Global value chains have become dominant in world trade. Tariffs and other trade barriers have cumulative costs when goods cross borders multiple times as inputs. Lowering these barriers can reduce costs for domestic producers and improve competitiveness. Trade agreements need to reflect this reality and further liberalize trade in both goods and services to facilitate global production sharing. Countries also require complementary policies like workforce training to maximize the benefits of participation in global value chains.
Trading for development in the age of global value chains wdr 2020-final pr...rakesh singh
This artifact talks about how GVCs have changed and are changing the international trade and what efforts Indian government support to broaden participation in GVC.
1. Global value chains (GVCs) have led to a large increase in international trade since the 1990s by breaking up production processes across multiple countries according to their areas of specialization. This allows firms and countries to benefit from efficiency gains.
2. Empirical evidence shows that GVCs have contributed more to income growth than traditional trade models through their productivity-enhancing effects. GVC participation also delivers more and better jobs, leading to greater poverty reduction.
3. While GVCs have driven significant economic growth, developing countries may not share equally in the gains if they only participate in natural resource-based industries. GVCs also present challenges for tax systems and could reduce the viability of currency de
The passage discusses Global Value Chains (GVCs) and their implications for Brazil. It defines GVCs as international production networks where different stages of production are located across multiple countries. The key points are:
- GVCs have grown significantly in recent decades as companies distribute operations globally for production. However, they remain regionally concentrated in North America, Europe, and East Asia.
- Brazil has low integration with GVCs currently and mainly exports commodities rather than value-added goods. However, some Brazilian companies like Embraer show potential to participate in or lead GVCs.
- While GVC participation can increase GDP, it also subjects countries to risks from commercial and economic crises
141215 - BUSINESSEUROPE strategy paper - Priorities for the single marketGuido Lobrano
The strategy paper discusses priorities for strengthening the single market in the EU. It notes that the single market adds €600 billion annually to the EU economy but that barriers still remain, representing 5% of EU GDP. It identifies key obstacles like inconsistent implementation of rules across countries. The paper recommends better enforcing existing rules, removing remaining barriers, and facilitating the free movement of goods, services, people and capital to strengthen the single market and economic growth in Europe.
The document discusses the market for outsourced logistics in China. It notes that while the market is large and fast-growing, it is also highly fragmented with no provider having over 2% market share. Most logistics services offered are basic transportation or warehousing. Demands from multinational corporations differ from local Chinese shippers. The market appears polarized between foreign and domestic providers who cater more to multinationals or local companies, respectively. Significant challenges remain in developing the outsourced logistics industry in China.
The document analyzes market concentration in the EU using data from EU merger decisions between 1995-2014. It finds that concentration, as measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), has generally increased over time. Concentration levels vary significantly depending on the geographic market definition and whether the market involves manufacturing or services. The analysis also identifies several potential drivers of concentration through econometric analysis, finding that entry barriers, past merger activity, and intangible asset intensity correlate with higher concentration levels, with some variation between manufacturing and services markets.
The document is an introduction to the World Economic Forum's report "The Global Enabling Trade Report 2014". It discusses the report's focus on measuring countries' trade facilitation performance and identifying obstacles to trade. It also acknowledges the data providers that contributed to the report.
Trading for development in the age of global value chains wdr 2020-final pr...rakesh singh
This artifact talks about how GVCs have changed and are changing the international trade and what efforts Indian government support to broaden participation in GVC.
1. Global value chains (GVCs) have led to a large increase in international trade since the 1990s by breaking up production processes across multiple countries according to their areas of specialization. This allows firms and countries to benefit from efficiency gains.
2. Empirical evidence shows that GVCs have contributed more to income growth than traditional trade models through their productivity-enhancing effects. GVC participation also delivers more and better jobs, leading to greater poverty reduction.
3. While GVCs have driven significant economic growth, developing countries may not share equally in the gains if they only participate in natural resource-based industries. GVCs also present challenges for tax systems and could reduce the viability of currency de
The passage discusses Global Value Chains (GVCs) and their implications for Brazil. It defines GVCs as international production networks where different stages of production are located across multiple countries. The key points are:
- GVCs have grown significantly in recent decades as companies distribute operations globally for production. However, they remain regionally concentrated in North America, Europe, and East Asia.
- Brazil has low integration with GVCs currently and mainly exports commodities rather than value-added goods. However, some Brazilian companies like Embraer show potential to participate in or lead GVCs.
- While GVC participation can increase GDP, it also subjects countries to risks from commercial and economic crises
141215 - BUSINESSEUROPE strategy paper - Priorities for the single marketGuido Lobrano
The strategy paper discusses priorities for strengthening the single market in the EU. It notes that the single market adds €600 billion annually to the EU economy but that barriers still remain, representing 5% of EU GDP. It identifies key obstacles like inconsistent implementation of rules across countries. The paper recommends better enforcing existing rules, removing remaining barriers, and facilitating the free movement of goods, services, people and capital to strengthen the single market and economic growth in Europe.
The document discusses the market for outsourced logistics in China. It notes that while the market is large and fast-growing, it is also highly fragmented with no provider having over 2% market share. Most logistics services offered are basic transportation or warehousing. Demands from multinational corporations differ from local Chinese shippers. The market appears polarized between foreign and domestic providers who cater more to multinationals or local companies, respectively. Significant challenges remain in developing the outsourced logistics industry in China.
The document analyzes market concentration in the EU using data from EU merger decisions between 1995-2014. It finds that concentration, as measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), has generally increased over time. Concentration levels vary significantly depending on the geographic market definition and whether the market involves manufacturing or services. The analysis also identifies several potential drivers of concentration through econometric analysis, finding that entry barriers, past merger activity, and intangible asset intensity correlate with higher concentration levels, with some variation between manufacturing and services markets.
