Computer Networks

1. TCP/IP Protocol suite
Dr. Ginne M James
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science
Coimbatore
COMPUTER NETWORKS

2. Introduction to TCP/IP
•Definition:
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a communication protocol
suite that enables interconnected devices to communicate over local and global networks.
•Key Features:
•Ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data.
•Provides a standardized framework for data transmission.
•Purpose:
•Foundation for the internet and private networks.
•Ensures interoperability across devices and systems.
•Visual: Add a graphic of a global network or devices communicating.
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3. History and Evolution of TCP/IP
• 1970s: Developed by DARPA for ARPANET.
• 1983: Official adoption as the standard protocol for ARPANET.
• Key Milestones:
• Expansion with the growth of the internet in the 1990s.
• Development of IPv6 to address scalability issues in IPv4.
• Current Relevance:
• Used in IoT, cloud computing, and emerging technologies.
• Backbone for global communication.
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4. Overview of TCP/IP Layers
• The Five Layers of TCP/IP:
• Application Layer: Interfaces with user applications for services like email, file transfer,
and web browsing.
• Transport Layer: Manages data flow, reliability, and segmentation.
• Internet Layer: Handles logical addressing and routing.
• Network Interface Layer: Ensures physical data transmission and error detection.
• Physical Layer: Transmits raw data as electrical or optical signals.
• How It Works:
Data passes through each layer, from application to hardware, ensuring end-to-end
delivery.
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5. Application Layer
•Responsibilities:
•Provides network services to end-users and applications.
•Ensures data is properly formatted for transmission.
•Key Protocols:
•HTTP/HTTPS: Web communication.
•FTP: File transfers.
•SMTP: Sending emails.
•DNS: Resolves domain names into IP addresses.
•Real-Life Example:
When you type a URL in a browser, the application layer ensures the request reaches the
server using HTTP and DNS.
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6. Transport Layer
•Core Protocols:
•TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):
•Reliable, connection-oriented.
•Ensures ordered and error-checked delivery of data packets.
•UDP (User Datagram Protocol):
•Connectionless, faster but less reliable.
•Suitable for real-time applications like video streaming.
•Functions:
•Segmentation of data into packets.
•Flow control to prevent congestion.
•Error correction and acknowledgment of data receipt.
•Example: TCP is used for downloading files, while UDP is used for live video streaming.
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7. Internet Layer
•Primary Protocol: Internet Protocol (IP).
•Responsibilities:
•Assigns logical IP addresses to devices.
•Routes packets between source and destination networks.
•Key Features:
•IPv4: 32-bit addresses, widely used but limited capacity.
•IPv6: 128-bit addresses, supports trillions of devices.
•Routing Process:
•Data is forwarded through routers based on destination IP.
•Each packet may take a different route but is reassembled at the destination.
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8. Network Interface and Physical Layers
•Network Interface Layer:
•Handles communication between the Internet layer and physical network hardware.
•Functions: Framing, MAC addressing, and error detection.
•Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi.
•Physical Layer:
•Converts data packets into signals (electrical, optical, or radio).
•Defines hardware specifications such as cables, connectors, and transmission media.
•Real-World Usage:
•Wi-Fi signals transmitting data from your phone to a router.
COMPUTER NETWORKS

9. COMPUTER NETWORKS
Strengths and Applications of TCP/IP
•Strengths:
•Scalability: Can handle growing networks.
•Flexibility: Supports multiple hardware and software environments.
•Reliability: Ensures error-checked, ordered delivery of data.
•Standardization: Ensures interoperability across devices and networks.
•Applications:
•Internet communication (browsing, email).
•Video streaming and gaming.
•IoT devices and cloud computing.
•VPNs and secure communications.

10. COMPUTER NETWORKS
Conclusion: Why TCP/IP is Essential
• Summary of Importance:
• Backbone of modern networking.
• Powers global communication and emerging technologies.
• Continues to evolve with IPv6 and other innovations.
• Future Outlook:
• Growing role in IoT, 5G, and AI-driven networks.
• Enhances secure and scalable communications.
TCP/IP has revolutionized the way we connect and communicate, ensuring a seamless
flow of information in the digital age.