this is notes of metro system and engineering as per PTU

1. Metro system and
engineering
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
SHUBHAM SHARMA
Department of civil engineering
BGIET, SANGRUR

2. Traffic management systems
 Traffic management systems in metro systems are crucial for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of metro
networks. These systems utilize various technologies and strategies to monitor, control, and optimize the flow of
trains and passengers.
 Traffic management systems in metro refer to the various technologies and strategies implemented to efficiently
manage and control the flow of trains, passengers, and vehicles within the metro system. These systems include
signalling, train control, platform management, and passenger information systems. They help ensure smooth
operations, optimize capacity, enhance safety, and provide a seamless travel experience for metro commuters.
 The traffic management system in metro systems is responsible for monitoring and controlling the movement of
trains to ensure efficient and safe operations. It involves a combination of technologies, such as signalling
systems, train control systems, and communication networks. These systems work together to regulate train
speed, maintain safe distances between trains, and coordinate train movements to prevent collisions and
optimize the flow of traffic. The traffic management system also includes real-time monitoring and reporting
capabilities to detect and respond to any disruptions or incidents that may occur. Overall, it plays a crucial role
in maintaining the smooth and reliable operation of metro systems.

3. Construction planning and management
 In metro system construction, planning and management are crucial for ensuring successful project execution. It involves
various stages, including feasibility studies, design development, procurement, construction, and commissioning. During
the planning phase, factors such as route selection, environmental impact assessments, and cost estimation are
considered. Project management techniques, such as scheduling, resource allocation, and risk management, are
employed to ensure timely completion and cost control. Effective coordination among stakeholders, including
government agencies, contractors, and consultants, is essential. Quality control and safety measures are implemented
throughout the construction process. Close monitoring and supervision are conducted to ensure compliance with
specifications and standards. Successful construction planning and management contribute to the timely delivery of a
safe and efficient metro system.
 Benefits of construction Project planning and management
1. Effective planning and management help ensure that metro projects are completed within the scheduled timeframe. This
minimizes delays and disruptions, allowing the system to be operational and serving the community as planned.
2. Proper planning and management help control project costs by accurately estimating budgets, optimizing resource
allocation, and implementing cost-saving measures. This ensures that the project stays within budget and avoids
unnecessary expenses.

4. 3. Construction planning and management focus on maintaining high-quality standards throughout the project. This
includes regular inspections, quality control measures, and adherence to safety regulations. The result is a well-built
and safe metro system for the public.
4. Planning and management involve effective communication and coordination among various stakeholders, such as
government agencies, contractors, and the public. This collaboration ensures that everyone is on the same page,
minimizing conflicts and improving overall project efficiency.
5. Through careful planning and management, potential risks and challenges are identified and addressed in advance.
This proactive approach helps mitigate risks, such as unexpected geological conditions, permitting delays, or
unforeseen obstacles, reducing the likelihood of project disruptions.
6. Construction planning and management optimize the allocation of resources, including materials, equipment, and
labour. This ensures that resources are used efficiently, reducing waste and maximizing productivity.
7. Safety is a top priority in metro construction projects. Planning and management include the implementation of
safety protocols, regular inspections, and training programs to ensure a safe working environment for workers and
the public.

5.  Objectives of Construction Management:
 The main objectives of construction management are,
 Completing the work within estimated budget and specified time.
 Maintaining a reputation for high quality workmanship
 Taking sound decisions and delegation of authority
 Developing an organization that works as a team.
 Functions of Construction Management:
 The functions of construction Management are
 (a) Planning (b) Scheduling (c) Organizing (d) Staffing (e) Directing (f) Controlling (g) Coordinating

6.  Planning in Construction Management:
 It is the process of selecting a particular method and the order of work to be adopted for a project from all the
possible ways and sequences in which it could be done.
 It essentially covers the aspects of ‘What to do’ and ‘How to do it'. Planning and scheduling in Construction
Management.
 Importance of construction project planning:
 Planning helps to minimize the cost by optimum utilization of available resources.
 Planning reduces irrational approaches, duplication of works and inter departmental conflicts.
 Planning encourages innovation and creativity among the construction managers.
 Planning imparts competitive strength to the enterprise.

