Hypopituitarism is an underactive pituitary gland that results in deficiencies in one or more pituitary hormones. This can cause issues like fatigue, low blood pressure, and short stature in children. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy and monitoring nutrition to ensure adequate intake of calories, fluids, vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients. Dietary adjustments may be needed to address issues from missing hormones or side effects of medication. Patients require education on meal planning and safety to help manage their condition.
Hypopituitarism and hypoparathyroidism are conditions caused by deficiencies in pituitary and parathyroid hormones respectively. Hypopituitarism results from an underactive pituitary gland leading to lack of hormones like growth hormone, ACTH, and gonadotropins. It causes issues like short stature and abnormal body composition. Hypoparathyroidism is due to low PTH levels and causes hypocalcemia. It requires lifelong calcium and vitamin D supplements to prevent complications like tetany. Both conditions are managed through hormone replacement therapy and dietary modifications.
This document discusses thyroid disorders, hypopituitarism, parathyroid disorders, and metabolic syndrome. It provides definitions, background information, intervention objectives, dietary recommendations, common drug treatments, and potential side effects for each condition. Nutrition education, counseling, and patient education topics are also covered.
Hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism are disorders related to deficiencies or excesses of parathyroid hormone that affect calcium levels. Hypoparathyroidism results from parathyroid hormone deficiency, causing hypocalcemia. Treatment involves calcium and vitamin D supplementation to normalize calcium levels and prevent complications. Hyperparathyroidism occurs when parathyroid hormone levels are elevated, causing hypercalcemia. Treatment aims to lower calcium levels through a low-calcium diet and drugs that regulate vitamin D and phosphate levels to prevent issues like kidney and bone disease. Parathyroidectomy may be required to cure primary hyperparathyroidism.
- Benign pituitary tumors are usually treated with hypophysectomy or radiation therapy. Preoperative care focuses on education and baseline assessments. Postoperative care involves neurological monitoring, checking for CSF leakage, restricting activities that increase intracranial pressure, and hormone replacement therapy. Nursing management aims to prevent complications and includes ongoing assessments, medication administration, skin care, and patient education.
Hypoparathyroidism results from a deficiency of parathyroid hormone and can be hereditary, caused by damage to the parathyroid glands, or due to other issues. It requires lifelong treatment with calcium and vitamin D supplements to prevent complications. Hyperparathyroidism is an excess of parathyroid hormone and can be primary, secondary, or tertiary. It is associated with complications and may require surgery to remove parathyroid tumors. The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors that increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Lifestyle changes like weight loss, increased physical activity, and following a Mediterranean-style diet are the primary interventions.
Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to accelerated metabolism. It can be caused by Graves' disease in most cases. Symptoms include nervousness, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and eye problems. Treatment involves anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, surgery or beta blockers to reduce thyroid hormone levels and symptoms.
Hypopituitarism and hypoparathyroidism are conditions caused by deficiencies in pituitary and parathyroid hormones respectively. Hypopituitarism results from an underactive pituitary gland leading to lack of hormones like growth hormone, ACTH, and gonadotropins. It causes issues like short stature and abnormal body composition. Hypoparathyroidism is due to low PTH levels and causes hypocalcemia. It requires lifelong calcium and vitamin D supplements to prevent complications like tetany. Both conditions are managed through hormone replacement therapy and dietary modifications.
This document discusses thyroid disorders, hypopituitarism, parathyroid disorders, and metabolic syndrome. It provides definitions, background information, intervention objectives, dietary recommendations, common drug treatments, and potential side effects for each condition. Nutrition education, counseling, and patient education topics are also covered.
Hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism are disorders related to deficiencies or excesses of parathyroid hormone that affect calcium levels. Hypoparathyroidism results from parathyroid hormone deficiency, causing hypocalcemia. Treatment involves calcium and vitamin D supplementation to normalize calcium levels and prevent complications. Hyperparathyroidism occurs when parathyroid hormone levels are elevated, causing hypercalcemia. Treatment aims to lower calcium levels through a low-calcium diet and drugs that regulate vitamin D and phosphate levels to prevent issues like kidney and bone disease. Parathyroidectomy may be required to cure primary hyperparathyroidism.
- Benign pituitary tumors are usually treated with hypophysectomy or radiation therapy. Preoperative care focuses on education and baseline assessments. Postoperative care involves neurological monitoring, checking for CSF leakage, restricting activities that increase intracranial pressure, and hormone replacement therapy. Nursing management aims to prevent complications and includes ongoing assessments, medication administration, skin care, and patient education.
Hypoparathyroidism results from a deficiency of parathyroid hormone and can be hereditary, caused by damage to the parathyroid glands, or due to other issues. It requires lifelong treatment with calcium and vitamin D supplements to prevent complications. Hyperparathyroidism is an excess of parathyroid hormone and can be primary, secondary, or tertiary. It is associated with complications and may require surgery to remove parathyroid tumors. The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors that increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Lifestyle changes like weight loss, increased physical activity, and following a Mediterranean-style diet are the primary interventions.
Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to accelerated metabolism. It can be caused by Graves' disease in most cases. Symptoms include nervousness, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and eye problems. Treatment involves anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, surgery or beta blockers to reduce thyroid hormone levels and symptoms.
The pituitary gland sits at the base of the brain and controls many other glands. Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone after growth plate closure, usually due to a pituitary adenoma. Complications include joint and bone problems, high blood pressure, diabetes, and increased cancer risk. Treatment involves surgery, medication, or radiation. Dwarfism is defined as adult height under 4'10" and has many causes and health issues. The pituitary also regulates water balance, and disorders like SIADH cause inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion leading to hyponatremia.
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to regulate many endocrine systems. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland through neural and hormonal signals. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe and is very small, sitting at the base of the brain. The hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit different hormone releases from the anterior pituitary gland to regulate other endocrine glands.
This document summarizes molecular and cellular mechanisms of growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones. It discusses the physiology, regulation of secretion, pathological involvements, uses and adverse effects of each hormone. Growth hormone promotes growth and metabolism. Prolactin induces milk production. Thyroid hormones include thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increase metabolism. Gonadotropins like FSH and LH regulate gamete production and sex hormone secretion.
The document discusses disorders of the endocrine system, focusing on the pancreas and disorders related to insulin and glucagon production. It describes the key functions of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, including the alpha, beta, and delta cells that produce glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin respectively. It then summarizes diabetes mellitus, distinguishing between type 1 caused by beta cell destruction and type 2 related to insulin resistance. The diagnosis and management of diabetes is also briefly outlined.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. There are several types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Risk factors include family history, age, race, hypertension, and obesity. Symptoms include increased thirst, urination, and hunger. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, glucose monitoring, and medications like insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs. Complications can be acute like hypoglycemia or chronic like damage to blood vessels and nerves. Other endocrine disorders discussed are pituitary disorders like diabetes insipidus and Cushing's syndrome, as well as thyroid disorders and adrenal gland disorders.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and its major hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland and its control of other endocrine glands like the thyroid and adrenals. It describes important hormones produced by these glands like thyroid hormones, cortisol, insulin, and others. It also discusses diseases that can result from endocrine disorders, such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, diabetes, and osteoporosis. The roles of calcium regulating hormones PTH and calcitonin are also covered.
