An Anchor is a person who is the main broadcaster on a program of news, sports and also serves as coordinator of all participating broadcasters during the program If you are Class Provider or looking for classes to improve your skills just login to ClassBoat.com

1. What is Anchoring
Anchoring is a cognitive bias that describes the common human tendency to rely
too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the "anchor") when making decisions.
During decision making, anchoring occurs when individuals use an initial piece of
information to make subsequent judgments. Once an anchor is set, other judgments are
made by adjusting away from that anchor, and there is a bias toward interpreting other
information around the anchor. For example, the initial price offered for a used car sets
the standard for the rest of the negotiations, so that prices lower than the initial price
seem more reasonable even if they are still higher than what the car is really worth.
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2. Focusing effect
The focusing effect (or focusing illusion) is a cognitive bias that occurs when people place too
much importance on one aspect of an event, causing an error in accurately predicting the
utility of a future outcome.
People focus on notable differences, excluding those that are less conspicuous, when making
predictions about happiness or convenience. For example, when people were asked how
much happier they believe Californians are compared to Midwesterners, Californians and
Midwesterners both said Californians must be considerably happier, when, in fact, there
was no difference between the actual happiness rating of Californians and Midwesterners.
The bias lies in that most people asked focused on and overweighed the sunny weather and
ostensibly easy-going lifestyle of California and devalued and underrated other aspects of
life and determinants of happiness, such as low crime rates and safety from natural
disasters like earthquakes
A rise in income has only a small and transient effect on happiness and well-being, but
people consistently overestimate this effect.
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3. Adjustment heuristic
Anchoring and adjustment is a psychological heuristic that influences the way people
intuitively assess probabilities. According to this heuristic, people start with an
implicitly suggested reference point (the "anchor") and make adjustments to it to reach
their estimate. A person begins with a first approximation (anchor) and then makes
incremental adjustments based on additional information.
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4. Difficulty of avoiding
Various studies have shown that anchoring is very difficult to avoid. For example, in one study students
were given anchors that were obviously wrong. They were asked whether Mahatma Gandhi died
before or after age 9, or before or after age 140. Clearly neither of these anchors can be correct, but
the two groups still guessed significantly different
Other studies have tried to eliminate anchoring much more directly. In a study exploring the causes and
properties of anchoring, participants were exposed to an anchor and asked to guess how many
physicians were listed in the local phone book. In addition, they were explicitly informed that anchoring
would "contaminate" their responses, and that they should do their best to correct for that. A control
group received no anchor and no explanation. Regardless of how they were informed and whether they
were informed correctly, all of the experimental groups reported higher estimates than the control
group. Thus, despite being expressly aware of the anchoring effect, participants were still unable to
avoid it.[8] A later study found that even when offered monetary incentives, people are unable to
effectively adjust from an anchor.
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5. Attitude change
A third explanation of anchoring has been proposed concerning attitude change.
According to this theory, providing an anchor changes someone's attitudes to be
more favorable to the particular attributes of that anchor, biasing future answers to
have similar characteristics as the anchor. Leading proponents of this theory
consider it to be an alternate explanation in line with prior research on anchoring-
and-adjusting and selective accessibility.
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