The document is an introduction to the World Economic Forum's report "The Global Enabling Trade Report 2014". It discusses the report's focus on measuring countries' trade facilitation performance and identifying obstacles to trade. It also acknowledges the data providers that contributed to the report.
This document provides an introduction to international business. It discusses that international business involves commercial transactions between two or more countries. It then lists several key reasons why companies engage in international business, including to minimize competitive risk, acquire resources, expand sales, and diversify sources of sales and supplies. The document also discusses factors that have increased globalization and driven more companies to do business internationally, such as increased competition, advances in technology, liberalization of trade policies, and consumer pressures. Finally, it outlines several common modes of international business, including merchandise exports and imports, service exports and imports, and foreign direct investment.
This presentation by DG Comp (European Commission) was delivered during a workshop on “Methodologies to measure market competition” held virtually for competition authorities officials on 23 February 2021. More materials on the topic can be found at http://oe.cd/mmkts.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
arvato accompagne les entreprises dans leur expansion en Europearvato France
L’accès à un nouveau marché étranger est toujours un challenge pour les entreprises. Même lorsque le produit est convaincant, de nombreux obstacles sont à franchir pour réussir une expansion internationale. Afin d’aider les entreprises à surmonter ces difficultés, arvato vient de publier le livre blanc GlobeX en collaboration avec l’entreprise de conseil SVG Partners. Le guide s’adresse notamment aux entreprises technologiques américaines qui prévoient une expansion sur les marchés européens.
This presentation by UK’s Competition and Markets Authority was delivered during a workshop on “Methodologies to measure market competition” held virtually for competition authorities officials on 23 February 2021. More materials on the topic can be found at http://oe.cd/mmkts.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Decomposition of Trade Agreements of the Philippines: Do Free Trade Agreement...Mark Edison Bautista
The document analyzes the impact of free trade agreements (FTAs) on the Philippines' trade margins. It conducts a decomposition of trade growth with FTA partner countries and a control group to examine the extensive (new goods) and intensive (existing goods) margins. Preliminary results show the ASEAN FTAs had a higher extensive margin growth compared to intensive for exports, indicating FTAs widened Philippine products traded. For imports under ASEAN+partners, the extensive margin was also significant, suggesting FTAs increased variety of imported goods.
This document discusses trade compliance and innovations within trade compliance. It identifies three main innovation paths: 1) System Based Control which refers to process control and information exchange across supply chains, 2) Coordinated Border Management which refers to aligned legislation and cooperation between government agencies, and 3) Pushing Out the Border which refers to inspecting goods at more effective places and times. The document examines these innovations and argues that trade compliance creates opportunities for reducing costs when integrated into regular business processes and rewarded through benefits like smoother trade lanes. However, the business case for compliance needs to be clearer, especially for mid-sized companies.
First, I would like to thank the conference organizers for inviting me to speak on a subject so critical for global economies and the quality infrastructure community.
The document discusses the different levels of international marketing involvement from domestic marketing to global marketing. It then outlines several key drivers for international expansion in the business environment, including competition, regional economic integration, technology, infrastructure improvements, economic growth, transitioning markets, and converging consumer needs. Some obstacles to internationalization are also presented, such as the self-reference criterion where companies apply domestic norms abroad, government barriers like tariffs and quotas, and competitive barriers from incumbents.
Economies of Scale - Impact on Profits and Consumer Welfaretutor2u
Here is a suggested answer to a two-part question.
(i) Analyse and evaluate the causes of and significance of economies of scale for the profitability of businesses such as Netflix, Amazon and Uber
(ii) what extent do consumers always benefit from businesses experiencing economies of scale?
This document provides a summary of Bernard Hoekman's presentation on global integration, economic development, and the World Bank Group's trade strategy. Some key points include:
- Globalization has increased interdependence between countries and vulnerability to economic shocks. Developing countries now play a larger role in global trade.
- Trade involves increasingly complex global value chains. There are new opportunities in commodities and services trade for developing countries.
- Constraints to trade and productivity growth now lie "behind borders" regarding issues like infrastructure, skills, services policies, and trade finance.
- The World Bank Group's trade strategy focuses on trade competitiveness and diversification, trade facilitation/logistics/finance, market access and
This document provides background information and outlines the methodology and research questions for a study on supporting export competitiveness in Pakistan amid COVID-19. It discusses the stringent lockdown measures imposed in Pakistan, and their impact on business activity. The study aims to identify vulnerable exporting firms, understand their needs beyond access to capital, and explore opportunities to change trade incentives. It presents findings from a survey of 306 exporting firms conducted from October to December 2020. The survey examines issues faced during the pandemic, additional costs, coping strategies, effectiveness of government support, and desired policy measures.
This document summarizes the key issues around parcel delivery for e-commerce in the EU. It finds that delivery is critical for facilitating e-commerce but that cross-border delivery presents obstacles. The market is diversified across countries and evolving rapidly with new consumer expectations. Improving delivery could boost growth and jobs in the e-commerce sector, especially for SMEs. The document examines the current state of the e-commerce and delivery markets in Europe and identifies challenges and opportunities.
Competition Law in High Technology Industries - Insights for Australia (Slides)Martyn Taylor
SLIDES TO MATCH PAPER IN OTHER SLIDESHARE
Digital disruption is blowing a Schumpeterian gale of creative destruction throughout the global economy. These winds of change are delivering substantial increases in consumer welfare. The glowing glass screen of a smartphone enables us to access the library of all human knowledge. We can order any imaginable good or service; literally at our fingertips.
Yet competition challenges are arising. Firms bearing the brunt of digital disruption are seeking regulatory protection. Those firms riding the winds of change are achieving concerning levels of global market power. Global debate is occurring regarding the extent to which regulatory intervention is appropriate. The resulting level of political concern is partly evidenced by the inclusion of digital technology in Australia’s Harper Competition Review.