Hypoglycemic agent and Thyroid hormone lecture notes-Dr.Jibachha SahDr. Jibachha Sah
Hypoglycemic agent and Thyroid hormone,lecturer notes,Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc(Veterinary Pharmacology)Lecture ,College of veterinary Science ,Nepal Poly-technique,Bharatpur,Chitwan,Nepal lecturer notes on ,AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY SIXTH SEMESTER.This lecture notes also useful for other veterinary college students.Please send me your comments & suggestion.jibachhashah@gmail.com,Mob.00977-9845024121
The document discusses endocrine disorders and their causes, including hypofunction and hyperfunction of endocrine glands. It describes the four main types of hormones and provides examples. Signs and symptoms of endocrine disorders are widespread and can include changes in energy, weight, sexual function, mood and sleep. The pituitary gland and its role in controlling other endocrine glands is explained. Common pituitary gland disorders like Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, and gigantism are summarized. The causes, signs, and treatments of hypopituitarism are covered at a high level. Diabetes insipidus and SIADH, disorders of the posterior pituitary, are defined and their pathophysiology, risks, diagnostic
Growth hormone deficiency states and growth hormone replacement therapyAwofisoye Oyindamola
Growth hormone deficiency can occur in children or adults. In children, it presents as short stature and delayed growth. In adults, non-specific symptoms include reduced energy, quality of life, and increased cardiovascular risk. Growth hormone deficiency is investigated through stimulation tests and IGF-1 levels and treated with recombinant human growth hormone via daily injections, with doses titrated based on response. Treatment aims to normalize growth in children and improve symptoms and quality of life in adults.
This document discusses various disorders of the pituitary gland caused by hyperactivity or hypoactivity of the anterior and posterior pituitary. It describes gigantism, acromegaly, Cushing's disease caused by hyperactivity of the anterior pituitary and their symptoms. Hypoactive conditions like dwarfism, Simmond's disease are also explained. Disorders involving both anterior and posterior pituitary like SIADH and diabetes insipidus are mentioned along with their causes and features. Treatment options for different conditions are briefly outlined.
Hyperthyroidism refers to overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, multinodular goiter, and thyroiditis. Signs and symptoms include nervousness, palpitations, heat intolerance, tremors, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves thyroid function tests and scans. Treatment options include anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, and surgery. Nursing care focuses on managing nutrition, activity tolerance, risk for injury, hyperthermia, and social interaction issues.
L11-14. Disorders of the pituitary gland and adrenals.pptxDr Bilal Natiq
Hypopituitarism describes combined deficiency of any of the anterior pituitary hormones. The clinical presentation is variable and depends on the underlying lesion and the pattern of resulting hormone deficiency.
This document provides an overview of hypoparathyroidism, including its definition, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition where the parathyroid glands do not produce enough parathyroid hormone, resulting in low calcium and high phosphate levels in the blood. There are several types including acquired, autoimmune, congenital, and idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Common symptoms include muscle spasms, abnormal sensations, and seizures. Diagnosis involves evaluating calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels in the blood. Treatment focuses on calcium and vitamin D supplementation to manage symptoms.
This document summarizes pituitary disorders and Cushing's syndrome. It describes various conditions caused by over or underproduction of pituitary hormones like growth hormone, ACTH, and vasopressin. Cushing's syndrome results from excessive cortisol production and can be caused by adrenal or pituitary tumors. Symptoms include weight gain, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests and imaging. Treatment may include medication, surgery to remove tumors, and monitoring diet and lifestyle changes.
Drug use in Thyroid and Anti Thyroid analogue.pptxrishi2789
The document discusses thyroid hormones and related drugs. It covers the following key points:
- The thyroid gland secretes T4, T3, and calcitonin hormones which regulate metabolism. T4 and T3 affect growth, development, metabolism, temperature regulation, the cardiovascular system, and other body systems.
- Antithyroid drugs like methimazole and propylthiouracil are used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis. They control the overactive thyroid gland in conditions like Graves' disease.
