Thyroid
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thyroid gland , types of capsule, borders surfaces of thyroid gland, relation of thyroid gland, blood supply lymphatic drainage an nerve supply of thyroid gland, goiter, hyper and hypo thyroidism, thyroidectomy.
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thoracic duct
The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body. It begins in the abdomen at the lower border of the T12 vertebrae and extends upwards through the posterior and superior mediastinum to the neck. At the C7 vertebral level, it arches laterally and drains into the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins. It drains lymph from the entire body below the diaphragm and left side of the body above the diaphragm, receiving tributaries from lymph nodes and vessels along its course. Injuries or obstructions to the thin-walled thoracic duct can lead to fluid accumulation in the thorax or abdomen.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. It weighs around 25 grams and is composed of two lateral lobes connected by a narrow isthmus. The gland is situated anterior to the larynx and trachea. It receives blood supply from the superior, inferior, and sometimes thyroid ima arteries, and drains into the superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins. Lymphatic drainage occurs into the prelaryngeal, pretracheal, paratracheal, deep cervical, and brachiocephalic lymph nodes. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism in the body.
Anatomy of thyroid gland
The document summarizes key anatomical details about the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands. It describes the location, blood supply, drainage, and normal sizes of these glands. It also provides an overview of thyroid physiology including hormone synthesis and regulation via the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. The metabolic effects of thyroid hormones are outlined as well.
Anatomy of Thyroid gland
Briefing upon the anatomy of thyroid gland for the use of all Ayurveda , Medical & indeed for any academic purposes.
The carotid triangle
The carotid triangle is a vascular area in the neck bounded by the omohyoid muscle, digastric muscle, and sternocleidomastoid muscle. It contains the common carotid artery and its branches, internal jugular vein, vagus and other cranial nerves. The common carotid artery divides at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage into the internal and external carotid arteries. The posterior belly of the digastric muscle crosses superficial to the internal jugular vein and carotid vessels in the triangle.
Thyroid gland anatomy
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The lobes extend from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage to the 6th tracheal ring and lie against the C5-T1 vertebrae. The thyroid gland contains follicular cells that secrete the hormones T3 and T4 and parafollicular C cells that secrete calcitonin. Blood supply comes from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and lymphatic drainage is to the deep cervical lymph nodes.
Anatomy (middle mediastinum)
The document summarizes the anatomy of the mediastinum. It defines the sternal angle as the joint between the manubrium and sternum. The mediastinum is divided into superior, middle, and posterior sections. The middle mediastinum contains the heart enclosed by the pericardium as well as the great vessels attached to it like the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The document lists the structures found in each section of the mediastinum.
7. anatomy of the leg and dorsum of the foot.
The document provides an anatomical overview of the leg and dorsum of the foot. It describes the bones, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves of the leg and foot. Key points include that the leg contains the tibia and fibula bones, and is divided into anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments by fascia. The main nerves of the leg include the saphenous, superficial peroneal, and lateral cutaneous nerves of the calf. The main artery is the anterior tibial artery. The foot has dorsal and plantar surfaces, and contains bones, muscles like the extensor digitorum brevis, vessels like the dorsalis pedis artery, and nerves.
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thoracic duct
The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body. It begins in the abdomen at the lower border of the T12 vertebrae and extends upwards through the posterior and superior mediastinum to the neck. At the C7 vertebral level, it arches laterally and drains into the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins. It drains lymph from the entire body below the diaphragm and left side of the body above the diaphragm, receiving tributaries from lymph nodes and vessels along its course. Injuries or obstructions to the thin-walled thoracic duct can lead to fluid accumulation in the thorax or abdomen.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. It weighs around 25 grams and is composed of two lateral lobes connected by a narrow isthmus. The gland is situated anterior to the larynx and trachea. It receives blood supply from the superior, inferior, and sometimes thyroid ima arteries, and drains into the superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins. Lymphatic drainage occurs into the prelaryngeal, pretracheal, paratracheal, deep cervical, and brachiocephalic lymph nodes. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism in the body.