This paper considers unique competition issues raised by high technology industries with a particular focus on software-driven digital platforms. This paper argues that Australian competition law strikes an appropriate balance between preserving competition and promoting innovation, but continued prioritisation of high technology markets by Australian regulators and policy-makers is justified. High technology markets are as susceptible to anti-competitive behaviour as any other markets and, in some areas, particularly so.
As part of this analysis, this paper considers global trends and recent developments, particularly in the United States and European Union. In that context, this paper considers how modern competition law is now seeking to address complex questions of dynamic efficiency, innovation markets and cross-border e-commerce. This paper seeks to identify insights for Australian competition law and policy in light of the recent Harper Competition Review. Finally, this paper concludes with a number of observations, including future challenges in regulating digital platforms.
This presentation by the New Zealand Commerce Commission was delivered during a workshop on “Methodologies to measure market competition” held virtually for competition authorities officials on 23 February 2021. More materials on the topic can be found at http://oe.cd/mmkts.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Competition Law in High Technology Industries - Insights for AustraliaMartyn Taylor
Digital disruption is blowing a Schumpeterian gale of creative destruction throughout the global economy. These winds of change are delivering substantial increases in consumer welfare. The glowing glass screen of a smartphone enables us to access the library of all human knowledge. We can order any imaginable good or service; literally at our fingertips.
Yet competition challenges are arising. Firms bearing the brunt of digital disruption are seeking regulatory protection. Those firms riding the winds of change are achieving concerning levels of global market power. Global debate is occurring regarding the extent to which regulatory intervention is appropriate. The resulting level of political concern is partly evidenced by the inclusion of digital technology in Australia’s Harper Competition Review.
This paper considers unique competition issues raised by high technology industries with a particular focus on software-driven digital platforms. This paper argues that Australian competition law strikes an appropriate balance between preserving competition and promoting innovation, but continued prioritisation of high technology markets by Australian regulators and policy-makers is justified. High technology markets are as susceptible to anti-competitive behaviour as any other markets and, in some areas, particularly so.
As part of this analysis, this paper considers global trends and recent developments, particularly in the United States and European Union. In that context, this paper considers how modern competition law is now seeking to address complex questions of dynamic efficiency, innovation markets and cross-border e-commerce. This paper seeks to identify insights for Australian competition law and policy in light of the recent Harper Competition Review. Finally, this paper concludes with a number of observations, including future challenges in regulating digital platforms.
This presentation by the OECD Competition Division was made during the roundtable discussion on geographic market definition held during the 124th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement on 28 November 2016. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at www.oecd.org/daf/competition/geographic-market-definition.htm
This document discusses international trade and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It defines international trade as the exchange of goods and services between countries. About 15% of the world's output is traded internationally each year. The WTO helps facilitate international trade by setting rules and resolving disputes between member nations. It also works to build trade capacity. Countries benefit from foreign trade by importing resources they lack and goods they produce inefficiently. The document outlines various trade barriers such as tariffs, quotas, and subsidies that countries impose and the reasons for them. It concludes by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of international trade.
G20 Australia Presidency oecd stocktaking seminar on global value chainsDr Lendy Spires
G20 Australian Presidency-OECD Stocktaking Seminar on Global Value Chains was held in Paris on May 5, 2014 to discuss progress on measuring the impact of global value chains (GVCs) on trade, economic growth, and job creation. Participants discussed policy actions by G20 governments to raise collective GDP by 2% by 2018 through GVCs. Key points included: (1) protectionism increases costs and reduces competitiveness in GVCs; (2) reducing behind-the-border trade costs through standards harmonization could increase income by over $40 billion; and (3) ratifying the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement and improving services sector regulations are critical to enabling GVCs and lowering trade
Global value chains (GVCs) have expanded international trade and benefited developing countries like India. GVCs involve breaking production processes across borders with firms specializing in specific tasks. This allows for greater efficiency and knowledge sharing. While GVC expansion has slowed since 2008 due to lower growth and lack of trade liberalization, GVCs still support greater productivity, incomes, employment, and poverty reduction compared to traditional trade models. India has participated in GVCs in sectors like software, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles. However, challenges like protectionism, trade facilitation issues, and labor regulations could limit India's future GVC integration.
This document provides an introduction to international business. It discusses that international business involves commercial transactions between two or more countries. It then lists several key reasons why companies engage in international business, including to minimize competitive risk, acquire resources, expand sales, and diversify sources of sales and supplies. The document also discusses factors that have increased globalization and driven more companies to do business internationally, such as increased competition, advances in technology, liberalization of trade policies, and consumer pressures. Finally, it outlines several common modes of international business, including merchandise exports and imports, service exports and imports, and foreign direct investment.
This presentation by DG Comp (European Commission) was delivered during a workshop on “Methodologies to measure market competition” held virtually for competition authorities officials on 23 February 2021. More materials on the topic can be found at http://oe.cd/mmkts.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
arvato accompagne les entreprises dans leur expansion en Europearvato France
L’accès à un nouveau marché étranger est toujours un challenge pour les entreprises. Même lorsque le produit est convaincant, de nombreux obstacles sont à franchir pour réussir une expansion internationale. Afin d’aider les entreprises à surmonter ces difficultés, arvato vient de publier le livre blanc GlobeX en collaboration avec l’entreprise de conseil SVG Partners. Le guide s’adresse notamment aux entreprises technologiques américaines qui prévoient une expansion sur les marchés européens.