- Thyroid hormones are also used as replacement therapy for hypothyroidism and other deficiency states like cretinism and myxedema. L-thyroxine
drugs used in hormonal disorders supplementation.pptxJayesh Patidar
This document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat hormonal disorders and for contraception and abortion. It provides details on mechanisms of action, examples of drugs and their doses, indications for use, adverse effects, contraindications, drug interactions, and nursing responsibilities for:
- Insulin and oral hypoglycemics for diabetes mellitus
- Thyroid supplements and suppressants for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
- Anabolic steroids to promote tissue building
- Oral contraceptives and other estrogens/progestins for contraception
- Corticotrophins, gonadotrophins, and other hormones
This document discusses hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and parathyroid conditions. It defines hypothyroidism as underfunctioning of the thyroid gland and discusses its most common causes. It also defines objectives of treatment such as improving energy levels and screening pregnant women. It provides nutrition recommendations including ensuring adequate iodine and vitamin D intake. The document also discusses hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, defining them and discussing their causes, objectives of treatment, and related nutrition considerations.
The document discusses disorders of the pituitary gland, including hypopituitarism and hyperpituitarism. It provides details on the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and their functions. Hypopituitarism is caused by an underactive pituitary gland and can result in diseases like dwarfism, diabetes insipidus, and Addison's disease. Hyperpituitarism is caused by overproduction of pituitary hormones and can result in conditions like acromegaly and Cushing's disease. The document discusses various pituitary disorders in detail, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Healthcare for working women should focus on providing nutritious snacks and lunches to support wellbeing, as diet can impact health and weight. Employers should implement policies and management strategies to promote healthy eating and maintaining a healthy weight for female employees.
The pituitary gland sits at the base of the brain and controls many other glands. Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone after growth plate closure, usually due to a pituitary adenoma. Complications include joint and bone problems, high blood pressure, diabetes, and increased cancer risk. Treatment involves surgery, medication, or radiation. Dwarfism is defined as adult height under 4'10" and has many causes and health issues. The pituitary also regulates water balance, and disorders like SIADH cause inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion leading to hyponatremia.
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to regulate many endocrine systems. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland through neural and hormonal signals. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe and is very small, sitting at the base of the brain. The hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit different hormone releases from the anterior pituitary gland to regulate other endocrine glands.
This document summarizes molecular and cellular mechanisms of growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones. It discusses the physiology, regulation of secretion, pathological involvements, uses and adverse effects of each hormone. Growth hormone promotes growth and metabolism. Prolactin induces milk production. Thyroid hormones include thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increase metabolism. Gonadotropins like FSH and LH regulate gamete production and sex hormone secretion.
The document discusses disorders of the endocrine system, focusing on the pancreas and disorders related to insulin and glucagon production. It describes the key functions of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, including the alpha, beta, and delta cells that produce glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin respectively. It then summarizes diabetes mellitus, distinguishing between type 1 caused by beta cell destruction and type 2 related to insulin resistance. The diagnosis and management of diabetes is also briefly outlined.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. There are several types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Risk factors include family history, age, race, hypertension, and obesity. Symptoms include increased thirst, urination, and hunger. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, glucose monitoring, and medications like insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs. Complications can be acute like hypoglycemia or chronic like damage to blood vessels and nerves. Other endocrine disorders discussed are pituitary disorders like diabetes insipidus and Cushing's syndrome, as well as thyroid disorders and adrenal gland disorders.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and its major hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland and its control of other endocrine glands like the thyroid and adrenals. It describes important hormones produced by these glands like thyroid hormones, cortisol, insulin, and others. It also discusses diseases that can result from endocrine disorders, such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, diabetes, and osteoporosis. The roles of calcium regulating hormones PTH and calcitonin are also covered.
