This document discusses different costing methods used to determine the costs of jobs, batches, and services. It explains that job costing is used for customer-specific orders, batch costing for identical units produced in batches, and service costing for intangible services. The key steps in job costing include obtaining a customer order, estimating costs, setting a selling price, producing the job, and determining profit or loss. The document also provides examples and outlines the process for calculating costs and profits under different costing methods.

1. TOPIC
COSTING METHOD
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2. Learning Outcomes
 Explain the differences between job costing, batch costing and
service costing
 Describe the features of job, batch and service costing
 Establish the job costs from given information
 Compute the selling price for a job
 Identify suitable cost units that may be used in different
service situations
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3. Costing Methods
 Costing methods are designed to match the production
process of products manufactured or services provided
 Methods of costings are:
1.Job costing
2.Batch costing
3.Service costing
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4. Job Costing
Method of
costing based
on:
customers’
special
requirements
Duration -
usually for a
short duration
Purpose of job
order costing:
Ascertain the
cost for each
completed job
Determine the
profit or loss of
completed jobs
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5. Features of Job Costing
 Based on customer’s own specifications
 Production for customer order not for maintaining stock
 Products manufactured are distinguishable
 Every job can be identified clearly
 Every job is charged with its own cost.
 Separate job numbers are allotted to each job.
 A separate cost record is maintained for each job from the
time production begins till it is complete.
 Job is usually carried out in the factory premises.
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6. STEPS OF JOBBING THE WORK
Client will
approach
supplier &
indicate
requirements
Taking the
customer
specific order
requirement
Estimate
cost & add
margin to
identify the
selling price
Customer
agree to
the selling
price set
The job will be
carried out
with specific
job order
reference
number.
Prepare
Material
Requisition
Note &
Purchase
Requisition
Note to apply
for material to
be used
When all materials,
labour and
equipment available
in the factory, then
the job can be
started.

7. Examples of Job Costing
Special orders made for
printing press
Plumbing works
Furniture on customer’s
special requirements
Automobile repairs
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8. Ascertaining a Job Cost
Job cost is computed by adding all the costs
pertaining to the completion of a job
At the production stage:
 Sum of the direct costs and absorbed overhead costs makes up the
production/factory cost
At the sales and delivery stage:
 Non-production overheads are charged to the job
 Sum of production costs and non-production costs makes up the total cost
 Difference between selling price and total cost is the profit/loss
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9. Batch Costing
A form of job costing whereby identical units are
manufactured in batches.
Each batch of similar units is distinct and separately
identifiable.
The batch is considered as a job and treated as a cost
unit.
Cost per unit in the batch is computed by dividing
the batch cost by the number of good completed
units.
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10. Examples of Batch Costing
Production of engineering parts/components
Manufacture of footwear
Manufacture of toys
Manufacture of clothing
Manufacture of food items/drugs
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11. Service Costing
Costing method used to compute the cost of services
rendered
Intangible  inventories of services cannot be maintained
Two categories:
• External services  services provided to external
customers
• Internal services  services provided within an
organization (internal customers), e.g. one department
to another
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12. Cost Units in Service Costing
Two categories of cost units:
1. Simple cost units
Simple cost units are based on a single
measurement
• Hotels: guest
• Restaurants: meals served
• Hospitals: patients
• Transport: kilometers
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13. Cost Units in Service Costing
2. Composite cost unit
based on more than one unit to arrive at
the cost unit measurement, e.g.:
• Transport: Passenger and miles
• Hotels: Room per day, types of room
• Hospitals: Patient days, outpatient
or emergency department
• Auditing: Man hours, number of
staff
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14. Features of Service Costing
A service is
provided and
consumed
immediately
A service
provided may
not be
standardized
A service is
intangible in
nature
A service
cannot be
stored and
used later
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15. Service and Product Costing
In service costing, the
proportion of direct
materials to total cost
will be lesser as
compared to product
costing
In service costing, the
proportion of indirect
costs constitutes a higher
proportion of total cost as
compared to product
costing
In service costing,
output is intangible
and in product costing
, output is tangible
In service costing
provision and
consumption of
services is
simultaneous. In
product costing,
production precedes
consumption.
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16. FORMAT OF JOB COST STATEMENT
Company Names
Job Cost Statement
Job No :
RM
Direct material xx
Direct labour xx
Direct expenses xx
PRIME COST xxx
Production Overhead:
Dept 1 (OAR x basis) xx
Dept 2 (OAR x basis) xx
Dept 3 (OAR x basis) xx
FACTORY/MANUFACTURING/PRODUCTION
COST xxx
Administration cost xx
Marketing, Selling and Distribution xx
Research and development cost xx
TOTAL COST xxx
Profit XX
SELLING PRICE XXX
Cost spent to
hire special
expertise/ buy
new machine
in producing a
particular job
Proceed to
calculate
profits &
selling price