This presentation by UK’s Competition and Markets Authority was delivered during a workshop on “Methodologies to measure market competition” held virtually for competition authorities officials on 23 February 2021. More materials on the topic can be found at http://oe.cd/mmkts.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Decomposition of Trade Agreements of the Philippines: Do Free Trade Agreement...Mark Edison Bautista
The document analyzes the impact of free trade agreements (FTAs) on the Philippines' trade margins. It conducts a decomposition of trade growth with FTA partner countries and a control group to examine the extensive (new goods) and intensive (existing goods) margins. Preliminary results show the ASEAN FTAs had a higher extensive margin growth compared to intensive for exports, indicating FTAs widened Philippine products traded. For imports under ASEAN+partners, the extensive margin was also significant, suggesting FTAs increased variety of imported goods.
This document discusses trade compliance and innovations within trade compliance. It identifies three main innovation paths: 1) System Based Control which refers to process control and information exchange across supply chains, 2) Coordinated Border Management which refers to aligned legislation and cooperation between government agencies, and 3) Pushing Out the Border which refers to inspecting goods at more effective places and times. The document examines these innovations and argues that trade compliance creates opportunities for reducing costs when integrated into regular business processes and rewarded through benefits like smoother trade lanes. However, the business case for compliance needs to be clearer, especially for mid-sized companies.
First, I would like to thank the conference organizers for inviting me to speak on a subject so critical for global economies and the quality infrastructure community.
The document discusses the different levels of international marketing involvement from domestic marketing to global marketing. It then outlines several key drivers for international expansion in the business environment, including competition, regional economic integration, technology, infrastructure improvements, economic growth, transitioning markets, and converging consumer needs. Some obstacles to internationalization are also presented, such as the self-reference criterion where companies apply domestic norms abroad, government barriers like tariffs and quotas, and competitive barriers from incumbents.
Economies of Scale - Impact on Profits and Consumer Welfaretutor2u
Here is a suggested answer to a two-part question.
(i) Analyse and evaluate the causes of and significance of economies of scale for the profitability of businesses such as Netflix, Amazon and Uber
(ii) what extent do consumers always benefit from businesses experiencing economies of scale?
This document provides a summary of Bernard Hoekman's presentation on global integration, economic development, and the World Bank Group's trade strategy. Some key points include:
- Globalization has increased interdependence between countries and vulnerability to economic shocks. Developing countries now play a larger role in global trade.
- Trade involves increasingly complex global value chains. There are new opportunities in commodities and services trade for developing countries.
- Constraints to trade and productivity growth now lie "behind borders" regarding issues like infrastructure, skills, services policies, and trade finance.
- The World Bank Group's trade strategy focuses on trade competitiveness and diversification, trade facilitation/logistics/finance, market access and
This document provides background information and outlines the methodology and research questions for a study on supporting export competitiveness in Pakistan amid COVID-19. It discusses the stringent lockdown measures imposed in Pakistan, and their impact on business activity. The study aims to identify vulnerable exporting firms, understand their needs beyond access to capital, and explore opportunities to change trade incentives. It presents findings from a survey of 306 exporting firms conducted from October to December 2020. The survey examines issues faced during the pandemic, additional costs, coping strategies, effectiveness of government support, and desired policy measures.
This document summarizes the key issues around parcel delivery for e-commerce in the EU. It finds that delivery is critical for facilitating e-commerce but that cross-border delivery presents obstacles. The market is diversified across countries and evolving rapidly with new consumer expectations. Improving delivery could boost growth and jobs in the e-commerce sector, especially for SMEs. The document examines the current state of the e-commerce and delivery markets in Europe and identifies challenges and opportunities.
Competition Law in High Technology Industries - Insights for Australia (Slides)Martyn Taylor
SLIDES TO MATCH PAPER IN OTHER SLIDESHARE
Digital disruption is blowing a Schumpeterian gale of creative destruction throughout the global economy. These winds of change are delivering substantial increases in consumer welfare. The glowing glass screen of a smartphone enables us to access the library of all human knowledge. We can order any imaginable good or service; literally at our fingertips.
Yet competition challenges are arising. Firms bearing the brunt of digital disruption are seeking regulatory protection. Those firms riding the winds of change are achieving concerning levels of global market power. Global debate is occurring regarding the extent to which regulatory intervention is appropriate. The resulting level of political concern is partly evidenced by the inclusion of digital technology in Australia’s Harper Competition Review.
This paper considers unique competition issues raised by high technology industries with a particular focus on software-driven digital platforms. This paper argues that Australian competition law strikes an appropriate balance between preserving competition and promoting innovation, but continued prioritisation of high technology markets by Australian regulators and policy-makers is justified. High technology markets are as susceptible to anti-competitive behaviour as any other markets and, in some areas, particularly so.
As part of this analysis, this paper considers global trends and recent developments, particularly in the United States and European Union. In that context, this paper considers how modern competition law is now seeking to address complex questions of dynamic efficiency, innovation markets and cross-border e-commerce. This paper seeks to identify insights for Australian competition law and policy in light of the recent Harper Competition Review. Finally, this paper concludes with a number of observations, including future challenges in regulating digital platforms.
This presentation by the New Zealand Commerce Commission was delivered during a workshop on “Methodologies to measure market competition” held virtually for competition authorities officials on 23 February 2021. More materials on the topic can be found at http://oe.cd/mmkts.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Competition Law in High Technology Industries - Insights for AustraliaMartyn Taylor
Digital disruption is blowing a Schumpeterian gale of creative destruction throughout the global economy. These winds of change are delivering substantial increases in consumer welfare. The glowing glass screen of a smartphone enables us to access the library of all human knowledge. We can order any imaginable good or service; literally at our fingertips.
Yet competition challenges are arising. Firms bearing the brunt of digital disruption are seeking regulatory protection. Those firms riding the winds of change are achieving concerning levels of global market power. Global debate is occurring regarding the extent to which regulatory intervention is appropriate. The resulting level of political concern is partly evidenced by the inclusion of digital technology in Australia’s Harper Competition Review.
