TRANSDERMAL THERAPEUTIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS N Anusha
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) can be defined as self-contained discrete dosage forms which, when applied to the intact skin, delivers the drug(s) through the skin at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation.
For transdermal drug delivery, it is considered ideal if the drug penetrates through the skin to the underlying blood supply without drug buildup in the dermal layers.
They provide extended therapy with a single application, thereby improving patient compliance over other dosage forms requiring more frequent dose administration.
Transdermal therapeutic system are defined as self contained, discrete dosage form which when applied to intact skin deliver the drug through the intact skin at a control rate to the systemic circulation and maintain the drug concentration within the therapeutic window for prolonged period of time. Recently, the use of transdermal drug delivery system for pharmaceuticals is limited because only a few drugs has proven to be effectively delivered through skin. in order to achieve the objective of systemic medication through topical application to the intact skin surface. They were exemplifies first with the development of to the intact skin surface. Transdermal uses a special membrane to control the release rate at which the liquid drug contained drug delivery system reservoir can pass through the skin and it not the blood stream. Transdermal delivery not only provide controlled, constant administration of the drug, but also allows continuous input of drugs with short biological half lives, and eliminates pulsed delivery into systemic circulation which is responsible for undesirable side effect
HERBAL TRANSDERMAL PATCHES By SAILI. P. RAJPUT SailiRajput
Wound is the term which means the damage or tearing of cells and its anatomy and cell function. Wound are classified as surgical, traumatic, diabetic, venous, arterial wound and etc. The wound healing is a process which involves coagulation, Ephilization, granulation, and remodelling of tissue.
The proposed study was done and performed to evaluate the wound healing capacity of the herbs like ocimum sanctum (tulsi) and aloe vera when formulated in form of transdermal patches.
In this study Natural wound healing was enhanced by the various phytochemicals present in tulsi and aloe vera. The present study includes the drug delivery through transdermal patches for treating, curing, preventing various skin allergy, infection or wound healing.
The main aim of this study was to formulate the herbal transdermal patches in which tulsi plant extract is loaded in aloe vera patches which help to treat the skin infection like rashes, redness, and in wound healing.
Herbal formulation is still the mainstay about 75-80 % of world’s population in various country for health care because it has fewer side effects. And they also have better compatibility as compare to synthetic drugs.
Herbal formulation consists of the extract of herbs, plants and its part like root system and shoot system which are rich in various phytochemicals which helps to treat various injuries, disease or infection. In various study it has been seen and observed that the plants like tulsi and aloe have the wound healing activities.
Various Research Study and Surveys States that there are Topical and Transdermal Medicated Formulation for Dealing with Treatment of Skin Infections but this Study States the Transdermal Drug Delivery System has wide range of Advantages over Topical Formulation.
In Present Study the Advantage of Transdermal Formulation over Topical Formulation is briefly Discussed. And from various aspects its observed that the transdermal formulation has wide range of advantages over topical formulation. This TDDS has wide scope in future so it involves various New Approaches like Iontophoresis, Photomechanical waves etc.
The Transdermal Drug Delivery System Aims in Drug Targeting and Controlled Release of Drug.
Transdermal Drug Delivery system of Novel Drug Delivery System which also involves various drug delivery systems like Sustain Release system , Delayed release System, Targeted release system, Modified release system, Extended release system and many more.
The Transdermal drug delivery system is used to produce clinical effects like local anesthesia and anti-inflammatory activities.
TDDS has a very wide scope now-a-days because it has many advantages over old and traditional drug delivery systems.
There are wide scope for new innovations in TDDS as is its developing in medical field
TDDS tends to enhance the Bioavailability of and drug and also Bypass the First Pass Metabolism.