Hypoglycemic agent and Thyroid hormone lecture notes-Dr.Jibachha SahDr. Jibachha Sah
Hypoglycemic agent and Thyroid hormone,lecturer notes,Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc(Veterinary Pharmacology)Lecture ,College of veterinary Science ,Nepal Poly-technique,Bharatpur,Chitwan,Nepal lecturer notes on ,AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY SIXTH SEMESTER.This lecture notes also useful for other veterinary college students.Please send me your comments & suggestion.jibachhashah@gmail.com,Mob.00977-9845024121
The document discusses endocrine disorders and their causes, including hypofunction and hyperfunction of endocrine glands. It describes the four main types of hormones and provides examples. Signs and symptoms of endocrine disorders are widespread and can include changes in energy, weight, sexual function, mood and sleep. The pituitary gland and its role in controlling other endocrine glands is explained. Common pituitary gland disorders like Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, and gigantism are summarized. The causes, signs, and treatments of hypopituitarism are covered at a high level. Diabetes insipidus and SIADH, disorders of the posterior pituitary, are defined and their pathophysiology, risks, diagnostic
Growth hormone deficiency states and growth hormone replacement therapyAwofisoye Oyindamola
Growth hormone deficiency can occur in children or adults. In children, it presents as short stature and delayed growth. In adults, non-specific symptoms include reduced energy, quality of life, and increased cardiovascular risk. Growth hormone deficiency is investigated through stimulation tests and IGF-1 levels and treated with recombinant human growth hormone via daily injections, with doses titrated based on response. Treatment aims to normalize growth in children and improve symptoms and quality of life in adults.
This document discusses various disorders of the pituitary gland caused by hyperactivity or hypoactivity of the anterior and posterior pituitary. It describes gigantism, acromegaly, Cushing's disease caused by hyperactivity of the anterior pituitary and their symptoms. Hypoactive conditions like dwarfism, Simmond's disease are also explained. Disorders involving both anterior and posterior pituitary like SIADH and diabetes insipidus are mentioned along with their causes and features. Treatment options for different conditions are briefly outlined.
Hyperthyroidism refers to overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, multinodular goiter, and thyroiditis. Signs and symptoms include nervousness, palpitations, heat intolerance, tremors, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves thyroid function tests and scans. Treatment options include anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, and surgery. Nursing care focuses on managing nutrition, activity tolerance, risk for injury, hyperthermia, and social interaction issues.
L11-14. Disorders of the pituitary gland and adrenals.pptxDr Bilal Natiq
Hypopituitarism describes combined deficiency of any of the anterior pituitary hormones. The clinical presentation is variable and depends on the underlying lesion and the pattern of resulting hormone deficiency.
This document provides an overview of hypoparathyroidism, including its definition, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition where the parathyroid glands do not produce enough parathyroid hormone, resulting in low calcium and high phosphate levels in the blood. There are several types including acquired, autoimmune, congenital, and idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Common symptoms include muscle spasms, abnormal sensations, and seizures. Diagnosis involves evaluating calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels in the blood. Treatment focuses on calcium and vitamin D supplementation to manage symptoms.
This document summarizes pituitary disorders and Cushing's syndrome. It describes various conditions caused by over or underproduction of pituitary hormones like growth hormone, ACTH, and vasopressin. Cushing's syndrome results from excessive cortisol production and can be caused by adrenal or pituitary tumors. Symptoms include weight gain, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests and imaging. Treatment may include medication, surgery to remove tumors, and monitoring diet and lifestyle changes.
Drug use in Thyroid and Anti Thyroid analogue.pptxrishi2789
The document discusses thyroid hormones and related drugs. It covers the following key points:
- The thyroid gland secretes T4, T3, and calcitonin hormones which regulate metabolism. T4 and T3 affect growth, development, metabolism, temperature regulation, the cardiovascular system, and other body systems.
- Antithyroid drugs like methimazole and propylthiouracil are used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis. They control the overactive thyroid gland in conditions like Graves' disease.