17. PROFIT CALCULATION
1. Margin
• Profit is calculated
based on selling price
• Selling price =
total cost +
(% x selling price)
2. Markup
• Profit is calculated
based on total cost
• Selling price =
total cost +
(% x total cost)

18. COMPREHENSIVE EXAMPLE
 Agro Best Bhd produces 2 types of products named Design
A & Design B.
 You are required to help the company to determine the
selling price of the products.
 The management has set a profit margin of 20% for Design
B and 20% profit mark up for design A.

19. Given below the information regarding the
prime costs for both products.
ITEM DESIGN A (RM) DESIGN B (RM)
MATERIAL A 900 600
MATERIAL B 450 550
DIRECT LABOUR 1100 900
DIRECT EXPENSES 180 20

20. Other relevant data are given as
follows:
DESIGN A DESIGN B
OVERHEAD
ABSORBTION RATE
RM5 PER DIRECT
LABOUR HOUR
RM3 PER MACHINE
HOURS
DIRECT LABOUR
HOURS
100 HOURS 50 HOURS
MACHINE HOURS 130 HOURS 170 HOURS
ADMINISTRATIVE
EXPENSES
RM200 RM200
SELLING EXPENSES RM150 RM170

21. Required:
Prepare the Job Cost Statement
Calculate the Profit Margin/ Mark-up
Calculate the Selling Price

22. Format for Job Cost Statement
DESIGN A DESIGN B
(RM) (RM)
DIRECT COSTS:
DIRECT MATERIAL A 900 600
DIRECT MATERIAL B 450 550
DIRECT LABOUR 1100 900
DIRECT EXPENSES 180 20
PRIME COST (DM+DL+DE) 2630 2070

23. Format Job Cost Statement
DESIGN A DESIGN B
(RM) (RM)
PRIME COST 2630 2070
PRODUCTION OVERHEAD :
DESIGN ARM5 X 100 HOURS 500
DESIGN B RM3 X 170 HOURS 510
TOTAL PRODUCTION COST 3130 2580
(PRIME COST + PROD.OVERHEAD)

24. Format Job Cost Statement
DESIGN A DESIGN B
(RM) (RM)
PRODUCTION COST 3130 2580
NON-PRODUCTION COST
ADMINISTRATIVE COST 200 200
SELLING & DISTRIBUTION 150 170
TOTAL COST 3480 2950
(PROD.COST + NON-PROD COST)
PROFIT 696 737.50
SELLING PRICE 4176 3687.50

25. WORKING TO CALCULATE PROFIT FOR DESIGN
A and B
 DESIGN A: PROFIT IS BASED ON TOTAL COST @ PROFIT MARK-UP.
 FORMULA:
PROFIT = TOTAL COST X % PROFIT
= RM3480 X 20%
= RM696
 DESIGN B: PROFIT IS BASED ON SELLING PRICE @ PROFIT MARGIN
 FORMULA:
PROFIT = [% PROFIT /(100 - PROFIT %)] X TC
= 20/(100 - 20) X RM2950
=( 20 / 80 )X RM2950
= RM737.50

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