role in the prevention of drug abuse is very important. The study has revealed that Community Pharmacists can play an invaluable role in the rehabilitation of drug abuse victims in Nigeria.
Background; Social Class has shown relation with admissions at Emergency Departments. To assess whether there is a relationship between the level of triage and the social class of patients who attend the emergency department and whether there are other variables that can modulate this association. Methods Observational study with 1000 patients was carried out between May and July 2018 in the Emergency Department of the University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova in Lleida. Sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, country of origin and marital status were analyzed. The triage level and the main explanatory variable was social class. Social class was calculated based on the CSO-SEE 2012 scale. Results 49.4% were male and the average age was 51.7 years. Most of the patients (66.6%) attended the emergency department under their own volition and the most common triage levels were level III or Emergency (45%). There is a significant relationship between age and triage level. The younger patients had a lower triage level (p <0.001). The percentage of patients with lower social class who attended the emergency department for minor reasons was 42% higher compared to the rest of the patients (RR = 1.42; 1.21-1.67 95% CI, p <0.001). Conclusions; Patients with a lower socioeconomic class go to the Emergency Department for less serious pathologies.
This paper will explore child health care and treatment seeking behavior of villagers and presents factors that discourage them from using public health facilities. The perspective of human health is not only stay behind in the contact between the disease and the human body and the extermination of the demon by providing few medicines rather it is a complex web where multiple factors are affecting human to live a sound life. The environment has a diverse effect on human life: some indulge humans with it extravaganza while some impose serious theaters but one thing in common, every environment shares basic problems of acquiring and allocating space, food, energy and resources for health. Haor people have endless problems to meet, starting from food to basic human rights. Maintaining a healthy life does end up with some formality of going to some popular and folk treatment though going to professionals is rare. Government and non-Governmental organizations have a variety of scope to improve the situation by providing health infrastructure, awareness building measures, eradicating superstition and including health education in the school curriculum.
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review literature on music and biomarkers of stress in order to (1) Identify music interventions and (2) Detail the biomarkers of stress associated with music. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed in performing this systematic review. Studies published from January 1995 to January 2020 that pertain to biomarkers of stress and music were identified through the use of the PubMed database, using the keywords: ‘music’ AND ‘biomarker’ OR ‘marker’ OR ‘hormone’. Two authors independently conducted a focused analysis and reached a final consensus on 16 studies that met the specific selection criteria and passed the study quality checks. Results: The reviewed studies were all randomized controlled trials. Reviewed music interventions included Music Listening (ML), Meditational Music (MM), ‘Guided Imagery and Music’ (GIM), and Singing. The studies showed that music is associated with a decreasing trend in cortisol, salivary α-amylase, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as an increasing trend in Immunoglobulin A (IgA), oxytocin, and EEG theta wave, while testosterone was associated with sex-related differences. Conclusion: Music is associated with significant changes in biomarkers of stress, suggesting that it could be utilized for the development of stress reduction tools.
Background: Nurse practitioners play a vital role in wound care and management because of the prevalence of wounds in the community and hospital setting. Aims and objectives: The purpose was to identify current knowledge and practices of nurses with respect to wound management. Method: A qualitative descriptive research was designed, nineteen nurses in wound care wards in Bingham University teaching hospital were recruited into this study. This was achieved with the aid of a self-administered questionnaire for a two-week period. Results: Three groups of nurses responded to this survey (73.7% males; 31.6% aged 31-40 years). Registered nurses dominated (68.4%), majority of them worked in male ward (36.8%) and private ward (36.8%). Almost on full-time (94.7%), more than half were diploma holders (57.9%) with 1 to 5 years of experience (47.4%). Majority (84.2%) were involved in wound treatment and management, there were significant association between years of experience and wound classification, wound treatment, treatment failure and treatment failure factors. Conclusion: Wound care practices require accurate knowledge and assessment skills, a better understanding of wound management provides comprehensible, rapid patient wound care and minimizes patient mortality as well as reduces health services financial costs.