- Thyroid hormones are also used as replacement therapy for hypothyroidism and other deficiency states like cretinism and myxedema. L-thyroxine
drugs used in hormonal disorders supplementation.pptxJayesh Patidar
This document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat hormonal disorders and for contraception and abortion. It provides details on mechanisms of action, examples of drugs and their doses, indications for use, adverse effects, contraindications, drug interactions, and nursing responsibilities for:
- Insulin and oral hypoglycemics for diabetes mellitus
- Thyroid supplements and suppressants for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
- Anabolic steroids to promote tissue building
- Oral contraceptives and other estrogens/progestins for contraception
- Corticotrophins, gonadotrophins, and other hormones
This document discusses hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and parathyroid conditions. It defines hypothyroidism as underfunctioning of the thyroid gland and discusses its most common causes. It also defines objectives of treatment such as improving energy levels and screening pregnant women. It provides nutrition recommendations including ensuring adequate iodine and vitamin D intake. The document also discusses hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, defining them and discussing their causes, objectives of treatment, and related nutrition considerations.
The document discusses disorders of the pituitary gland, including hypopituitarism and hyperpituitarism. It provides details on the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and their functions. Hypopituitarism is caused by an underactive pituitary gland and can result in diseases like dwarfism, diabetes insipidus, and Addison's disease. Hyperpituitarism is caused by overproduction of pituitary hormones and can result in conditions like acromegaly and Cushing's disease. The document discusses various pituitary disorders in detail, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Healthcare for working women should focus on providing nutritious snacks and lunches to support wellbeing, as diet can impact health and weight. Employers should implement policies and management strategies to promote healthy eating and maintaining a healthy weight for female employees.
This document discusses risk factors for osteoporosis. It defines osteoporosis as a disease causing reduction in bone mass and strength. Some key risk factors include estrogen deficiency, mechanical factors like lack of exercise, tobacco use, and steroid use. It also discusses evaluation of bone mineral density, pathophysiology of different osteoporosis types, and consequences of osteoporotic fractures including significant morbidity and increased mortality rates.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures. It is diagnosed based on bone mineral density T-scores obtained via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications like calcium and vitamin D supplementation, exercise, and medications to reduce fracture risk such as bisphosphonates. Prevention emphasizes building peak bone mass during childhood and adolescence through adequate nutrition and exercise.
- Diabetic hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by very high blood glucose levels, dehydration, and minimal ketosis. It occurs most often in older adults with type 2 diabetes who become severely dehydrated.
- Treatment involves rapid rehydration with intravenous fluids, bringing down blood glucose levels with insulin, and identifying and addressing the underlying cause to prevent future crises. Fluid replacement of 9-12 liters may be needed over 48 hours.
- Education is important to prevent recurrence through proper blood glucose monitoring and management of predisposing factors like infection, medications, and poor compliance with diabetes treatment.
This document discusses potential complications of diabetes, including both acute and chronic complications. It covers topics such as hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, and more. It provides details on symptoms, treatments, and ways to manage various complications through lifestyle modifications and medical care. The document is intended as an educational resource for diabetes patients and healthcare providers.
This document provides information on carbohydrate counting for diabetes management. It explains that carbohydrate is the main nutrient that affects blood glucose levels after eating. Counting carbohydrates is an essential skill for people with type 1 diabetes so they can match insulin intake to the amount of carbohydrates consumed and properly manage blood glucose levels. The first step is identifying foods that contain carbohydrates versus those that contain very little, such as meat, eggs, cheese, nuts, oils, and most vegetables. Recommended resources for estimating the carbohydrate content of foods are provided to help count carbohydrates in grams or carbohydrate portions.
This document discusses lipodystrophy syndromes, which are disorders characterized by selective loss or accumulation of adipose tissue. It reviews the classification and clinical features of different lipodystrophy syndromes, with a focus on HIV-related lipodystrophy. Complications of lipodystrophy like insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver are also summarized. The document outlines treatment considerations for managing metabolic complications and reversing lipoatrophy or lipohypertrophy, including switching antiretrovirals, use of thiazolidinediones, statins, metformin and lifestyle changes.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
2. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND
■ Hypopituitarism is an underactive pituitary gland.