8. Quality Control and Safety during Construction
 During the construction of metro projects, quality control and safety are of utmost importance. Quality control
measures ensure that the materials used, construction techniques, and workmanship meet the required
standards. This includes regular inspections, testing of materials, and adherence to design specifications.
 Safety is a top priority to protect both the workers and the public. Various safety protocols and practices are
implemented, such as providing personal protective equipment (PPE), conducting safety training programs,
and strictly enforcing safety regulations. Regular safety audits and inspections are carried out to identify and
address any potential hazards or risks.
 Additionally, construction sites have safety measures in place, such as barricades, warning signs, and restricted
access zones, to minimize the risk of accidents. Emergency response plans are also developed to handle any
unforeseen incidents effectively.By prioritizing quality control and safety, metro projects can ensure that the
construction process is carried out with precision, minimizing the risk of accidents and ensuring the longevity
and reliability of the metro system.

9. To be continued
 Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects, re-construction
may be required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. In the worst case,
failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the construction process can similarly result in
personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due
to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and
that no major accidents occur on the project. As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the
quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It
is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional
performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these
original designs and planning decisions.
 Safety during the construction project is also influenced in large part by decisions made during the planning and
design process. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to implement, whereas
other, comparable plans may considerably reduce the possibility of accidents. For example, clear separation of
traffic from construction zones during roadway rehabilitation can greatly reduce the possibility of accidental
collisions. Beyond these design decisions, safety largely depends upon education, vigilance and cooperation
during the construction process. Workers should be constantly alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid
taken unnecessary risks.

10. Total quality control
 Quality control in construction typically involves insuring compliance with minimum standards of material and
workmanship in order to insure the performance of the facility according to the design.
 For the purpose of insuring compliance, random samples and statistical methods are commonly used as the basis
for accepting or rejecting work completed and batches of materials. Rejection of a batch is based on non-
conformance or violation of the relevant design specifications.
 An implicit assumption in these traditional quality control practices is the notion of an acceptable quality level
which is a allowable fraction of defective items.
 Materials obtained from suppliers or work performed by an organization is inspected and passed as acceptable if
the estimated defective percentage is within the acceptable quality level. Problems with materials or goods are
corrected after delivery of the product.
 In contrast to this traditional approach of quality control is the goal of total quality control. In this system, no
defective items are allowed anywhere in the construction process. While the zero defects goal can never be
permanently obtained, it provides a goal so that an organization is never satisfied with its quality control program
even if defects are reduced by substantial amounts year after year.

11. Safety
 Various measures are available to improve jobsite safety in construction. Several of the most important occur
before construction is undertaken. These include design, choice of technology and education. By altering
facility designs, particular structures can be safer or more hazardous to construct.
 Choice of technology can also be critical in determining the safety of a jobsite. Safeguards built into
machinery can notify operators of problems or prevent injuries. Materials and work process choices also
influence the safety of construction.
 Educating workers and managers in proper procedures and hazards can have a direct impact on jobsite safety.
The realization of the large costs involved in construction injuries and illnesses provides a considerable
motivation for awareness and education. Regular safety inspections and safety meetings have become
standard practices on most job sites.
 During the construction process itself, the most important safety related measures are to insure vigilance and
cooperation on the part of managers, inspectors and workers. Vigilance involves considering the risks of
different working practices. In also involves maintaining temporary physical safeguards such as barricades,
braces, guidelines, railings, toe boards and the like.

12.  Sets of standard practices are also important, such as:
Requiring hard hats on site.
Requiring eye protection on site.
Requiring hearing protection near loud equipment.
Insuring safety shoes for workers.
providing first-aid supplies and trained personnel on site
 While eliminating accidents and work related illnesses is a worthwhile goal, it will never be attained.
Construction has a number of characteristics making it inherently hazardous.
 Large forces are involved in many operations. The jobsite is continually changing as construction proceeds.
Workers do not have fixed worksites and must move around a structure under construction.
 The tenure of a worker on a site is short, so the worker's familiarity and the employer-employee relationship are
less settled than in manufacturing settings.

13. Traffic integration in metro traffic management
 refers to the seamless coordination and integration of various systems, technologies, and processes to
optimize the overall efficiency, safety, and reliability of a metro or subway network. This integration aims to
create a well-coordinated transportation system by combining different elements, such as train control
systems, signalling systems, passenger information systems, and emergency response systems. The goal is to
enhance the overall performance of the metro system and improve the passenger experience.
 Overall, traffic integration in metro traffic management aims to create a holistic and efficient transportation
system that maximizes capacity, minimizes delays, enhances safety, and provides a positive experience for
passengers.
 Advances in technology continue to drive improvements in traffic integration strategies for metro networks
worldwide.