Anatomy of thyroid gland
The document summarizes key anatomical details about the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands. It describes the location, blood supply, drainage, and normal sizes of these glands. It also provides an overview of thyroid physiology including hormone synthesis and regulation via the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. The metabolic effects of thyroid hormones are outlined as well.
Anatomy of Thyroid gland
Briefing upon the anatomy of thyroid gland for the use of all Ayurveda , Medical & indeed for any academic purposes.
The carotid triangle
The carotid triangle is a vascular area in the neck bounded by the omohyoid muscle, digastric muscle, and sternocleidomastoid muscle. It contains the common carotid artery and its branches, internal jugular vein, vagus and other cranial nerves. The common carotid artery divides at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage into the internal and external carotid arteries. The posterior belly of the digastric muscle crosses superficial to the internal jugular vein and carotid vessels in the triangle.
Thyroid gland anatomy
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The lobes extend from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage to the 6th tracheal ring and lie against the C5-T1 vertebrae. The thyroid gland contains follicular cells that secrete the hormones T3 and T4 and parafollicular C cells that secrete calcitonin. Blood supply comes from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and lymphatic drainage is to the deep cervical lymph nodes.
Anatomy (middle mediastinum)
The document summarizes the anatomy of the mediastinum. It defines the sternal angle as the joint between the manubrium and sternum. The mediastinum is divided into superior, middle, and posterior sections. The middle mediastinum contains the heart enclosed by the pericardium as well as the great vessels attached to it like the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The document lists the structures found in each section of the mediastinum.
7. anatomy of the leg and dorsum of the foot.
The document provides an anatomical overview of the leg and dorsum of the foot. It describes the bones, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves of the leg and foot. Key points include that the leg contains the tibia and fibula bones, and is divided into anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments by fascia. The main nerves of the leg include the saphenous, superficial peroneal, and lateral cutaneous nerves of the calf. The main artery is the anterior tibial artery. The foot has dorsal and plantar surfaces, and contains bones, muscles like the extensor digitorum brevis, vessels like the dorsalis pedis artery, and nerves.
Surgical anatomy of thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland located in the neck. It produces three important hormones. Historically, goiters were known since 2700 BC and the thyroid was depicted by Leonardo Da Vinci. Modern thyroid surgery began in the 19th century pioneered by Kocher and Billroth.
The thyroid anatomy includes two lobes connected by an isthmus. It has a true fibrous capsule and false fascial capsule. The recurrent laryngeal nerves pass close to the thyroid and must be identified during surgery to avoid injury. The parathyroid glands are usually found within 1 cm of the inferior thyroid arteries. Proper identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerves, parathyroid glands, and external
Thyroid final [part 1]
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid derives its blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The recurrent laryngeal nerve passes behind the branches of the inferior thyroid artery, putting it at risk during thyroid surgery. The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands located posterior to the thyroid that regulate calcium levels. During development, the thyroid begins as a diverticulum in the neck that descends to its final location.
1.front of the thigh
The lower limb can be divided into four main regions: the gluteal region, thigh, leg, and foot. The thigh specifically contains the femur bone and is divided into three fascial compartments by intermuscular septa. The major veins of the lower limb include the superficial great and small saphenous veins and deep femoral and popliteal veins. Lymph from the lower limb drains to either superficial or deep inguinal lymph nodes located in the femoral region.
02-diaphragm-master_Dr.Sanaa.ppt
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It has three openings - the aortic, esophageal, and caval openings. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the vertical space in the thoracic cavity and causing the lungs to expand and draw in air. During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome shape, decreasing the vertical space in the thoracic cavity and causing the lungs and chest wall to recoil, pushing air out of the lungs.
Carotid sheath
The carotid sheath is located in the neck from the base of the skull to the root of the neck. It contains the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and branches of the sympathetic trunk. The common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries around the level of the thyroid cartilage between vertebrae C3 and C4. The structures within the carotid sheath have important relationships that provide pathways for infection spread.