■ A deficiency in production of pituitary hormones may be caused by tumor, trauma,
radiation to the brain, stroke or aneurysm, or surgery.
■ In hypopituitarism, there is a lack of one or more of these hormones and loss of function
in the affected gland or organ.
■ It may take years for an accurate diagnosis to be made.
■ If all pituitary hormones are missing, this is panhypopituitarism; it is relatively rare.
3. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND
■ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol to
maintain BP and blood glucose levels.
■ If ACTH is missing, depression, fatigue, low BP, nausea and diarrhea, dizziness, pale
skin, weakness, and weight loss are signs and symptoms.
■ A shortage of cortisol can be life threatening.
■ Arginine vasopression (AVP) was formerly known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
■ AVP controls water loss by the kidneys.
■ If AVP is deficient, severe thirst and excessive urination occur; diabetes insipidus may
result.
■ In rare instances, deficiency may occur after an event such as brain surgery.
4.
5. ■ Growth hormone (GH) regulates somatic growth, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and
adipocyte functions.
■ There is a complex interplay between GH and insulin signaling (Perrini et al, 2008). If GH
is deficient in children, short stature (below 5 feet) can result.
■ This condition causes 10% of all dwarfism. In adults, there is abnormal body composition,
osteopenia, impaired quality of life, cardiac dysfunction, and an adverse lipid profile.
DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND
6. ■ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) control sexual function
and fertility in males and females.
■ When gonadotropin (FSH, LH) deficiency occurs, men and women will lose interest in
sex and can experience fatigue, weakness, loss of body hair, impotence in men, and loss
of menstruation in women.
■ Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract during labor and the breasts to release milk.
■ Oxytocin mechanisms are necessary for successful pregnancies (Kubler et al, 2009).
Pregnancy is uncommon when oxytocin levels are low.
DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND
7. ■ Prolactin stimulates female breast development and milk production.
■ Prolactin deficiency is rare but can stop milk production in women.
■ TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones that affect the body’s metabolism.
■ When TSH is deficient, this can lead to an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism).
■ Cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, and pale and waxy or dry skin can occur.
DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND
8. INTERVENTION OBJECTIVES
■ Replenish missing hormones.
■ Prevent dehydration, hypoglycemia, and related problems.
■ Improve lean muscle mass stores.
■ Monitor serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides; prevent vascular complications.
9. FOOD AND NUTRITION
■ Dietary alterations may be needed, such as higher or lower energy intake, until hormone
levels are normalized. A modified fat, cholesterol, and carbohydrate intake may be
needed. Ensure sufficient intake of protein.
■ Six small feedings may be better tolerated than larger meals.
■ Increase fluids unless contraindicated.
■ Ensure adequate intake of all vitamins and minerals. Calcium and vitamin D should be
taken in sufficient amounts to prevent osteoporosis.
10. Common Drugs Used and Potential
Side Effects
■ Hormone replacement therapy may include any of all of the following:
1. Corticosteroids (hydrocortisone [Cortef], cortisol) are often used and can alter glucose,
calcium, and phosphate tolerance. Potassium and folacin must be increased; sodium
must be decreased. Monitor for signs of hyperglycemia.
2. Thyroid preparations (levothyroxine) may be needed.
3. 3. GH (somatotropin) requires no specific dietary interventions. It may help alleviate
elevated triglycerides. Long-term GH replacement therapy in adults is safe for lifelong
therapy in order to maintain the benefits.
4. 4.Estrogen, progesterone, or testosterone replacement should be monitored for side
effects related to heart disease and elevated lipids.
5. 5. Cortisone may be needed during periods of stress or illness if ACTH is deficient.
12. NUTRITION EDUCATION,
COUNSELING,
CARE MANAGEMENT
■ Have patient avoid fasting and stress.
■ Discuss the need to use small, frequent meals instead of large meals.