Background: Job satisfaction is a significant indicator of the way nurses feel about their profession, the efforts to perform their professional duties, or otherwise abandons it willingly. Method: cross-sectional research design approach was used to assess the job satisfaction and the associated factors among 300 hundred nurses. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and kruskal wallis test for association between the socio-demographic variables and job satisfaction at significance level of 0.05 Result: About 1/3 of the respondents (31%) reported gross dissatisfaction with their job, 0% reported being well satisfaction while (68.7%) respondents reported moderate satisfaction with their job. Across items on the scale, gross dissatisfaction was noted on key managerial factors and the salary of the workers. Job satisfaction was associated with specialty (p<0.018), gender (P<0.002) and age (P<0.000) of Nurses. Conclusion: majority of the respondents were moderately satisfied with their job but grossly dissatisfied with salary and administrative roles like communication flow.
Viral infections have always been of major concern in communities, health care settings and medical fields including radiotherapy and Radiology. Recently corona virus infection has attained global attention in the wake of covid-19 outbreak and consequently highlighted importance of viral prevention, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to control and treat viral disease. In view of the recent events, the author reviewed the current and past literature to discuss contagious versus infectious viral transmission, as well as simple and effective ways of preventing the spread of viral diseases in community and health care setting so that this information can be used for preventing viral transmission at all levels. The article is written for a wide variety of audiences i.e. scientific and medical communities policy makers and general public.
The Coronavirus Disease – 2019 (COVID-19) is officially now a pandemic and not just a public health emergency of international concern as previously labelled. Worldwide, the new coronavirus has infected more than 4.9 million people and leaving more than 300,000 people dead in 188 countries. As countries of the world get locked down in an effort to contain the widespread of the virus, experts are concern about the global impacts of the pandemic on individuals, countries and the world at large. Millions of people are currently under quarantine across the globe. Many countries have responded by proclaiming a public health emergency, closed their borders and restrict incoming flights from high risk countries. This has grossly affected the travel plan of many. Several international programs, conferences, workshops and sporting activities are either postponed or cancelled. As the number of confirmed cases continues to escalate across the globe, hospitals seems to be running out of medical supplies, hospital spaces and personnel. Health workers are being overwhelmed by the numbers of people requesting for testing and treatment. Many of such health workers have been infected with the coronavirus and even lost their lives since the fight against COVID-19 started. Public health experts are also concerned about the huge medical wastes coming from the hospitals at this time and the adverse effects associated with improper management of such medical wastes, both at the hospital and community levels. The pandemic has also impacted negatively on the global economy. There have been serious crises in the stock market, with gross fall in the price of crude oil resulting in inflation and economic hardship among the populace. Many are currently out of job and as a result, the level of crime, protest and violence have continued to escalate in different parts of the world. The deaths of loved ones due to the coronavirus has left many emotionally traumatized. Nigeria, like other African countries is not spared of the ravaging effects of the pandemic, even as the government take strict measures to contain the virus. No doubt, this is very challenging, but the country is capable of surmounting the virus with the needed help from her international partners and cooperation from the citizenry. But if we as a people, remain complacent and continue with business as usual, without taking measures to flatten the curve, the disease will escalate too quickly beyond our capacity to handle and our health system will be overwhelmed and may collapse eventually. We cannot therefore afford to be complacent in our response to containing the pandemic.
Purpose: To investigate the effect of sulfur dioxide on the lung microbiota of healthy rats. Methods Fifteen male rats were randomly divided into high dose and low dose exposure group and control group. After 7 days of SO2 exposure, the lung tissues were obtained and the lung microbiota was identified by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Results The microbial community of lung microbiota was significantly alternated in the exposure group and the dominant phylum changed from Firmicutes to Proteobacteria. In addition, the SO2 exposure caused the bronchial wall thickening and a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs of rats in exposure groups. Conclusions The results suggest that SO2 can significantly alter the lung microbiota and pathological structure of the lungs.