This paper considers unique competition issues raised by high technology industries with a particular focus on software-driven digital platforms. This paper argues that Australian competition law strikes an appropriate balance between preserving competition and promoting innovation, but continued prioritisation of high technology markets by Australian regulators and policy-makers is justified. High technology markets are as susceptible to anti-competitive behaviour as any other markets and, in some areas, particularly so.
As part of this analysis, this paper considers global trends and recent developments, particularly in the United States and European Union. In that context, this paper considers how modern competition law is now seeking to address complex questions of dynamic efficiency, innovation markets and cross-border e-commerce. This paper seeks to identify insights for Australian competition law and policy in light of the recent Harper Competition Review. Finally, this paper concludes with a number of observations, including future challenges in regulating digital platforms.
This presentation by the OECD Competition Division was made during the roundtable discussion on geographic market definition held during the 124th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement on 28 November 2016. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at www.oecd.org/daf/competition/geographic-market-definition.htm
This document discusses international trade and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It defines international trade as the exchange of goods and services between countries. About 15% of the world's output is traded internationally each year. The WTO helps facilitate international trade by setting rules and resolving disputes between member nations. It also works to build trade capacity. Countries benefit from foreign trade by importing resources they lack and goods they produce inefficiently. The document outlines various trade barriers such as tariffs, quotas, and subsidies that countries impose and the reasons for them. It concludes by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of international trade.
G20 Australia Presidency oecd stocktaking seminar on global value chainsDr Lendy Spires
G20 Australian Presidency-OECD Stocktaking Seminar on Global Value Chains was held in Paris on May 5, 2014 to discuss progress on measuring the impact of global value chains (GVCs) on trade, economic growth, and job creation. Participants discussed policy actions by G20 governments to raise collective GDP by 2% by 2018 through GVCs. Key points included: (1) protectionism increases costs and reduces competitiveness in GVCs; (2) reducing behind-the-border trade costs through standards harmonization could increase income by over $40 billion; and (3) ratifying the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement and improving services sector regulations are critical to enabling GVCs and lowering trade
Global value chains (GVCs) have expanded international trade and benefited developing countries like India. GVCs involve breaking production processes across borders with firms specializing in specific tasks. This allows for greater efficiency and knowledge sharing. While GVC expansion has slowed since 2008 due to lower growth and lack of trade liberalization, GVCs still support greater productivity, incomes, employment, and poverty reduction compared to traditional trade models. India has participated in GVCs in sectors like software, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles. However, challenges like protectionism, trade facilitation issues, and labor regulations could limit India's future GVC integration.
This document is a summary of the 2015 Aid for Trade at a Glance report published jointly by the OECD and WTO. It discusses how high trade costs inhibit developing countries from fully exploiting market access opportunities and integrating into the global economy. The key sources of trade costs identified are border procedures, transport infrastructure, and non-tariff measures including standards. While trade costs alone do not determine development pathways, they are a major factor in why some countries struggle to grow and diversify. Reducing trade costs is especially important for least developed countries and small and medium enterprises. The WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation is highlighted as an important step towards lowering trade costs. Aid for trade disbursements are helping to reduce trade
Trading for development in the age of gvcs: How Nigeria can benefit from part...Michael Nwankwo
Nigeria can benefit from participating in global value chains (GVCs) by enacting policies that attract foreign direct investment, liberalize trade, improve infrastructure like transportation and customs procedures, strengthen contract enforcement and intellectual property rights, invest in human capital, and help integrate small farmers into agricultural value chains. This will allow the country to overcome constraints like lack of capital and technology, small domestic market size, and remote location, and better specialize in parts of complex products. However, Nigeria must also enact policies to prevent GVCs from magnifying environmental degradation.
The Agreement on Trade Facilitation (TFA) of the World Trade Organization (WTO), reached
in Bali, Indonesia in 2013, represents a great opportunity for developing countries.
Experience shows that trade facilitation reforms improve a country’s trade competitiveness
and enhance its revenue collection. What is more, they can help advance development
goals such as strengthening governance and formalizing the informal sector. In
addition, since many trade facilitation-related challenges and solutions are regional, the
implementation of such solutions can boost regional integration.
This policy brief examines the potential impact that trade facilitation reforms can have
on trade competitiveness and development, including a number of specific Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), and on revenue collection and other public policy objectives.
It identifies the policies necessary for developing countries to reap the full developmentrelated
benefits of trade facilitation reforms. UNCTAD’s research and experience with
technical assistance programmes have shown that trade facilitation reforms should be
comprehensive and ambitious. Trade facilitation should also be linked to investments in
transport infrastructure and other trade-supporting services. Given the linkages between
trade facilitation reforms and implementation capacities, development partners need to
focus their support on the most vulnerable economies, making full use of the promises and
possibilities for technical assistance provided by the TFA.
DMCC is the world’s leading and fastest-growing Free Zone and Government of Dubai Authority for commodities trade, enterprise, and innovation in business service and infrastructure.
The Future of Trade 2021 is the fourth edition of DMCC’s flagship report exploring the changing nature of global trade following reports in 2016, 2018, and 2020.
Assessing the impact of geopolitics, technology, and global economic trends on the future of trade, with a focus on trade growth, the digitalization of trade, the pivot to sustainability, trade finance, and infrastructure.
DMCC is the world’s leading and fastest-growing Free Zone and Government of Dubai Authority for commodities trade, enterprise, and innovation in business service and infrastructure.
The Future of Trade 2021 is the fourth edition of DMCC’s flagship report exploring the changing nature of global trade following reports in 2016, 2018, and 2020.
Assessing the impact of geopolitics, technology, and global economic trends on the future of trade, with a focus on trade growth, the digitalization of trade, the pivot to sustainability, trade finance, and infrastructure.