Surface marking
The document provides instructions for marking the locations of major arteries, nerves, and veins on the surface of the upper and lower limbs as well as the thorax. Key structures marked include the brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries in the arm; the femoral, profunda femoris, popliteal, and anterior tibial arteries in the leg; and the axillary, brachial, median, radial, and ulnar nerves in the arm. Major thoracic structures marked are the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta.
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Hello friends..you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you
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The neck is the region between the head and chest that contains important structures. It functions to transport the esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, and nerves between the head and chest. The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The anterior triangle contains structures like the thyroid gland, carotid arteries, and jugular veins. It is further divided into the digastric, carotid, and submental triangles which contain additional nerves, muscles and vessels.
Deep cervical fascia (fascia colli)
The document discusses the deep cervical fascia of the neck, which forms a collar around the neck. It has several layers and modifications, including the investing layer, pretracheal layer, prevertebral layer, carotid sheath, buccopharyngeal fascia, temporal fascia, and pharyngobasilar fascia. Each layer has specific attachments, contents, and clinical relevance. For example, the pretracheal fascia attaches the thyroid gland and allows its movement during swallowing, while the prevertebral fascia can allow spread of infection from the neck to the axilla.
Thoracic duct
The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from most of the body into the venous system in the neck. It begins in the abdomen and ascends through the thorax and neck before terminating at the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins. It receives tributaries along its course that drain lymph from various regions. Damage to the thoracic duct can cause leakage of chyle into body cavities.
THORAX OS powerpoint
The document summarizes the anatomy of the thorax. It contains:
- The thorax is bounded superiorly by the root of the neck and inferiorly by the diaphragm. It contains the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
- The mediastinum is the thick soft tissue partition that separates the two pleural cavities and contains the heart and other structures.
- The lungs are enclosed in pleural cavities and separated from each other by the mediastinum.
PAROTID GLAND
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands.
mediastinum
The document discusses the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum contains structures such as the thymus gland, great vessels like the superior vena cava and aorta, and nerves like the vagus nerve. The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus gland in children and structures related to the heart. The middle mediastinum contains the heart enclosed in the pericardium. The posterior mediastinum contains the esophagus and descending aorta along with nerves and lymph nodes. Mediastinitis is an infection of the mediastinum which can
Infra temporal fossa
The infratemporal fossa is located below the temporal fossa. It is bounded by the ramus of the mandible laterally, the maxilla anteriorly, and the lateral pterygoid plate medially. The infratemporal fossa contains the mandibular nerve, maxillary artery, pterygoid venous plexus, and the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. The maxillary artery passes through the infratemporal fossa and gives off several branches including the middle meningeal artery, accessory meningeal artery, inferior alveolar artery, and infraorbital artery. It communicates with surrounding areas through gaps in bones and openings in the skull.
Thoracic inlet & outlet
This document outlines learning objectives for understanding the thoracic cage and diaphragm. The key points are:
- Describe the boundaries of the thoracic cage, openings of the thorax, and components of the diaphragm including its origin, direction of fibers, blood supply and nerve supply.
- List the structures that pass through openings in the thorax and diaphragm.
- Explain the functions of the diaphragm in respiration and other acts.
- Enumerate conditions related to damage of the phrenic nerve including diaphragmatic paralysis and hernias.
The Lungs (Anatomy of the Thorax)
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the lungs and pleura. It details the structures of the lungs including the lobes and surfaces. It describes the pleura including its parts and recesses. It discusses applied topics like pneumothorax and proper sites for kidney operations. It also covers the movements of respiration and types that occur at different stages of life.
Thorax anatomy
The document provides information on the structure and components of the thorax. It discusses the bones that make up the thoracic cage including the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae. It describes the joints that connect these bones, including costovertebral, costotransverse, and sternocostal joints. The document also outlines the landmarks of the thorax, the shape of the thoracic cavity, and the openings at the superior and inferior aspects.