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
A mathematical model to eliminate malaria by breaking the life cycle of anopheles mosquito using copepods at larva stage and tadpoles at pupa stage was derived aimed at eradicating anopheles pupa mosquito by introduction of natural enemies “copepods and tadpoles” (an organism that eats up mosquito at larva and pupa stage respectively). The model equations were derived using the model parameters and variables. The stability analysis of the free equilibrium states was analyzed using equilibrium points of Beltrami and Diekmann’s conditions for stability analysis of steady state. We observed that the model free equilibrium state is stable which implies that the equilibrium point or steady state is stable and the stability of the model means, there will not be anopheles adult mosquito in our society for malaria transmission. The ideas of Beltrami’s and Diekmann conditions revealed that the determinant and trace of the Jacobian matrix were greater than zero and less than zero respectively implying that the model disease free equilibrium state is stable. Hence, the number of larva that transforms to pupa is almost zero while the pupa that develop to adult is zero meaning the life-cycle is broken at the larva and pupa stages with the introduction of natural enemy. Maple was used for the symbolic and numerical solutions.
Spindle cell neoplasms usually occur in head, neck, orbit, soft tissues of scalp and along the upper aerodigestive tract. They are relatively uncommon in lower gastrointestinal tract and represent a distinct clinical entity. Increased awareness is required among colorectal surgeons and pathologists due to their benign nature & uncertain etiology, to avoid misdiagnosis of rectal cancer. Definitive diagnosis necessitates immunohistochemical analysis. We present an unusual case of spindle cell neoplasm of rectum in an asymptomatic elderly gentleman, detected on screening colonoscopy. Following thorough evaluation with MRI pelvis, CT scan thorax, abdomen, pelvis with contrast and multidisciplinary meeting discussion (MDT) at our institution, he was successfully treated with a specialized minimally invasive approach (TAMIS). Histopathology with immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasm. As they are uncommon in colorectum & non-invasive, management and long-term follow-up is still under study. These lesions should be differentiated from other stromal tumours in GIT.
Brucellosis is an infectious debilitating, acute or sub-acute febrile illness usually marked by an intermittent or remittent fever accompanied by malaise, anorexia and prostration, and which, in the absence of specific treatment, may persist for weeks or months. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Socio-Demography Characteristics and prevalence of brucellosis among community members in Kenya. A case of Mandera East Sub-county, Mandera County, Kenya. The study was descriptive cross sectional study which collected both qualitative and quantitative data from where a sample of 420 respondents was systematically selected from heads of 2,617 households form Mandera East Sub-county. The study instruments included questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion guide and Interview Guide. Blood samples were screened for brucellosis using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and the positive sera were subjected through Serum Slow Agglutination Test (SSAT) which acted as a confirmatory test. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 20 and results of the study presented in frequencies and percentages in Tables and Figures. Ethical issues were observed and consent sought from the respondents. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) indicated a prevalence of 24.8% (95% CI: 20.0–29.6) and Serum Slow Agglutination Test (SSAT) indicated that the prevalence was at 14.3% (95% CI: 8.7–19.9) among the respondents. The study showed that the seroprevalence was higher among the male respondents (98%; n=103) as detected through RBPT and (98%; n=57) confirmed through SSAT. There was significant relationship between the gender and seroprevalence as tested through RBPT (P<0.001).
The Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is involved in several pathologies. Its strong presence in ocular pathologies explains our interest for its genetic variation in cataract, glaucoma and retinoblastoma in Senegal. MMP9 is highly polymorphic with cataract and glaucoma. 77 mutations were noted with 21 haplotypes for the entire population. The haplotype diversity Hd is 0.831 and the nucleotide diversity Pi is 0.016; k = 17.395. The polymorphism of the Matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene is associated with all three diseases and SNP 3918249 is found in both cataract and glaucoma.
This paper proposes the development of a software that performs the pre-diagnosis of malignant melanoma, spincellular carcinoma and basal-cell carcinoma. The software is divided into five modules, these being: digital imaging, analysis and processing, storage, feature extraction and classification by means of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The results shown the performance of the software for two different combination of activation functions in the network. With the use of spectroscopic techniques for the acquisition of images and the combination of non-linear and linear activation functions in the ANN, the software shows an effectiveness greater than 80%, concluding that it can be an effective tool as an aid in the diagnosis of cancer of skin.