14. Here are key aspects of traffic integration in metro traffic
management:
1. Interconnected Systems:
 Integration involves connecting and coordinating different subsystems, such as train control systems,
signalling systems, and passenger information systems, to work together cohesively. This interconnectedness
allows for real-time data exchange and communication between various components.
2. Centralized Control:
 Traffic integration often involves the establishment of a centralized control centre where operators can
monitor and manage the entire metro network. This centralized control enables better decision-making, rapid
response to incidents, and the ability to optimize train schedules and traffic flow.
3. Data Sharing and Communication:
 Integration relies on effective data sharing and communication between different components of the metro
system. This includes sharing information between trains, stations, and the central control centre in real-time.
Communication technologies such as radio systems and network protocols play a crucial role in facilitating this
data exchange.

15. 4. Automation and Smart Technologies:
 Traffic integration often leverages automation and smart technologies to optimize operations. For example,
Automatic Train Control (ATC) and Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC) systems automate train
movements, while smart sensors and monitoring systems provide real-time data on track and equipment
conditions.
5. Simulation and Optimization:
 Integration includes the use of simulation tools and optimization algorithms to model and analyse different
scenarios. This helps operators make informed decisions, optimize schedules, and identify potential issues
before they occur. Simulation tools also aid in training personnel for emergency response.
6. Passenger Information Systems:
 Integrating passenger information systems ensures that real-time updates on train schedules, delays, and
other relevant information are communicated effectively to passengers. This contributes to a smoother
passenger experience and helps manage crowd flow.

16. 7. Emergency Response Coordination:
 Integration extends to emergency response systems, enabling quick and coordinated actions in the event of
disruptions, accidents, or emergencies. This includes automated emergency braking systems, communication
systems, and protocols for handling various emergency situations.

17. Integration of Multi-Modal Transfer and Pedestrian
Facilities in Metro Systems:
 The terms "multi-modal transfer" and "pedestrian facilities" in the context of metro systems refer to aspects of
transportation planning and infrastructure that aim to enhance the efficiency, convenience, and safety of passengers
using public transit systems.
 Station Design: Metro stations should be designed to facilitate easy transfers between different modes of
transportation. This may involve integrating bus stops, bike-sharing stations, and pedestrian walkways directly into
or around the metro station.
 Information Systems: Providing real-time information on transit schedules, platform changes, and
other relevant details can help passengers plan their multi-modal transfers more effectively.
 Accessibility: Ensuring that pedestrian facilities are accessible to people with disabilities is a critical
consideration in modern transportation planning.
 Safety Measures: Implementing safety measures, such as well-lit pathways, security personnel, and
surveillance systems, contributes to the overall safety of pedestrians within metro systems.

18. Multimodal transfer facilities
 In traffic management in metro systems, multimodal transfer refers to the seamless integration of different
modes of transportation, such as buses, taxis, bicycles, and pedestrian pathways, with the metro system.
 It aims to provide convenient and efficient connections between different modes of transport, allowing
passengers to easily transfer from one mode to another within the metro station or nearby areas.
 This helps improve accessibility, reduce congestion, and promote sustainable transportation options.
 Multimodal transfer facilities often include well-designed interchanges, dedicated pathways, signage, and real-
time information to assist passengers in navigating and transferring between different modes of
transportation.
 This integration can reduce travel times, enhance the overall efficiency of the transportation system, and
encourage more people to use public transit.

20. Pedestrian facilities
 Pedestrian facilities refer to the infrastructure designed to accommodate and facilitate the movement of
pedestrians.
 Pedestrian facilities play a crucial role in traffic management in metro systems. They are designed to provide safe
and convenient pathways for pedestrians to access and navigate within metro stations and their surrounding areas.
 These facilities include well-designed sidewalks, pedestrian crossings, footbridges, and underpasses. They are
essential for ensuring the smooth flow of pedestrian traffic, reducing congestion, and enhancing safety.
 Additionally, pedestrian facilities often incorporate features like ramps, elevators, and tactile paving to ensure
accessibility for people with disabilities.
 They are an integral part of creating a seamless and user-friendly experience for metro commuters. Well-designed
pedestrian facilities are crucial for ensuring the safety and convenience of passengers accessing or transferring
between different modes of transportation. They contribute to the overall accessibility of metro systems and can
enhance the overall urban mobility experience.

21. Environmental and social safeguards
 Environmental and social safeguards are important considerations in traffic management systems in metro.
 These safeguards aim to minimize the negative impacts on the environment and society during the planning,
construction, and operation of metro systems.
 They involve measures such as noise and vibration control, air quality management, waste management, and the
preservation of natural habitats.
 Additionally, social safeguards focus on ensuring equitable access to metro services, addressing the needs of
vulnerable populations, and promoting community engagement and participation.
 By integrating these safeguards into the traffic management system, metros can contribute to sustainable
development and create a positive impact on the environment and society.

