Mechanisms Leading To Musculoskeletal Disorders In Dentistry Newmahdi salari
This document discusses musculoskeletal disorders common among dental professionals. It notes that static postures, repetitive movements, forceful grasping, and vibration from tools can all contribute to issues like neck, back, shoulder, and hand pain over time. Prolonged static postures are particularly problematic as they can lead to muscle imbalances, ischemia, trigger points, joint stiffness, and spinal issues like disk damage. The document recommends maintaining proper spinal curves and posture through exercise, stretches, and ergonomic equipment to help prevent chronic pain and disorders.
This document provides an overview of low back pain (LBP), including prevalence, classifications, types, and key points regarding evaluation and management. Some key points:
- 60-80% of people experience LBP at some point, though 90% resolves within 6 weeks. Recurrence is common and LBP is a major cause of disability.
- LBP can be classified as mechanical, traumatic, infectious, neoplastic, and more. 97% are considered mechanical.
- Types include discogenic, radicular, facet joint, sacroiliac joint, muscular/myofascial, and others. Herniated discs can cause radicular symptoms.
- Evaluation involves detailed history and exam to identify
This document provides information about low back pain, including risk factors, prevention strategies, and when to seek medical help. It discusses back anatomy, forces acting on the spine, risk factors for injury such as repetitive lifting, and tips for proper lifting technique. It also notes that surgery is rarely needed and often not more effective than other treatments for back pain. Stretching and exercise may help but should avoid aggravating conditions, and back belts are not recommended or considered protective equipment.
Mr. B is a 37-year-old male who experienced acute lower back pain while working in his yard. He reports dull, burning pain localized to his lower back radiating into his left buttock. Physical examination reveals tenderness over the paraspinous muscles but normal range of motion, strength, and sensation in the lower extremities. Non-surgical management including medications, exercise, and lifestyle modifications is recommended. Further investigations are not needed unless symptoms fail to improve within 4-6 weeks.
The document discusses low back pain, its prevalence, causes, types of pain, and natural treatment approaches. It notes that low back pain is very common, costly, and can be caused by strains, sprains, herniated discs, and more. Treatment approaches discussed include trigger point therapy, spinal traction, exercise, posture correction, and chiropractic care, which studies have shown to be effective and safe alternatives to medication and surgery.
This document provides information on low back pain, including its definition, prevalence, costs, causes, examination, diagnosis, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Low back pain is very common, affecting 60-80% of adults at some point. It costs the US over $90 billion annually in direct medical expenses and lost work.
- Causes can be non-spinal (e.g. hernia, infection) or spinal (e.g. arthritis, herniated disc, stenosis).
- Examination involves assessing gait, range of motion, motor strength, sensation, and reflexes. Common diagnostic tests are x-rays, MRI, CT.
- Treatment depends on cause but
This document discusses low back pain, which is very common among working adults. It presents in people over 45 years old and is usually caused by degenerative changes or instability in the lumbosacral region of the spine. While 80% of cases resolve with conservative treatment like rest, heat, and over-the-counter medications, 5-10% may require surgery for issues like nerve compression, instability, or deformity. The document outlines approaches to evaluating and diagnosing the cause of low back pain through history, physical exam, imaging studies, and outlines treatment approaches including conservative care, injections, and surgical options.
Mechanisms Leading To Musculoskeletal Disorders In Dentistry Newmahdi salari
This document discusses musculoskeletal disorders common among dental professionals. It notes that static postures, repetitive movements, forceful grasping, and vibration from tools can all contribute to issues like neck, back, shoulder, and hand pain over time. Prolonged static postures are particularly problematic as they can lead to muscle imbalances, ischemia, trigger points, joint stiffness, and spinal issues like disk damage. The document recommends maintaining proper spinal curves and posture through exercise, stretches, and ergonomic equipment to help prevent chronic pain and disorders.
This document provides an overview of low back pain (LBP), including prevalence, classifications, types, and key points regarding evaluation and management. Some key points:
- 60-80% of people experience LBP at some point, though 90% resolves within 6 weeks. Recurrence is common and LBP is a major cause of disability.
- LBP can be classified as mechanical, traumatic, infectious, neoplastic, and more. 97% are considered mechanical.
- Types include discogenic, radicular, facet joint, sacroiliac joint, muscular/myofascial, and others. Herniated discs can cause radicular symptoms.