Background: Tuberculous meningitis is defined as an inflammatory response to mycobacterial bacterial infection of the pia, arachnoid and CSF of the subarachnoid space. It is a dangerous form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis because it can cause permanent neurological disabilities and even death. Stroke is a devastating complication which further increase the morbidity and mortality in the disease. Matrix metalloproteinases are endopeptidases which degrade all the components of the extracellular matrix and thus have potential to disrupt blood brain barrier and cause CNS damage. Matrix metalloproteinases have been associated with pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. MMP levels in serum and CSF have also been seen to rise with advancing stage of TBM. So it is postulated that MMP may have role in the pathophysiology of stroke in TBM and may serve as a biomarker to predict stroke in TBM. Aims: To compare Serum Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with Tuberculous Meningitis with and without Stroke and correlate it with various clinical, biochemical and radiological features of TBM. Methods: 40 Patients of probable or definite TBM and 40 age and sex matched patients of TBM with clinical stroke were enrolled in the study and formed two groups i.e. cases and controls. The two groups were compared for various clinical parameters, biochemical parameters (CSF cytology, glucose and protein), neuroimaging parameters and serum MMP-9 levels. Serum MMP-9 was estimated by ELISA method. Results: Serum MMP-9 levels were (224 ± 261.627 ng/ml) in cases and (157.23 ± 197.155 ng/ml) controls, which though higher in cases but no difference was statistically significant (p value 0.157) between two groups. Also there was no correlation between the serum MMP-9 levels and various clinical features (duration of illness, fever, headache, vomiting, weight loss, seizure, hemiparesis), CSF characteristics (protein, sugar and cytology) and radiological findings (tuberculoma, and hydrocephalus). Conclusion: we conclude that MMP-9 levels is not correlated with occurrence of stroke in TBM. MMP-9 levels were not increased with severity of disease, complications and outcomes.
Background: Maternal health remains today, one of the major public health concerns in developing countries. Maternal deaths and newborn deaths usually occur within 48 hours of delivery. In Cameroon, despite all the initiatives set up by the Ministry of Public Health to reduce the mortality rate, the situation remains alarming in terms of postnatal consultation; this is much more felt in the West region of Cameroon, which is one of the most affected regions because 43.1% of women who give birth in hospitals do not return to postnatal consultation and this rate is higher than the national average with a value of 21.5%. Objective:This work aims to determine the factors influencing postnatal follow-up in the Bafang Health District. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study for analytical purposes, carried out in the Bafang Health District between January 1 to November 30, 2017. Our study population consisted of all women of childbearing age living in the Bafang Health District during the study period. The variables studied were sociodemographic characteristics, socio-cultural characteristics and the provision of care. Results: Analysis carried out during this study, it appears that, the person who informs the women on the dates of rendez-vous during the CPoN (OR = 2.92; [95%CI = 1.16-7,]; p-value = 0.02), women who think the appropriate period of postnatal follow-up is 6 weeks postpartum (OR = 4.27, [95%CI = 1.47-12.39], p-value = 0.00 ) and those who massage the abdomen after childbirth (OR = 2.62, [95%CI = 1.34 - 5.12], p-value = 0.00) are more likely to have knowledge about follow-up postnatal. While women who have no knowledge of postnatal follow-up (OR = 0.18, 95%CI = 0.07-0.45, p-value = 0.00) are less likely to have more knowledge. Conclusion: Lack of knowledge of the existence and importance of postnatal consultation (CPoN), traditional practices are the factors that influence postnatal follow-up in the Bafang Health District. A good and effective care for women after childbirth requires increased awareness campaigns at the hospital level as well as in community settings.
Aim: To highlight the challenge in the management of Arginosuccinic acidemia as well as demonstrate the importance of newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism. Method: Report of two cases of neonatal onset ASA with encephalopathy and review of relevant literature. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and institution of appropriate intervention can significantly improve outcome. Routine newborn metabolic screening should not only be implemented universally, the result should be available promptly.