Superior mediastinum
The superior mediastinum is the uppermost division of the mediastinum. It is located posterior to the sternum and anterior to the bodies of the first four thoracic vertebrae. Key structures in the superior mediastinum include the thymus gland, brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, arch of aorta and its branches, trachea, esophagus, phrenic nerves, vagus nerves, recurrent laryngeal nerve, thoracic duct, and other smaller structures. The mediastinum is further divided into the superior, inferior anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum.
Thyroid gland
This document summarizes the anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. It describes the location, shape, and extent of the thyroid gland. The thyroid has two lobes connected by an isthmus. Each lobe has an apex, base, and surfaces. The document outlines the relationships of the lobes, isthmus, and surfaces to surrounding structures. It also details the blood supply, venous drainage, and lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland. The location and anatomy of the parathyroid glands are summarized as well.
Development of Thyroid Gland (Special Embryology)
The thyroid gland develops from endodermal cells in the floor of the pharynx. It begins as a diverticulum on the dorsum of the tongue, which elongates to form the thyroglossal duct. The duct extends downward in front of the hyoid and thyroid cartilage, where it divides into two parts that form the thyroid lobes. The ultimobranchial body contributes parafollicular cells to the thyroid gland. The thyroglossal duct degenerates from the foramen cecum on the tongue down to the hyoid bone. Persistence of parts of the duct can lead to congenital anomalies like lingual thyroid or thyroglossal cysts.
anatomyphysiologyofthyroidgland-190310153340.pptx
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck. It produces thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) through a process involving iodine uptake, oxidation, and coupling reactions within thyroid follicles. The hormones are stored bound to thyroglobulin and later released into circulation, where they regulate metabolism through negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The thyroid is supplied by superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drained by superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins.
Anatomy & physiology of thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. During development it arises from an endodermal diverticulum. The thyroid traps iodine from the blood and uses it along with the amino acid tyrosine to produce the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) via a series of coupling reactions within the thyroid follicles. T4 makes up 90% of secretion but T3 is the active hormone. Thyroid hormone production is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland.
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Surgical anatomy of thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland located in the neck. It produces three important hormones. Historically, goiters were known since 2700 BC and the thyroid was depicted by Leonardo Da Vinci. Modern thyroid surgery began in the 19th century pioneered by Kocher and Billroth.
The thyroid anatomy includes two lobes connected by an isthmus. It has a true fibrous capsule and false fascial capsule. The recurrent laryngeal nerves pass close to the thyroid and must be identified during surgery to avoid injury. The parathyroid glands are usually found within 1 cm of the inferior thyroid arteries. Proper identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerves, parathyroid glands, and external
Thyroid final [part 1]
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid derives its blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The recurrent laryngeal nerve passes behind the branches of the inferior thyroid artery, putting it at risk during thyroid surgery. The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands located posterior to the thyroid that regulate calcium levels. During development, the thyroid begins as a diverticulum in the neck that descends to its final location.
1.front of the thigh
The lower limb can be divided into four main regions: the gluteal region, thigh, leg, and foot. The thigh specifically contains the femur bone and is divided into three fascial compartments by intermuscular septa. The major veins of the lower limb include the superficial great and small saphenous veins and deep femoral and popliteal veins. Lymph from the lower limb drains to either superficial or deep inguinal lymph nodes located in the femoral region.
02-diaphragm-master_Dr.Sanaa.ppt
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It has three openings - the aortic, esophageal, and caval openings. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the vertical space in the thoracic cavity and causing the lungs to expand and draw in air. During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome shape, decreasing the vertical space in the thoracic cavity and causing the lungs and chest wall to recoil, pushing air out of the lungs.
Carotid sheath
The carotid sheath is located in the neck from the base of the skull to the root of the neck. It contains the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and branches of the sympathetic trunk. The common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries around the level of the thyroid cartilage between vertebrae C3 and C4. The structures within the carotid sheath have important relationships that provide pathways for infection spread.