- Evaluation involves detailed history and exam to identify
This document provides information about low back pain, including risk factors, prevention strategies, and when to seek medical help. It discusses back anatomy, forces acting on the spine, risk factors for injury such as repetitive lifting, and tips for proper lifting technique. It also notes that surgery is rarely needed and often not more effective than other treatments for back pain. Stretching and exercise may help but should avoid aggravating conditions, and back belts are not recommended or considered protective equipment.
Mr. B is a 37-year-old male who experienced acute lower back pain while working in his yard. He reports dull, burning pain localized to his lower back radiating into his left buttock. Physical examination reveals tenderness over the paraspinous muscles but normal range of motion, strength, and sensation in the lower extremities. Non-surgical management including medications, exercise, and lifestyle modifications is recommended. Further investigations are not needed unless symptoms fail to improve within 4-6 weeks.
The document discusses low back pain, its prevalence, causes, types of pain, and natural treatment approaches. It notes that low back pain is very common, costly, and can be caused by strains, sprains, herniated discs, and more. Treatment approaches discussed include trigger point therapy, spinal traction, exercise, posture correction, and chiropractic care, which studies have shown to be effective and safe alternatives to medication and surgery.
This document provides information on low back pain, including its definition, prevalence, costs, causes, examination, diagnosis, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Low back pain is very common, affecting 60-80% of adults at some point. It costs the US over $90 billion annually in direct medical expenses and lost work.
- Causes can be non-spinal (e.g. hernia, infection) or spinal (e.g. arthritis, herniated disc, stenosis).
- Examination involves assessing gait, range of motion, motor strength, sensation, and reflexes. Common diagnostic tests are x-rays, MRI, CT.
- Treatment depends on cause but
This document discusses low back pain, which is very common among working adults. It presents in people over 45 years old and is usually caused by degenerative changes or instability in the lumbosacral region of the spine. While 80% of cases resolve with conservative treatment like rest, heat, and over-the-counter medications, 5-10% may require surgery for issues like nerve compression, instability, or deformity. The document outlines approaches to evaluating and diagnosing the cause of low back pain through history, physical exam, imaging studies, and outlines treatment approaches including conservative care, injections, and surgical options.
16. Neuronal pathway of pain
• Transduction
– Different forms of energy action potentials
• Transmission
– Action potentials conducted through the
nervous system
• Modulation
• Perception
17. How do we feel pain?
3. Pain perception
Somatosensory
cortex
Thalamus
Descending
pathway
Ascending tracts
Midbrain
Medulla
2. Pain transmission
1. Pain nociception Dorsal horn area
(transduction)
Noxious stimuli activate receptors in periphery
2. Pain transmission
25. Musculoskeletal Pain
a known consequence of
• repetitive strain,
• overuse, and
• work-related musculoskeletal disorders
Global year against Musculoskeletal Pain Oct2009-Oct2010
Musculoskeletal Pain
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26
2009 International Associationกมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
ฟื นฟู ศิรfor the Study of Pain
้
ิ ราช
26. Musculoskeletal Pain
• Acute or chronic,
• Focal or diffuse
• Low back pain is the most common example
of chronic musculoskeletal pain
Global year against Musculoskeletal Pain Oct2009-Oct2010
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27
2009 International Associationกมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
ฟื นฟู ศิรfor the Study of Pain
้
ิ ราช
27. Musculoskeletal Pain
Epidemiology and Economics
• from overuse affects 33% of adults and
accounts for 29% of lost workdays due to
illness
• The economic burden of musculoskeletal pain
is second only to that of cardiovascular
disease.