The document discusses global value chains (GVCs) and their implications for policy. It notes that participation in GVCs has increased significantly for both OECD and non-OECD economies between 1995 and 2009. Barriers to imports are effectively barriers to exports as GVCs involve both imports and exports of goods and services. Facilitating trade and improving services policies can help countries better participate in and benefit from GVCs. Complementary policies around social, environmental, and governance frameworks also influence how smoothly resources flow within GVCs.
Non-tariff barriers (NTBs) present major challenges for increasing intra-regional trade in South Asia under the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA). NTBs include technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, import policies, and standards, testing, labeling, and certification requirements. South Asian countries apply various NTBs, with India maintaining an import licensing system and complex customs procedures, and Pakistan and Sri Lanka applying tariffs and import taxes. Removing NTBs will be essential for SAFTA's success in enhancing regional trade.
Non-tariff barriers (NTBs) present major challenges for increasing intra-regional trade in South Asia under the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA). NTBs include technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, import policies, customs procedures, standards, testing, labeling, and certification requirements. Developing countries face NTBs both in developed country markets and in South-South trade. South Asian countries apply various NTBs including import licensing, customs delays, reference pricing, emissions standards, and antidumping measures that can restrict imports. Removing NTBs will be essential for SAFTA to enhance regional trade.
Global value chains can contribute to productive
capacity development through several
mechanisms, including technology dissemination
and skills and knowledge development. They
can also open up opportunities for longer-term
industrial upgrading, especially in coordination
with other policy areas such as science, technology
and innovation policies that support technological
learning and boost competitiveness.
IRJET- The Role of International Cooperation for Globalization TradingIRJET Journal
1. International cooperation on trade in services can help build regulatory capacity and support domestic reforms to maximize the economic benefits of liberalization.
2. Rapid technological changes are challenging regulators and blurring lines between goods and services, increasing pressure on governments to further open markets.
3. Cooperation under trade agreements may provide resources to reduce barriers if it also facilitates dialogue between regulators to discuss regulations and experiences. This could support ongoing domestic reforms.
Non agriculture market_access_issues_and_concerns_for_indiaYogesh Bandhu
A key element of the Doha Round of trade negotiations is the liberalisation of trade in industrial products, commonly known as non-agricultural market access (NAMA). Negotiations under NAMA focus on market access for all products that are not covered under the negotiations on agriculture or services and aim to reduce, if not possible to completely eliminate, tariff and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) that restrict trade in these products. The framework adopted for modalities for negotiations under NAMA, known as the ‘July Package’, envisages reduction of industrial tariffs in both developed and developing countries, according to a formula that is yet to be agreed. These negotiations are important for developing countries, as these will determine the market access opportunities available to developing countries through which they can improve their growth prospects.
As per the WTO text on NAMA of December 6, 2008, the developing countries have been asked to undertake tariff reductions of 60 - 70 per cent while the developed countries are offering a reduction of only 20 - 30 per cent based on Swiss formula for tariff reduction which gives a coefficient of 8 for developed countries and 22 on an average for developing countries. The insistence on developing countries to cut their bound tariffs in NAMA or agriculture until they go below the applied levels along with the continuation of US practice of having a bound level that is twice its actual spending on agricultural domestic subsidies has been objected by India and China.
India desires that the modalities for tariff cuts should reflect the mandate of less than full reciprocity in reduction commitments and comparability in ambition between NAMA and Agriculture.
So far as the tariff reduction is concerned, it may be mentioned that the Swiss formula should not be used for making commitments on tariff reduction as it involves the use of an arbitrary coefficient, a, which can be manipulated by member countries. Even, the simple average formula has its own limitations. For instance, it overlooks the values that are either very high or very low and thus cannot solve the problem of tariff peaks.
The simplest way is to reduce the bound levels of developed countries to 5 or 10 per cent for all tariff lines as their industries have already developed. Otherwise, the developed countries can be asked to bring their bound tariff rates to 5 to 8 per cent for those tariff lines that cover at least 98 per cent of the potential exports, and not the actual exports as that may be lower because of existing high import tariff or domestic support in importing country, of developing countries to developed countries. This potential of exports for developing countries can be calculated through revealed comparative advantage or by matching the developing countries exports and developed countries imports at different commodity classification levels.
The document discusses global value chains (GVCs) in the context of the new North American trade agreement (USMCA). It notes that GVCs allow for specialization and firm-to-firm relationships that increase productivity. It then outlines some of the key provisions impacting GVCs in the USMCA, including increased regional content requirements for automotive and metals industries. The USMCA also includes new wage requirements for automotive workers and changes some customs documentation requirements. The pandemic is expected to further increase the importance of the USMCA by shortening supply chains.
This document discusses policy recommendations for Colombia to better participate in global value chains (GVCs). It summarizes that GVCs can promote economic growth but benefits are not evenly distributed. It recommends that Colombia design an export-led industrialization policy based on open trade to supply inputs to other GVC participants. It also suggests addressing top business environment constraints like taxes, corruption, and education through international cooperation, preferential trade agreements, and investing in education.
The Commission on Enterprise, Business Facilitation and Development, at its eighth session in
Geneva (12–15 January 2004), discussed the issues note “Policy options for strengthening SME
competitiveness” (TD/B/COM.3/58), which recommends concrete policy options that developing
countries could adopt to strengthen enterprise competitiveness. The Commission decided to continue
its work in this area with a focus on enhancing the export competitiveness of small and medium-size
enterprises, including through possible link-ups to international supply chains.