TDDS helps to maintain the drug concentration in given therapeutic
Transdermal drug delivery system- structure of skinAkankshaPatel55
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have transcended the realm of simple nicotine patches and entered an exciting era of innovation. Gone are the days of bulky, uncomfortable adhesives; in their place stand sophisticated systems capable of delivering a myriad of therapeutic agents through the seemingly impregnable barrier of the skin. To truly understand the magic behind this technology, we delve deeper, exploring its intricate mechanisms and promising future. The journey begins with a microscopic waltz at the skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum. Drug molecules, meticulously formulated into miniscule particles, are incorporated into a semi-permeable patch. This patch acts as a launchpad, adhering snugly to the skin and initiating the drug's odyssey. Guided by the principles of Fick's Law of Diffusion, the drug embarks on a clandestine mission. Driven by a concentration gradient, it permeates the intercellular lipids of the stratum corneum, navigating a labyrinthine path formed by keratinocytes. This passive journey, governed by factors like drug lipophilicity and skin thickness, determines the rate and extent of absorption. However, diffusion plays just the first act in this multi-part drama. Once traversing the stratum corneum, the drug encounters the viable epidermis, a dynamic landscape teeming with enzymes and metabolic pathways. Here, some compounds may undergo degradation, limiting their systemic bioavailability. To overcome this hurdle, scientists devise ingenious strategies:
Penetration Enhancers: Chemical agents like propylene glycol or oleic acid temporarily disrupt the skin's lipid packing, easing the drug's passage.
Iontophoresis: Electric current gently guides charged molecules through the skin, bypassing enzymatic barriers and boosting delivery.
Microneedle Technology: Tiny, painless needles create transient microchannels, facilitating the delivery of larger molecules like proteins and peptides. The Symphony of Controlled Release:
A key advantage of TDDS lies in their ability to sustain drug release over extended periods. This controlled release symphony is orchestrated by sophisticated reservoir systems:
Matrix Systems: The drug is homogeneously dispersed within a polymer matrix, gradually diffusing out over time.
Reservoir Systems: A distinct drug reservoir separates from the adhesive layer, allowing for precise and prolonged delivery.
Programmable Systems: Advanced patches incorporate microfluidic channels and microchips, enabling customized release profiles and even pulsatile delivery for specific therapeutic needs.
Benefits Beyond Convenience:
The charm of TDDS extends far beyond the mere convenience of avoiding needles. They offer distinct advantages over traditional oral and parenteral routes:
Enhanced Bioavailability: By bypassing first-pass metabolism in the liver, certain drugs achieve higher systemic concentrations through transdermal delivery.
Improved Patient Compliance: Continuous, hassle-free adminis
TRANSDERMAL THERAPEUTIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS N Anusha
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) can be defined as self-contained discrete dosage forms which, when applied to the intact skin, delivers the drug(s) through the skin at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation.
For transdermal drug delivery, it is considered ideal if the drug penetrates through the skin to the underlying blood supply without drug buildup in the dermal layers.
They provide extended therapy with a single application, thereby improving patient compliance over other dosage forms requiring more frequent dose administration.
Transdermal therapeutic system are defined as self contained, discrete dosage form which when applied to intact skin deliver the drug through the intact skin at a control rate to the systemic circulation and maintain the drug concentration within the therapeutic window for prolonged period of time. Recently, the use of transdermal drug delivery system for pharmaceuticals is limited because only a few drugs has proven to be effectively delivered through skin. in order to achieve the objective of systemic medication through topical application to the intact skin surface. They were exemplifies first with the development of to the intact skin surface. Transdermal uses a special membrane to control the release rate at which the liquid drug contained drug delivery system reservoir can pass through the skin and it not the blood stream. Transdermal delivery not only provide controlled, constant administration of the drug, but also allows continuous input of drugs with short biological half lives, and eliminates pulsed delivery into systemic circulation which is responsible for undesirable side effect
HERBAL TRANSDERMAL PATCHES By SAILI. P. RAJPUT SailiRajput
Wound is the term which means the damage or tearing of cells and its anatomy and cell function. Wound are classified as surgical, traumatic, diabetic, venous, arterial wound and etc. The wound healing is a process which involves coagulation, Ephilization, granulation, and remodelling of tissue.
The proposed study was done and performed to evaluate the wound healing capacity of the herbs like ocimum sanctum (tulsi) and aloe vera when formulated in form of transdermal patches.
In this study Natural wound healing was enhanced by the various phytochemicals present in tulsi and aloe vera. The present study includes the drug delivery through transdermal patches for treating, curing, preventing various skin allergy, infection or wound healing.
The main aim of this study was to formulate the herbal transdermal patches in which tulsi plant extract is loaded in aloe vera patches which help to treat the skin infection like rashes, redness, and in wound healing.
Herbal formulation is still the mainstay about 75-80 % of world’s population in various country for health care because it has fewer side effects. And they also have better compatibility as compare to synthetic drugs.