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2009 International Associationกมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
ฟื นฟู ศิรfor the Study of Pain
้
ิ ราช
28. Musculoskeletal Pain
Pathophysiology
• is not completely clear, but inflammation,
fibrosis, tissue degradation, neurotransmitters,
and neurosensory disturbances have been
implicated
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29
2009 International Associationกมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
ฟื นฟู ศิรfor the Study of Pain
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ิ ราช
29. Musculoskeletal Pain
Pathophysiology
• Inflammation
• Fibrosis
• Tissue degradation
• Neurotransmitters
• Neurosensory/neuroimmune factors
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30
2009 International Associationกมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
ฟื นฟู ศิรfor the Study of Pain
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ิ ราช
30. Musculoskeletal Pain
Clinical Features
• acute or chronic,
• focal or diffuse
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31
2009 International Associationกมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
ฟื นฟู ศิรfor the Study of Pain
้
ิ ราช
31. Musculoskeletal Pain
Symptoms
• local symptoms of pain or widespread and
persistent pain
• Tenderness
• Peripheral nerve irritation
• Weakness
• Limited motion and stiffness
Global year against Musculoskeletal Pain Oct2009-Oct2010
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2009 International Associationกมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
ฟื นฟู ศิรfor the Study of Pain
้
ิ ราช
32. Musculoskeletal Pain
Symptoms
• Symptoms progressively increase with greater
tissue injury and inflammation, with an
increase in affected anatomical sites
• Symptoms are exacerbated by work-related
or personal stress
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2009 International Associationกมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
ฟื นฟู ศิรfor the Study of Pain
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ิ ราช
33. Musculoskeletal Pain
Symptoms
• Nerve conduction velocity decreases in an
involved peripheral nerve.
• Symptoms have diurnal fluctuation.
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์
Global year against Musculoskeletal Pain Oct2009-Oct2010หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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ฟื ้
2009 International Association for the Study of Painนฟู ศิริราช
34
40. Definition of Low Back Pain
•
Any pain or tenderness that occurs
between the lowest rib and the gluteal
folds
•
“Pain, muscle tension, or stiffness
localized below the costal margin and
above the inferior gluteal folds, with or
without leg pain”
Adapted from Papageorgiou AC et al Spine 1995;20:1889–1894; Hillman M et al J Epidemiol Community Health 1996;50:347–352; Manek NJ, MacGregor
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
AJ Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005;17:134–140; Rivero-Arias O et al BMJ 2005;330:1239.
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41
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42. Low back pain (LBP)
• The most common Musculoskeletal pain
• Point prevalence 15-45%
• Age 35-55 yr
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43
43. Prevalence of back pain in
the adult population varies
with age.
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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An atlas of back pain 2002 / Scott Haldeman,William H. Kirkaldy-Willis, Thomas N.
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44
44. • a point-prevalence of 17–
30%,
• a 1-month prevalence of
19–43% and
• a lifetime prevalence of
60–80%.
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
An atlas of back pain 2002 / Scott Haldeman,William H. Kirkaldy-Willis, Thomas45
N.
10/11/56
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50. Classification of low back pain
– Non specific low back pain
– Nerve root pain
• Disc herniation with radiculopathy
• Spinal stenosis with radiculopathy
– Serious spinal pathology
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Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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51
51. What Causes Acute Low Back Pain?
• In around 95% of cases it is not possible to
pinpoint the cause of the pain.
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52
56. Yellow flags
• The presence of catastrophic thinking
– there is no way the patient can control the pain,
that disaster will occur if the pain continues, etc.
• Expectations that the pain will only worsen
with work or activity
• Behaviors such as avoidance of normal activity,
and extended rest
• Poor sleep
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Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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57
57. Yellow flags
• Compensation issues
• Emotions such as stress and anxiety
• Work issues, such as poor job satisfaction and
poor relationship with supervisors
• Extended time off work
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Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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58
58. Non specific low back pain
•
•
•
•
•
Postural low back pain
Mechanical low back pain
Simple back pain
Back strain
Myofascial pain
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Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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59
59. Simple backache
• Onset 20-25 years
• Lumbosacral, buttock and thighs
• Mechanical pain
– Varies with physical activity
• Patient well, no serious disease
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60
60. Back Pain
Back pain > Leg pain
• L-spondylosis
• L- disk disease
– Disruption
– Herniation
– Disk degeneration
• Spondylolysis
• Spondylolisthesis
• Spinal fracture/
Osteoporosis Fx
• Mechanical
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Leg pain > Back pain
• LS radiculopathy