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Trade Policy Implications of Global Value Chains
1. www.oecd.org May 2013
Trade Policy Implications of Global Value Chains
Global value chains (GVCs) have become a dominant feature of world trade, encompassing developing,
emerging, and developed economies. The whole process of producing goods, from raw materials to finished
products, is increasingly carried out wherever the necessary skills and materials are available at competitive cost
and quality. The growing fragmentation of production across borders highlights the need for countries to have
an open, predictable and transparent trade and investment regime as tariffs, non-tariff barriers and other
restrictive measures impact not only on foreign suppliers, but also on domestic producers. It also highlights the
importance of an ambitious complementary policy agenda to leverage engagement in GVCs into more inclusive
growth and employment.
The OECD is currently undertaking comprehensive statistical and analytical work that aims to shed light on the
scale, nature and consequences of international production sharing. This note explores just one aspect - the
implications of GVCs for trade policy and trade agreements.
Global value chains magnify the costs of protection
After more than a half a century of trade liberalisation, nominal tariffs on manufactured products in developed
economies are generally low, and the general trend has also been towards lower tariffs in developing countries.
But in a world characterised by GVCs things are not so clear-cut: tariffs and other protection measures at the
border are cumulative when intermediate inputs are traded across borders multiple times. Tariffs and non-tariff
measures can add a significant cost to the price of the finished good that in turn affects the production and
investment decisions of firms involved in GVCs. As shown in Figure 1, nominal duties on gross exports are an
incomplete measure of effective tariff barriers. The effective burden for the exporter is better measured by
tariffs on the domestic value added of exports, which are particularly high in those economies that have a large
share of intermediate imports in their exports. In agriculture, the share of domestic content is often larger but
effective tariffs can also be high as the pace of nominal tariff liberalisation has been slower and tariff peaks and
escalation remain an issue.
Figure 1: Tariffs on the gross value and the domestic value added of exports, 2009
Source: OECD, 2013. Applied ad valorem equivalent tariffs, weighted by the share of each sector and destination market in the
country’s agricultural or manufacturing exports. For EU countries tariffs are calculated on extra-EU exports.
Success in international markets today depends as much on the capacity to import world class inputs as on the
capacity to export. Protection measures against imports of intermediate products increase costs of production
and reduce a country’s ability to compete in export markets: tariffs and other barriers on imports are a tax on
exports. Policies that restrict access to foreign intermediate goods and services also have a detrimental impact
on a country’s position in regional and global supply chains. Similarly, currency interventions which may aim at
creating a competitive advantage for exporters lose relevance, as any export advantage gained from a cheaper
currency is at least partially eroded by the cost of more expensive imported inputs. Lastly, where foreign
investment is a driver of export capacity, the cumulative effect of a number of seemingly small costs may
discourage firms from investing, or from maintaining investment, in the country – and may lead them to bring
production facilities, technologies, and jobs elsewhere.
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2. www.oecd.org May 2013
Beyond tariffs, what trade policies for engagement in GVCs?
The globalisation of supply chains calls for a more coherent view of trade and trade-related policies. The
fragmentation of production has created potential new opportunities for developing economies and for small
and medium-sized firms to access global markets as components or services suppliers, without having to build
the entire value chain of a product. At the same time, GVCs place new demands on firms, in particular as regards
the need for strong coordination and efficient links between production stages and across countries.
Trade facilitation: Transforming border bottlenecks into global gateways
As goods now cross borders many times, first as inputs and then as final products, fast and efficient customs and
port procedures are essential to the smooth operation of supply chains. To compete globally, firms need to
maintain lean inventories and still respond quickly to demand, which is not possible when their intermediate
inputs suffer unpredictable delays at the border. A country where inputs can be imported and exported within a
quick and reliable time frame is a more attractive location for foreign firms seeking to outsource production
stages. As such, trade facilitation measures are crucial to foster integration into global production networks and
global markets.
Figure 2: Trade facilitation measures: Potential cost reduction in goods trade (%), most beneficial
areas for reform, by main income group
Source: OECD, 2011 and 2013, covering 133 countries.
The OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators and related analysis identify priority areas. The potential cost reduction of
all the trade facilitation measures combined adds up to almost 15% for low-income countries, 16% for lower-
middle-income countries, 13% for upper-middle-income countries and 10% for OECD countries. As shown in
Figure 2, harmonising and simplifying documents, streamlining border procedures and automating processes are
among the most beneficial areas for reform in developing economies. Automation and the availability of
information are bottlenecks for OECD countries. Analysis of the indicators also shows that comprehensive trade
facilitation reform is more effective than isolated or piecemeal measures.
Standard setting: Avoiding unnecessary restrictions
The rising number of quality and safety standards is in part driven by concerns about information, coordination
and traceability which are more acute in a world dominated by GVCs. While the need to protect final consumers
through appropriate quality standards should not be understated, their complexity and above all their
heterogeneity has become one of the main barriers to insertion into GVCs, in particular for small and medium-
sized enterprises. Upstream firms supplying intermediate inputs to several destinations may have to duplicate
production processes to comply with conflicting standards, or to incur burdensome certification procedures
multiple times for the same product. In agro-food value chains, meeting public and private standards has been
identified as the main obstacle to participation in GVCs. Increasing international regulatory cooperation,
including via the convergence of standards and certification requirements and mutual recognition agreements,
can go a long way to alleviate the burden of compliance and enhance the competitiveness of small-scale
exporters.
Efficient services markets: Improving competitiveness behind the border
Global production networks rely on the logistics chain, which requires efficient network infrastructures and
complementary services. There would be no GVCs without well-functioning transport, logistics, finance,
communication, and other business and professional services to move goods and coordinate production along
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3. www.oecd.org May 2013
the value chain. Trade flows in value-added terms reveal that services play a far more significant role than
suggested by gross trade statistics: accounting for the value added by services in the production of goods shows
that the service sector contributes over 50% of total exports in the United States, the United Kingdom, France,
Germany and Italy and nearly one-third in China. The value created by services as intermediate inputs represents
over 30% of the total value added in manufactured goods, as shown in Figure 3. More efficient service sectors
enhance the competitiveness of manufacturing firms and allow them to better participate in global production
networks. The OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index, which will cover all major services sectors and
suppliers, will help identify priorities for action – unilaterally, plurilaterally, and multilaterally.