Herbal formulation consists of the extract of herbs, plants and its part like root system and shoot system which are rich in various phytochemicals which helps to treat various injuries, disease or infection. In various study it has been seen and observed that the plants like tulsi and aloe have the wound healing activities.
Various Research Study and Surveys States that there are Topical and Transdermal Medicated Formulation for Dealing with Treatment of Skin Infections but this Study States the Transdermal Drug Delivery System has wide range of Advantages over Topical Formulation.
In Present Study the Advantage of Transdermal Formulation over Topical Formulation is briefly Discussed. And from various aspects its observed that the transdermal formulation has wide range of advantages over topical formulation. This TDDS has wide scope in future so it involves various New Approaches like Iontophoresis, Photomechanical waves etc.
The Transdermal Drug Delivery System Aims in Drug Targeting and Controlled Release of Drug.
Transdermal Drug Delivery system of Novel Drug Delivery System which also involves various drug delivery systems like Sustain Release system , Delayed release System, Targeted release system, Modified release system, Extended release system and many more.
The Transdermal drug delivery system is used to produce clinical effects like local anesthesia and anti-inflammatory activities.
TDDS has a very wide scope now-a-days because it has many advantages over old and traditional drug delivery systems.
There are wide scope for new innovations in TDDS as is its developing in medical field
TDDS tends to enhance the Bioavailability of and drug and also Bypass the First Pass Metabolism.
TDDS helps to maintain the drug concentration in given therapeutic
Transdermal drug delivery system- structure of skinAkankshaPatel55
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have transcended the realm of simple nicotine patches and entered an exciting era of innovation. Gone are the days of bulky, uncomfortable adhesives; in their place stand sophisticated systems capable of delivering a myriad of therapeutic agents through the seemingly impregnable barrier of the skin. To truly understand the magic behind this technology, we delve deeper, exploring its intricate mechanisms and promising future. The journey begins with a microscopic waltz at the skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum. Drug molecules, meticulously formulated into miniscule particles, are incorporated into a semi-permeable patch. This patch acts as a launchpad, adhering snugly to the skin and initiating the drug's odyssey. Guided by the principles of Fick's Law of Diffusion, the drug embarks on a clandestine mission. Driven by a concentration gradient, it permeates the intercellular lipids of the stratum corneum, navigating a labyrinthine path formed by keratinocytes. This passive journey, governed by factors like drug lipophilicity and skin thickness, determines the rate and extent of absorption. However, diffusion plays just the first act in this multi-part drama. Once traversing the stratum corneum, the drug encounters the viable epidermis, a dynamic landscape teeming with enzymes and metabolic pathways. Here, some compounds may undergo degradation, limiting their systemic bioavailability. To overcome this hurdle, scientists devise ingenious strategies:
Penetration Enhancers: Chemical agents like propylene glycol or oleic acid temporarily disrupt the skin's lipid packing, easing the drug's passage.
Iontophoresis: Electric current gently guides charged molecules through the skin, bypassing enzymatic barriers and boosting delivery.
Microneedle Technology: Tiny, painless needles create transient microchannels, facilitating the delivery of larger molecules like proteins and peptides. The Symphony of Controlled Release:
A key advantage of TDDS lies in their ability to sustain drug release over extended periods. This controlled release symphony is orchestrated by sophisticated reservoir systems:
Matrix Systems: The drug is homogeneously dispersed within a polymer matrix, gradually diffusing out over time.
Reservoir Systems: A distinct drug reservoir separates from the adhesive layer, allowing for precise and prolonged delivery.
Programmable Systems: Advanced patches incorporate microfluidic channels and microchips, enabling customized release profiles and even pulsatile delivery for specific therapeutic needs.
Benefits Beyond Convenience:
The charm of TDDS extends far beyond the mere convenience of avoiding needles. They offer distinct advantages over traditional oral and parenteral routes:
Enhanced Bioavailability: By bypassing first-pass metabolism in the liver, certain drugs achieve higher systemic concentrations through transdermal delivery.
Improved Patient Compliance: Continuous, hassle-free adminis
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
2. Definition
• Self contained discrete dosage forms which when applied to the intact skin
deliver the drug through the skin at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation.