To form the basis of a respiratory disease model in rats by investigating the microbial distribution and composition in the lower respiratory tracts of normal rats. Methods: DNA was extracted from the intestine, trachea, bronchus and lung samples collected from healthy rats under sterile conditions. The 16S rDNA V4-V5 region was sequenced using Illumina high-throughput technology. Results: The sequencing results showed that there was no significant difference in abundance and species diversity of microbiota between the lower respiratory and the intestine. The microbiota structure analysis showed samples from lungs and intestinal shared similarity. However, the dominant species at the levels of phylum, family, and genus diverged. The similarity analysis showed that the lung microbiota were different from the intestines. The linear discriminant analysis showed significantly different species in different tissues; function prediction also showed different microbiota function in different tissues. Conclusions: These results suggest that bacterial colonization depends on the sample’s anatomical location. The human pathogen Acinetobacter lwoffii was also detected in the rat lower respiratory tract samples.
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VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
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Traumatic Dental Injuries among 8-12 Year Old Sudanese Children in Khartoum State
1. International Journal of Healthcare and
Medical Sciences
ISSN(e): 2414-2999, ISSN(p): 2415-5233
Vol. 2, No. 4, pp: 15-19, 2016
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=13&info=aims
*Corresponding Author
15
Academic Research Publishing Group
Traumatic Dental Injuries among 8-12 Year Old Sudanese
Children in Khartoum State
Alaa Y. Malik General dentist, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Sudan
Amal H. Abuaffan* Head department of Orthodontic, Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University
of Khartoum, Sudan
1. Introduction
Traumatic dental injury (TDI) is a serious problem affecting young children and by time, its incident will exceed
that of dental caries [1]. Dental trauma affects the different layers of the tooth structure depending on the force of
trauma, and it might be followed by pulpal hyperemia, congestion and alteration in the blood flow of the pulp which
is sufficient to initiate irreversible degenerative changes that may lead to pulpal necrosis. In addition, the apical
vessels may be damaged enough to interfere with reparative process. on the other hand, traumatic dental injuries may
be serious enough to cause maxillary and mandibular fractures. [2]
The seven-to-twelve year age group is considered to be the most prone age to any form of dental trauma.
Furthermore, boys sustain dental trauma almost twice as much as girls, exhibiting significant gender differences with
regard to dental trauma experience. [3]
Causes of traumatic dental injuries were studied. In girls, the most common cause was falls, and with boys were
sports. Bicycling was also a markedly frequent cause of trauma for boys. [4]
There are numerous classification systems currently available for TDI, Anderasen's classification, the WHO
classification, Gracia- Godoy's classification and Ellis classification [5].
Traumatic dental injuries can be highly challenging to be treated, because clinicians often rely on dentists to
treat them. However, many clinicians work in a community- based environment where there is no dentist on call for
emergencies. Treatment of traumatic dental injuries depends on many factors such as type of tooth involved (primary
or permanent), nature of the injury, length of time from injury to treatment, how the tooth was cared for after the
injury and some patient's factors such as age and medical fitness of the patient. [6, 7].
To our knowledge no published study concerning the prevalence of dental trauma in the anterior teeth among
the Sudanese school children. Therefore this had been carried to determine the prevalence of traumatic dental
injuries among the school children in Khartoum state capital of Sudan as a base line for further studies in different
areas and age group of Sudanese population.
Abstract: Background: Traumatic dental injuries are common in children, and they are often associated with
facial fractures in road traffic accidents. Boys sustain dental trauma almost twice as much as girls. The aim of
this study is to determine the prevalence of traumatic dental injury among 8-12 years old Sudanese children.
Materials and Methods: A cross sectional school based study for 813 school children (395 boys and 418 girls) 8-
12 years old were selected from private and public primary schools for assessment of traumatic dental injuries
according to Ellis classification and the causes of trauma were studied. Data was collected by visual examination
and no radiographs were taken. Chi-square test was used to test association between the different variables. P-
value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: High prevalence (27.9%) of traumatic dental
injuries was observed in this study. Boys and girls were more or less equally affected (48.6%, 51.4%)
respectively. Falling was the most common cause (14.1%) while the least common one was road traffic
accidents (0.6%). Tooth fracture was the most frequent type of tooth injury reported in the current study
(13.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence, type and most common causal factors of traumatic injuries to the
maxillary anterior teeth in Sudanese schoolchildren 8-12years old was approximately the same as that found in
other countries.