■ Discuss the possibility of hyperglycemia and how to manage
■ Hormone replacement is usually permanent, so doctor visits will be needed to check for
diabetes and signs of osteoporosis.
15. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND
■ Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder caused by overproduction of human GH by the
pituitary gland.
■ Incidence is rare, with 50–70 cases per million in the U.S. population.
■ Diagnosis is made common about a decade after oversecretion of GH begins.
■ If GH-producing tumors occur in puberty, the condition is called gigantism.
■ Genetics and nutrition impact the height of most children; unusual, continuing growth in
stature beyond the twenties should be evaluated.
16. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND
■ GH (somatotropin) affects the growth of almost all cells and tissues and has direct and
indirect effects.
■ Direct effects of excessive GH include hyperinsulinism, lipolysis, insulin resistance in
peripheral tissues, ketogenesis, hyperglycemia, and sodium and water retention.
■ In over 98% of cases, overproduction of GH is related to a benign pituitary tumor.
■ In a few patients, acromegaly is caused by tumors of the pancreas, lungs, or adrenal
glands.
■ Symptoms and signs of acromegaly include enlarged extremities with disproportionate
growth of nose, lips, brow, lower jaw, tongue, hands, and feet.
■ Serious side effects include heart failure, colon polyps that become cancerous, and
diabetes.
17. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND
■ Elevated insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) also occurs in acromegaly, resulting in greater
protein synthesis, amino acid transportation, muscle and bone growth, DNA and RNA
synthesis, and cell proliferation.
■ High levels of GH and increased IGF-1 levels (three to ten times above normal) may be used
to diagnose acromegaly.
■ Hormone-secreting pituitary tumors account for about 30% of all pituitary tumors (Patil et
al,2009).
■ Surgical removal of the pituitary gland provides a 50–70% chance of cure (Vance and Laws,
2005).
■ Acromegaly is complicated by an increased incidence of diabetes mellitus caused by impaired
insulin sensitivity and reduced beta cell function (Higham et al, 2009).
■ Bone and cartilage growth may lead to arthritis. Acromegalic patients present with
hypoadiponectinemia; studies suggest a link between adiponectin, visfatin, fat mass, and
bone changes (Sucunza et al, 2009).
18. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND
■ Premature death may result if left untreated.
■ Treatment may include surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, or injection of a
GH blocking drug.
■ Somatostatin analogs have been key in medical therapy.
■ Pegvisomant, a GHreceptor antagonist, competitively binds to the GH receptor, blocking
IGF-I production and allowing for a better control of cardiac disorders and glucose
metabolism (Vance and Lawes, 2005).
■ Improved insulin sensitivity occurs after use from a reduction in overnight endogenous
glucose production (Higham et al, 2009).
■ Somatuline Depot (lanreotide) can be used for a long-term treatment in patients who
have had an inadequate response to surgery and/or radiation.
19. INTERVENTION OBJECTIVES
■ Control weight.
■ Prevent or control diabetes, hypertension, or heart disease when present.
■ Prevent osteoporosis with calcium balance, which is often negative.
■ Monitor for complications such as colon polyps, which may lead to cancer.
20. FOOD AND NUTRITION
■ An CHO-controlled diet may be needed if diabetes is present.
■ Extra fluid intake may be needed.
■ Control sodium and fluid intake if there is heart failure.
■ Offer sufficient intake of calcium and vitamin D; a multivitamin–mineral supplement may
be useful.
21. Common Drugs Used and Potential
Side Effects
■ Bromocriptine (Parlodel) can be taken orally to reduce GH secretion. Side effects include
gastrointestinal upset, nausea, vomiting, light-headedness when standing, and nasal
congestion. Take with food.
■ Octreotide (Sandostatin) injection is a synthetic form of somatostatin. Side effects include
diarrhea, nausea, gall- stones, and loose stools.
■ Insulin may be needed if diabetes is also present. Be wary of excess doses; hypoglycemia
is a dangerous side effect.