• L-stenosis
• Non – L spine cause
– Hip
– SI
– Soft tissue
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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61
61. Lumbar disk disease
classified into 3 types
• Degenerative disk disease
• Internal disk disruption
• Disk herniation
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Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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62
65. Lumbar stenosis
Definition
• defined as any type of narrowing of the lumbar
spinal canal, causing compression of its
content
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66
73. Recurrent aggravating backache
• Pain on extension load of
back
–
–
–
–
Hand above head activities
Forward flexion
Sit in soft chair eg. car
Stand for long time
• Aggravated by
– Abdominal muscle weakness
– Obesity
– Tightness of TFL
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74
74. Activity Modification
• Firm mattress
• Sitting: chair with back
support, frequent stretching
exercise
• Adjust height of table and
keyboard
• Thinking before lifting
– No twitch of spine
– Use assistive devices
• Sport / recreation activity
– Adjust for intensity
• Avoid prolong certain position
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Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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75
75. Back Exercise
• ROM exercise
• Strengthening and endurance exercise
• Flexion / extension / aerobic exercise
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76
77. Back Exercise
• ROM exercise
– Stretching low back muscle
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78
78. Specific exercise for LBP
• Modification of exercise that aggravate pain
– Curl up sit up
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79
79. Back Exercise
• Strengthening and endurance exercise
– Back Flexion Exercise
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80
82. Neck Pain
• pain perceived as arising from anywhere within
the region bounded superiorly by the superior
nuchal line, inferiorly by an imaginary
transverse line through the tip of the first
thoracic spinous process and laterally by
sagittal planes tangential to the lateral borders
of the neck (Merskey and Bogduk 1994)
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Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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83
92. Whiplash syndrome
• C-hyperextension injury
• Whiplash is an
acceleration-deceleration
mechanical of energy
transfer to the neck.
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Event
Injury
Syndrome
93
93. Whiplash Syndrome
Symptom
• Discomfort at the scene → 12-14 hrs later neck
stiffness, pain at base of neck, ↑with movement
• Headache
• Pain on opening the mouth or chewing
• Hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, visual disturbance,
dizziness
• Paresthesias in the arm, dysesthesia of the face below
the ear
PE.
Inv.
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• Muscle tenderness & contraction
• Limit ROM
• Plain film : loss of lordosis
• MRI
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94
112. WHO Report: OA Was Among the Most Widespread
Health Problems1
OA prevalence, millions
WHO estimated that 151.4 million people worldwide suffered from OA in 2004
50
45
40
40
27
30
22
20
10
10
6
0
Western
Pacific
Europe
Southeast
Asia
The
Americas
WHO = World Health Organization; OA = osteoarthritis. Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
Musculoskeletal
Africa
Eastern
Mediterranean
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1. WHO. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Available at: www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf. Accessed 8-March-2011.
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113
113. WHO Report: OA Was One of the Leading Causes of
Moderate-to-Severe Disability Worldwide1
OA-related moderate-to-severe
disability prevalence, millions
WHO estimated that OA was one of the causes of moderate-to-severe
disability in 43.4 million people worldwide in 2004
30
19.4
20
14.1
10
8.1
1.9
0
Aged
0–59 years
Aged
60+ years
-
Low-to middle–income
countries
Aged
0–59 years
Aged
60+ years
High-income countries
WHO = World Health Organization; OA = osteoarthritis.
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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1. WHO. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update. Available at: www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf. Accessed 8-March-2011.
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114. Pathogenic Features of OA
• A metabolically active,
dynamic process that
can involve all joint
tissues1
• Key pathologic
features1:
Pathogenic Features Consistent With OA2
– Loss of articular
cartilage
– Remodeling of
adjacent bone
– New bone formation
at
joint margins
OA = osteoarthritis.
1. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Osteoarthritis: National Clinical Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์ in Adults. Royal College of Physicians; 2008.
Musculoskeletal Guideline for Care and Management
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2. Hunter DJ et al. BMJ. 2006;332:639–642. Reprinted with permission.
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115. Mechanisms Implicated in OA Pain1
OA pain is a complex integration of sensory, affective, and cognitive processes
involving a number of abnormal cellular mechanisms in the PNS and CNS
Altered cortical processing
Affective, cognitive integration
Dysfunction of descending noxious inhibitory control
Referred pain
Muscle hyperalgesia
Altered spinal cord gating
PNS
Increased innervation density
Elevated receptor and neuropeptide expression
Neuroinflammation
Neuroimmunomodulation
Neuronal control of bone metabolism
Structural pathology
Episodic synovitis, nerve injury, bone sclerosis, meniscal damage,
cartilage erosion, capsular thickening, angiogenesis
OA = osteoarthritis; PNS = peripheral nervous system; CNS = central nervous system.