Keywords: Traumatic dental injuries; Prevalence; Anterior teeth; Children.
2. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, 2016, 2(4): 15-19
16
2. Materials and Methods
The sample consisted of 813 children (395 male and 418 female) selected from private and public primary
schools in Sahafa locality, Khartoum state, Sudan. Age of the examined students ranged from 8-12 years old.
Consent from university of Medical Sciences and Technology (UMST) was obtained to the Minister of Education.
Then, an ethical clearance was conducted from the minister of education to the head principles of the randomly
selected private and public primary schools and the purpose of the study was explained. A student’s name list was
obtained from the head master of the selected schools in order to check the interviewed students and permission from
the students’ parents was taken. Then, the aim of the study was explained to the students in the school classes. All
the students aging 8-12 years old were examined under day light in an ordinary chair in one of the teacher’s offices.
The data sheet was filled for those with history of trauma to the anterior segment. Type of trauma according to Ellis
classification was checked out along with the cause of trauma. Only three of the Ellis classification was used in the
current study. One of the main difficulties facing this study was the radiographic examination due to many issues we
faced including the negative response of the parents when they are asked to leave their children to join the doctor for
the radiographs because of the long distance transport required for the radiograph taken, as the majority of
radiographic centers far from the schools.
Therefore, we decided to carry out the primarily study using clinical inspection through day light to have overall
prevalence of crown fracture, displacement and total tooth loss in addition to the etiological factors, hoping for a
bright future to carry such studies with more information and details.
3. Statistical Analysis
Data were collected, summarized, cleaned and coded; then entered to the Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) program using version 17, Chi square test was used P-value of less than
0.05 was considered as significant. Results were presented and tables.
4. Results
The total number of the examined students in this sample was 813, 48.6% boys and 51.4% girls. The visited
schools were private and public primary schools. The study showed that boys and girls had more or less equal
percentage of trauma 27.6% and 28.2% respectively.
Table-1.Percentage of examined students with a history of trauma (%).
History of trauma Boys (%) Girls (%) Total (%)
Yes 109 (27.6) 118 (28.2) 227(27.9)
No 286(72.4) 300 (71.8) 586(72.1)
Total 395(48.6) 418(51.4) 813(100)
The most common type of tooth injury in both genders was studied. Tooth fracture and tooth loss were found to
be higher in boys (14.9%) than girls (11.7%) respectively, while displaced tooth was observed to be more in girls
(10.3%) than boys (6.3%), and there was no significant difference Table 2.
Table-2.The most common type of tooth injury among the children.
Type of trauma Boys (%) Girls (%) Total (%)
Crown fracture involve
enamel and dentine
59 (14.9) 49 (11.7) 108 (13.3)
Total tooth loss 28 (7.2) 38 (9.1) 66 (8.1)
Displaced tooth without
fracture of crown or root
25 (6.3) 43 (10.3) 68 (8.4)
No trauma 283 (71.6) 288 (68.9) 571 (70.2)
Total 395 (100) 418 (100) 813 (100)
The most common cause of traumatic dental injuries was found to be falling and playing football which were
higher in girls (17.7%) (3.8%) than in boys (10.4%) (2.8%) respectively, while fighting occurred almost twice in
boys (3.8%) as girls (1.7%), however there was no significant difference Table 3.
Table-3.Causes of tooth fracture among the children.
Cause of trauma Boys (%) Girls (%) Total (%)
Playing foot ball 11(2.8) 16(3.8) 27(3.3)
Falling 41(10.4) 74(17.7) 115(14.1)
RTA 5(1.3) 0 (0) 5(0.6)
Fighting 15(3.8) 7(1.7) 22(2.7)
Others 36(9.1) 14(3.3) 50(6.2)
No trauma 287(72.7) 307(73.4) 594 (73.1)
Total 395(100) 418(100) 813 (100)
3. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, 2016, 2(4): 15-19
17
4. Discussion
The current study is a cross sectional, school-based study, to determine the prevalence, cause, common types of
traumatic dental injury in the anterior teeth, for a sample of Sudanese school children in Khartoum, the prevalence
of dental trauma was reported (27.9%) more or less similar among genders.