• It improves patient compliance
• It is easy to apply as a patch
3. ADVANTAGES
• Hepatic first pass metabolism, salivary metabolism and intestinal metabolism are avoided.
• The ease of usage makes it possible for patients to self-administer these systems.
• In case of an emergency, removing the patch at any point of time during therapy can instantly
stop drug input.
• Since the composition of skin structurally and biologically is the same in almost all the humans,
there is minimal inter and intra patient variation.
• Drugs showing gastrointestinal irritation and absorption can be suitably administered through the
skin.
• Continuous, non-invasive infusion can be achieved for drugs with short biological half-lives, which
would otherwise require frequent dosing.
• Due to reduced frequency of dosing there is better patient compliance.
• Therapeutic failures associated with irregularities in the dosing with conventional therapies can
be avoided.
• The adverse effects are minimized due to a steady and optimum blood concentration time profile.
4. DISADVANTAGES
• There is possibility of skin irritation due to the one or many of the
formulation components.
• Binding of drug to skin may result in dose dumping.
• It can be used only for chronic conditions where drug therapy is desired for
a long period of time e.g., hypertension, angina and diabetes etc.
• Lag time is variable and can vary from several hours to days for different
drug candidates.
• Cutaneous metabolism will affect therapeutic performance of the system.
• Transdermal therapy is feasible for certain potent drugs only.
• Transdermal therapy is not feasible for ionic drugs.
• It cannot deliver drug in pulsatile fashion.
5. Drug Trade name Company
Estradiol
Estraderm Ciba Geigy
Climara Berlexpharma
Fempatuch Parke Davies
Alora Proctor & Gamble
Fentanyl Duragesic Alza corp, N.J.
Testosterone
Testoderm Alza corp, N.J
Androderm Alza corp, N.J
Nitroglycerin
Deponit Schwarz Pharma
Nitrodur Ciba Geigy
Nitrodisc Robests Pharma
Minitran 3 M
Transderm nitro Ciba Geigy
Clonidine Catapress Boehringer Ingelheim
Scopolamine Transderm scope Ciba Geigy
Nicotine
Nicoderm Smithkline Beecham
Nicotrol Mc neol consumer products
Prostep Ledisle Pharma
Habitrol Ciba Geigy
MARKETED TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
6. • Skin as route of Transdermal Drug Delivery:
• The transdermal permeation of a chemical involves partitioning into and transport
through the cutaneous layers, namely the stratum corneum, the viable epidermis
(stratum basale) and the upper dermis.
• The skin is a barrier to topically administered drugs.
• Thus, the permeability of drugs depends on the degree of hydration.
• Cosolvents may later the barrier properties of the skin.
7. brief review of skin structure: The skin can be considered to have four distinct
layers of tissue.
•Non-viable epidermis (stratum corneum)
•Viable epidermis
•Viable dermis
•Subcutaneous connective tissue (hypodermis)
er the circulatory system before reaching the hypodermis, where the fatty tissue serve
as a depot of the drug
Epidermis: The epidermis is the relatively thin, tough, outer layer of the skin. The
epidermis is keratinocytes. They originate from cells in the deepest layer of the
epidermis called the basal layer. New keratinocytes slowly migrate up toward the
surface of the epidermis.
Non-viable epidermis (stratum corneum): The outermost portion of the epidermis,
known as the stratum corneum, is relatively waterproof and, when undamaged,
prevents most bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances from entering the body.
The epidermis also protects the internal organs, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels
against trauma. The outer keratin layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum) is much
thicker.
8. Viable Epidermis: This layer of the skin resides between the stratum corneum and the
dermis and has a thickness ranging from 50-100 µm. The structure of the cells in the
viable epidermis is physiochemically similar to other living tissues. Cells are held
together by tonofibrils. The water content is about 90%.
Dermis: The dermis, the skin's next layer, is a thick layer of fibrous and elastic tissue
(made mostly of collagen, elastin and fibrillin) that gives the skin its flexibility and
strength. The dermis contains nerve endings, sweat glands and oil glands, hair
follicles, and blood vessels.
Subcutaneous Connective Tissue: The subcutaneous tissue also known as
hypodermis is not actually accepted a true part of the structured connective tissue is
composed of loose textured, white, fibrous connective tissue containing blood and
lymph vessels, Most investigators consider drug permeating through the skin ent