Figure 3: Services share of value added in manufacturing trade, all countries, 2009
Source: OECD, 2013. The share of distribution does not include distribution services for final goods.
How can trade agreements help firms enter and grow in GVCs?
Multilateral and regional trade and investment agreements will need to reflect the fact that many goods and
services are now from “everywhere,” rather than, as they are defined today, from “somewhere.”
A stronger case to move from reciprocal “concessions” to unilateral responses
With the emergence of GVCs, the mercantilist approach that views exports as good and imports as bad, and that
views market access as a concession to be granted in exchange for access to a partner’s market, is even more
clearly self-defeating. Domestic firms can of course benefit from export opportunities, but they also depend on
reliable access to imports of world class goods and services inputs in order to improve their productivity and
their competitiveness. Responses to this reality can be undertaken unilaterally, and have indeed led to unilateral
liberalisation in recent years. “First movers” in liberalisation can also be the first to gain from specialisation and
improve their position on international markets in downstream industries.
And a stronger case for multilateral and plurilateral agreements
But the gains are even greater when more countries participate and markets are opened on a multilateral basis.
GVCs strengthen the economic case for advancing negotiations at the multilateral level, as barriers between
third countries upstream or downstream matter as much as barriers put in place by direct trade partners and are
best addressed together. A good illustration of this approach is the 1997 Information Technology Agreement
(ITA), whose success lies in covering as many products and as many countries involved in the IT value chain as
possible. The ITA also highlights the benefits of applying the Most Favoured Nation principle in plurilateral
agreements, which eliminates “red tape” related to rules of origin and their potential distorting impact on trade.
Designing regional agreements for GVCs
Sound economics is one thing; political feasibility is another. While multilateral agreements are widely accepted
as the best way forward, most of the liberalisation outside of purely unilateral opening has occurred at the
regional level in the past two decades. To promote the expansion of GVCs, regional trade agreements (RTAs) are
more effective when their membership is consistent with regional production networks. They also have a role to
play in deepening integration provisions: the convergence of standards or the recognition of qualifications can
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4. www.oecd.org May 2013
start bilaterally or regionally. But the RTAs of the future should be careful to avoid the pitfalls of distorting firms’
choices and losing the connection with the rest of the value chain. More liberal rules of origin, for example,
would make RTAs more GVC-friendly and increase their impact on firms’ productivity. In the longer term,
consolidating and multilateralising RTAs would help turn the “spaghetti bowl” of preferential agreements into a
clearer and more efficient trading regime for all actors in GVCs.
Complementary policies: towards more inclusive growth and employment
A broad approach
Trade agreements have the largest impact if they cover as many dimensions of GVCs as possible. While
abolishing tariffs is a starting point to offer companies new trade opportunities, the value chain also requires
efficient services as well as the possibility to move people, capital and technology across countries. Policy should
thus address obstacles at all points of the value chain. Multilateral agreements covering not only goods but also
services, investment, competition, intellectual property and the temporary movement of workers are likely to
create an environment where firms can build efficient supply chains. Such a comprehensive approach would
amplify the impact of trade liberalisation on investment, growth and job creation.
Facilitating the adjustment to a GVC world
Trade policy is not the economic policy equivalent of waving a magic wand: complementary policies are needed
to draw the benefits of GVCs for inclusive employment and income growth. Not all economies are equally
prepared for the changes their firms and workers have to face as GVC participation increases, and an effective
integration strategy necessarily takes into account adjustment conditions and country specificities. The process
of GVC-induced growth entails the reallocation of workers to more productive activities, and this can mean that,
even as average employment conditions improve, some workers may experience unemployment or may see
their real wages decline. Facilitating the adjustment process is crucial, and requires well-designed social policies
and a well-functioning labour market. Effective re-employment services, training programmes and even publicly
subsidised work-experience programmes can help dislocated workers take advantage of new job opportunities.
More generally, enhanced involvement in GVCs is more likely to deliver large gains in job creation if it is
accompanied by a broad package of labour and product market reforms, along with adequate social safety nets.
Public and private investments to upgrade supply side capabilities, and the ability to exploit new market
opportunities generally, are also needed. Developing countries, in particular, may need to consider the
sequencing of reforms and invest in capacity building to maximise the benefits of GVCs on their domestic
economies.
Investing in people
Investments in people are particularly important for engagement and upgrading in GVCs: education and skills
training are key ingredients in an effective package of complementary policies. Without sufficient investment in
skills, involvement in GVCs may not translate into productivity growth, and countries may no longer be able to
compete in an increasingly knowledge-based global economy. An effective skills strategy should address the
challenges of developing the skills relevant to the GVCs in which countries are involved, but also maintaining and
upgrading those skills throughout life so that people can collaborate, compete and connect in ways that drive
economies forward.
Concluding comments
This note reflects the conclusions of OECD work on the trade policy implications of GVCs, based on the Trade in
Value Added database. Taking into account the origin of value-added is, however, only the beginning. The
comprehensive report “Interconnected Economies: Benefiting from Global Value Chains” covers the wider
implications of GVCs in various policy domains (trade, investment, development, competitiveness, etc) and
highlights opportunities and challenges to firm engagement in GVCs. The OECD will also estimate the
employment and skills content of trade flows and highlight the implications for the design of trade policy. A
better understanding of where jobs are created in GVCs and how various policy instruments can improve
inclusive growth and job creation would benefit all countries.