Traumatic dental injuries have been reported as a common dental problems, in many countries around the world
within the past 25 years. [2-4, 8-29] The prevalence was well documented in the literature among different
populations, it range from 5.1% to 33% [3-10, 15-17, 19, 21-25, 28].
In this study, the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries was reported (27.9%). Similar results were obtained in
previous studies carried out within different countries [12, 22, 29] However, less percentage (9.1%) was reported
among the same age group Sudanese school children in Wad-Madani locality. [30] Whereas among Sudanese
Visually impaired individual in Khartoum state much high prevalence were reported (32.6%). [31]
In African country Nairobi dental trauma was reported (16.1%) by Marjorie Muasya for 12-15 years old
children which less compared to current study. [11] and in Southern Brazilian 12 years old children (17.3%). [23]
Moreover, (14.5%) were observed by RohiniDua and Sunila Sharma among the children of Derabassi of 7-12 years
old, [3] and in Jordan by Rajab LD. [21] Much higher result was reported among 5-6 and 12-14 year old Saudis boy
in Riyadh (33%). [19]
This variation in the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries can be partially attributed to the difference in the
study age group, the size of study sample, and the type of sport among different countries and populations. As well
as the methods for appraise the tooth fracture.
In contrast, much lower percentages of traumatic dental injuries were reported earlier by Baghdady VS, Ghose
LJ, Enke H among Iraqi and Sudanese children (7.7%) and (5.1%) respectively. [16] Similar result (5.2%) was
obtained by Marcenes W, al Beiruti N, Tayfour D, Issa S among 9 -12 school children in Damascus, Syria, [17] and
in South Africa by Naidoo S, Sheiham A, Tsakos G showed close results (6.5%). [25]
In the present study, the most common etiological factor of traumatic dental injuries was found to be falling
(14.1%) in both public and private schools. A similar etiological factor had been as well reported in previous studies
within different countries as fall down the main causes. [3, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25]
In contrast, the study conducted by Jarvinen S. among the Finnish children reported that the proportion of the
severe injuries was significantly higher in ice hockey and bicycling accidents than in other sports accidents. [4]
Whereas, in Syria observed that the most common cause was violence with a percentage of (42.5%). [16] While in
Southern Brazil, collisions mainly with doors was found to be the most prevalent causative factor of traumatic dental
injuries. [22]
In the current study, the most common type of tooth injury was found to be tooth fracture (13.3%). The same
result was obtained by Zerman N and Cavarelli G among the population of Italy. Also, a study carried out among 12
years old school children of South India found out that the most common type of tooth injury was uncomplicated
crown fracture [14, 15]. Same results were obtained in previous studies and surveys. [20, 22, 24, 26] However,
luxation and complicated crown fracture was reported to be the most common cause of traumatic dental injuries in a
study carried out in Saudi Arabia. [19]
In most of the previous studies, males had higher prevalence of traumatic dental injuries than females [3-10, 15,
16, 18, 21, 23-25]. In contrast, the present result showed that both genders had similar incidence of traumatic dental
injuries. On the other hand, there was no significant difference of traumatic dental injuries between boys and girls in
the study carried out in Damascus, Syria [17]. This may be due to the small size of the study sample and difference
in the age group.
The difference regarding the cause of traumatic dental injuries among populations in different countries may be
referred to the life style among different populations as well as the wide range of the study age group. In Sudan, the
sport activities are limited, and most common activities are out door playing of the traditional games and football in
non- grassed ground. Whereas in more developed countries, numbers of well- organized sports are available at
school ground and clubs such as swimming, hockey, football…etc.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, traumatic dental injuries seem to be serious dental public problems among Sudanese school
children. Accordingly, there is a great need to carry out more comprehensive studies for a larger sample size in
different areas and among different age groups in order to acquire a more comprehensive representation of the dental
trauma and associated risks factors and to raise the dental awareness among the students and parents.
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