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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1. Dray A et al. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9:212. Reprinted with permission.
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116. Nociceptive pain: osteoarthritis
Nonpharmacologic
• Exercise
– Aerobic
– Strengthening
– ROM
• Assistive devices for
– ADL
– Ambulation
• Jt, protection and energy
conservation
• OT
• Pt. education
• Social suport
• Self management
• Wt.loss if overweight
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Pharmacologic
• Oral
–
–
–
–
•
Acetaminophen
COX-2- specific inhibitor
NSAID+ PPI
Opioids, tramadol
Intraarticular
– Glucocorticoids
– Hyarulonic acid
•
Topical
– Capsaicin
– Methylsalicylate
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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117
117. OARSI Guidelines Recommended Medications* for OA Pain1
Acetaminophen
NSAIDs
COX-2 Inhibitors
Opioids (weak and strong)
*Recommended oral, non–disease modifying analgesics.
OARSI = Osteoarthritis Research Society International;
OA = osteoarthritis; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
COX-2 = cyclooxygenase-2.
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1. Zhang W et al. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16:137–162.
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127. Counterirritants
• Capsaicin
• Camphor
• Menthol
• are a category of analgesics that excite and
subsequently desensitize nociceptive sensory
neurons
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128
128. Capsaicin
• By reversibly depleting sensory nerve endings
of substance P and
• By reducing the density of epidermal nerve
fibers, also in a reversible fashion
• Capsaicin 0.025%-0.075%
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129
129. Menthol
ระงับปวด
• กระตุ้น endogenous opioid system and/or *
• ลดปวดเฉพาะที่ แต่ ไม่ลดอักเสบ*
*Taniguchi, Y., Y. Deguchi, et al. (1994).
"[Antinociceptive effects of counterirritants]."
Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 104(6): 433-446.
• ช่วยเพิ่มการดูดซึม**
• ขยายหลอดเลือด**
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**Stitik TPMD, Altschuler EMD, Foye PMMD.
Pharmacotherapy of Osteoarthritis.
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Osteoarthritis and Physiatry.
2006 November;85(11):S15-S28.
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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134. Musculoskeletal Pain
Treatment
Management is typically multimodal:
• Exercise
• Physical therapy
• Splinting and/or orthoses
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Reduction in workload or increased rest
• Stress management/behavioral intervention
Global year against Musculoskeletal Pain Oct2009-Oct2010
Musculoskeletal Pain
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2009 International Associationกมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
ฟื นฟู ศิรfor the Study of Pain
้
ิ ราช
135. Capsaicin
• By reversibly depleting sensory nerve endings
of substance P and
• By reducing the density of epidermal nerve
fibers, also in a reversible fashion
• Capsaicin 0.025%-0.075%
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Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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137. Ergonomic Set Up for Desk Top Computer
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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ฟื นฟู ศิริราช
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http://www.wristassuredgloves.com/2012/03/14/ergonomic-set-up-for-desk-top-computers/
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138. • Vodafone- Power to you.mp4
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Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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139. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONS.
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Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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151. Musculoskeletal Pain
Treatment
• Management is typically multimodal:
• Physical therapy, primarily with an exercise program
(aerobic, strengthening, stretching), together with
physical modalities, such as heat or ice
• Splinting and/or orthoses
• Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),
e.g., ibuprofen
• Reduction in workload or increased rest
• Stress management/behavioral intervention
Global year against Musculoskeletal Pain Oct2009-Oct2010
Musculoskeletal Pain
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152
2009 International Associationกมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
ฟื นฟู ศิรfor the Study of Pain
้
ิ ราช
155. Ergonomic Set Up for Desk Top Computers
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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ฟื นฟู ศิริราช
้
http://www.wristassuredgloves.com/2012/03/14/ergonomic-set-up-for-desk-top-computers/
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156. Ergonomic Set Up for Desk Top Computers
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
157
ฟื นฟู ศิริราช
้
http://www.wristassuredgloves.com/2012/03/14/ergonomic-set-up-for-desk-top-computers/
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157. rgonomic Set Up for Desk Top
Musculoskeletal Pain กมลทิพย์ หาญผดุงกิจ เวชศาสตร์
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ฟื นฟู ศิริราช
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http://www.wristassuredgloves.com/2012/03/14/ergonomic-set-up-for-desk-top-computers/
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