22. Environmental safeguards
o Energy Efficiency:
 Utilize energy-efficient technologies for traffic signal systems, lighting, and other components.
 Implement regenerative braking systems for trains to recover and reuse energy.
o Emissions Reduction:
 Encourage the use of electric or hybrid metro trains to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
 Employ energy-efficient and low-emission vehicles for maintenance and support services.
o Green Infrastructure:
 Integrate green spaces and sustainable landscaping in and around metro stations to mitigate the urban heat island
effect and enhance biodiversity.
 Install green roofs and walls to absorb carbon dioxide, reduce energy consumption, and improve air quality.

23. o Waste Management:
 Implement a comprehensive waste management plan for metro stations, including recycling bins and waste
separation.
 Promote a reduction in single-use plastics within the metro premises.
o Noise Control:
 Design and implement noise barriers in critical areas to minimize the impact of metro operations on
surrounding communities.
 Use noise-absorbing materials in station construction and along tracks.

24. Social Safeguards:
o Accessibility:
 Ensure that metro stations are designed and equipped to be accessible to people with disabilities.
 Provide information and assistance for passengers with special needs.
o Community Engagement:
 Conduct thorough community consultations before and during the implementation of metro projects.
 Address concerns and feedback from the local community regarding the environmental and social impact of the
metro system.
o Job Creation and Training:
 Develop programs to train and employ local residents in metro system operations and maintenance.
 Collaborate with local educational institutions to create training programs for relevant skills.

25. o Cultural Heritage Preservation:
 Identify and protect cultural heritage sites that may be affected by metro construction.
 Integrate cultural elements into the design of metro stations and surrounding areas.
o Safety and Security:
 Implement robust safety measures for both passengers and metro employees.
 Collaborate with law enforcement agencies to enhance security within metro premises.
o Affordability and Equity:
 Ensure that metro fare structures are affordable for a wide range of income groups.
 Consider subsidized fares for low-income individuals.

26. o Resettlement and Compensation:
 If required, develop and implement fair resettlement and compensation plans for individuals or communities
affected by metro construction.
o Public Health:
 Implement measures to control the spread of diseases within the metro system.
 Provide adequate ventilation and sanitation facilities in stations.
 Implementing environmental and social safeguards requires collaboration between
government agencies, metro authorities, local communities, and other stakeholders.
Regular monitoring and evaluation are essential to ensure ongoing compliance with
these safeguards and to address any emerging issues.

27. Track systems in metro
 Metro track systems are an essential component of metro infrastructure. They consist of the tracks on which the trains
run.
 The tracks are typically made of steel rails that are laid on a bed of ballast or a concrete slab.
 The tracks are designed to provide a smooth and stable surface for the trains to travel on. They are carefully
engineered to withstand the weight and forces exerted by the trains while ensuring safe and efficient operations.
 Various factors such as track alignment, gauge, and track maintenance are crucial in ensuring the reliability and
performance of the metro track systems. The design and technology of metro tracks can vary depending on factors
such as the type of metro system, the urban environment, and technological advancements.
 The choice of track system depends on factors like the metro system's design, the urban environment, cost
considerations, and the desired level of technology. Each type of track system has its advantages and challenges, and
the selection is influenced by the specific requirements of the metro project.

28. Here are some common types of track systems used in
metro rail networks:
1. Conventional Ballasted Track:
 Similar to traditional railway tracks, this system features steel rails supported by wooden or concrete sleepers, which
rest on a bed of ballast (crushed stones). The ballast provides stability and facilitates drainage.
2. Slab Track:
 Slab track systems involve laying the rails on a solid concrete slab instead of traditional sleepers and ballast. This
design reduces maintenance needs and provides a smoother ride.
3. Embedded Track:
 The rails are embedded directly into the road surface or a concrete slab. This design is often used in street-level metro
systems, providing a seamless integration with urban infrastructure.
4. Guided Busway:
 In some metro systems, especially those with bus rapid transit (BRT) elements, guided busways use a dedicated track
with guide rails to ensure precise vehicle alignment.

29.  Conventional Ballasted Track:
 Embedded Track:
 Slab Track:
 Guided Busway:

30. 5. Monorail Track:
 Monorail systems use a single rail for support, either elevated or at ground level. Monorail tracks can take various
forms, such as beam, column, or straddle configurations.
6. Maglev (Magnetic Levitation):
 Maglev trains float above the tracks using magnetic levitation, eliminating the need for wheels and traditional
tracks. This technology enables high-speed and smooth travel.
 Monorail Track:  Maglev (Magnetic Levitation):

31. permanent way in metro
 In the context of railways, including metro systems, the term "permanent way" refers to the infrastructure
components that provide a stable and continuous path for trains to travel on. The permanent way consists of
various elements that collectively form the railway track system.
 Here are the key components of the permanent way in metro systems:
1. Rails:
 Rails are the long, continuous steel tracks on which metro trains run. They provide a smooth and durable surface
for the train wheels.
2. Sleepers (or Ties):
 Sleepers are support structures that hold the rails in place and distribute the load from the trains. They can be
made of wood, concrete, or other materials and are placed perpendicular to the rails.
3. Ballast:
 Ballast is a layer of crushed stones or gravel that sits beneath and around the sleepers. It provides stability, helps
with drainage, and prevents the growth of vegetation.

32. 4. Rail Fastenings:
 Rail fastenings secure the rails to the sleepers. These include clips, bolts, and other mechanisms that keep the rails in
position while allowing for some flexibility.
5. Track Bed:
 The track bed is the foundation on which the track components are laid. It typically consists of layers, including sub-
ballast and subgrade, to provide a stable base for the track.
6. Switches and Crossings:
 Switches (turnouts) and crossings allow trains to move from one track to another. They consist of moveable rails and
special components that guide trains through diverging paths.
7. Track Circuit:
 Track circuits are electrical circuits embedded in the track. They are used for train detection, signalling, and
controlling railway operations.

33. 8. Catenary System (for electrified metro systems):
 In electrified metro systems, the catenary system consists of overhead wires (catenary) and support structures. This
system supplies electrical power to the trains.
9. Track Geometry Monitoring Systems:
 These systems include sensors and equipment to monitor the alignment, curvature, and other geometric
parameters of the track. They ensure that the track is in proper condition for safe train operation.
10. Trackside Signalling Equipment:
 Signalling equipment includes signals, switches, and other devices that control train movements and ensure safe
distances between trains.

34.  The permanent way is a critical part of the metro infrastructure, and its design and maintenance are essential for
the safety, efficiency, and longevity of the metro system. Regular inspections, maintenance activities, and
technological advancements contribute to the continuous improvement of the permanent way in metro systems.

35. Facility management module
 In metro systems, the facility management module refers to a component of the overall metro management
system that focuses on the efficient operation and maintenance of various facilities within the metro network.
 This module helps in managing and monitoring different aspects such as stations, depots, maintenance
facilities, parking areas, and other infrastructure.
 It includes functionalities like asset management, maintenance planning, energy management, security
systems, and passenger information systems.
 The facility management module plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth functioning and upkeep of the
metro system, providing a safe and comfortable experience for passengers.
 Having a dedicated facility management module within a metro system helps streamline operations, improve
maintenance planning, and enhance the overall efficiency and safety of the transportation network.

36. Here are some key aspects that a facility management module in a
metro system might encompass:
1. Station Management: This involves managing and maintaining the stations, including
ticketing systems, platform facilities, escalators, elevators, signage, and cleanliness.
2. Depot Management: The depot is where metro trains are stored, inspected, and maintained.
The facility management module ensures the smooth functioning of the depot, including
train maintenance, storage, and cleaning.
3. Security and Surveillance: Implementing security measures such as CCTV cameras, access
control systems, and emergency response protocols to ensure the safety of passengers and
staff.
4. Energy Management: Optimizing energy consumption within the metro system through the
use of energy-efficient technologies, monitoring systems, and renewable energy sources.

37. 5. Waste Management: Implementing waste management practices, including proper
disposal of waste generated within the metro system, recycling initiatives, and
maintaining cleanliness.
6. Fire Safety: Ensuring the presence of fire detection and suppression systems,
emergency evacuation plans, and regular fire safety inspections to mitigate the risk of
fire incidents.
7. Customer Service: Managing customer service centres, information kiosks, and
complaint resolution systems to provide a seamless and comfortable experience for
passengers.
8. Asset Management: Tracking and maintaining the various assets within the metro
system, including tracks, signalling systems, rolling stock, and other infrastructure
components.

38. 9. Reporting and Analytics:
 Provides reporting tools and analytics to assess the performance and efficiency of various aspects of the
metro system. This could include key performance indicators (KPIs) related to maintenance, safety, and
resource utilization.

39. Thankyou