Surface marking
The document provides instructions for marking the locations of major arteries, nerves, and veins on the surface of the upper and lower limbs as well as the thorax. Key structures marked include the brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries in the arm; the femoral, profunda femoris, popliteal, and anterior tibial arteries in the leg; and the axillary, brachial, median, radial, and ulnar nerves in the arm. Major thoracic structures marked are the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta.
Fibula
Hello friends..you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you
Neck muscles and triangles
The neck is the region between the head and chest that contains important structures. It functions to transport the esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, and nerves between the head and chest. The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The anterior triangle contains structures like the thyroid gland, carotid arteries, and jugular veins. It is further divided into the digastric, carotid, and submental triangles which contain additional nerves, muscles and vessels.
Deep cervical fascia (fascia colli)
The document discusses the deep cervical fascia of the neck, which forms a collar around the neck. It has several layers and modifications, including the investing layer, pretracheal layer, prevertebral layer, carotid sheath, buccopharyngeal fascia, temporal fascia, and pharyngobasilar fascia. Each layer has specific attachments, contents, and clinical relevance. For example, the pretracheal fascia attaches the thyroid gland and allows its movement during swallowing, while the prevertebral fascia can allow spread of infection from the neck to the axilla.
Thoracic duct
The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from most of the body into the venous system in the neck. It begins in the abdomen and ascends through the thorax and neck before terminating at the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins. It receives tributaries along its course that drain lymph from various regions. Damage to the thoracic duct can cause leakage of chyle into body cavities.
THORAX OS powerpoint
The document summarizes the anatomy of the thorax. It contains:
- The thorax is bounded superiorly by the root of the neck and inferiorly by the diaphragm. It contains the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
- The mediastinum is the thick soft tissue partition that separates the two pleural cavities and contains the heart and other structures.
- The lungs are enclosed in pleural cavities and separated from each other by the mediastinum.
PAROTID GLAND
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands.
mediastinum
The document discusses the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum contains structures such as the thymus gland, great vessels like the superior vena cava and aorta, and nerves like the vagus nerve. The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus gland in children and structures related to the heart. The middle mediastinum contains the heart enclosed in the pericardium. The posterior mediastinum contains the esophagus and descending aorta along with nerves and lymph nodes. Mediastinitis is an infection of the mediastinum which can
Infra temporal fossa
The infratemporal fossa is located below the temporal fossa. It is bounded by the ramus of the mandible laterally, the maxilla anteriorly, and the lateral pterygoid plate medially. The infratemporal fossa contains the mandibular nerve, maxillary artery, pterygoid venous plexus, and the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. The maxillary artery passes through the infratemporal fossa and gives off several branches including the middle meningeal artery, accessory meningeal artery, inferior alveolar artery, and infraorbital artery. It communicates with surrounding areas through gaps in bones and openings in the skull.
Thoracic inlet & outlet
This document outlines learning objectives for understanding the thoracic cage and diaphragm. The key points are:
- Describe the boundaries of the thoracic cage, openings of the thorax, and components of the diaphragm including its origin, direction of fibers, blood supply and nerve supply.
- List the structures that pass through openings in the thorax and diaphragm.
- Explain the functions of the diaphragm in respiration and other acts.
- Enumerate conditions related to damage of the phrenic nerve including diaphragmatic paralysis and hernias.
The Lungs (Anatomy of the Thorax)
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the lungs and pleura. It details the structures of the lungs including the lobes and surfaces. It describes the pleura including its parts and recesses. It discusses applied topics like pneumothorax and proper sites for kidney operations. It also covers the movements of respiration and types that occur at different stages of life.
Thorax anatomy
The document provides information on the structure and components of the thorax. It discusses the bones that make up the thoracic cage including the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae. It describes the joints that connect these bones, including costovertebral, costotransverse, and sternocostal joints. The document also outlines the landmarks of the thorax, the shape of the thoracic cavity, and the openings at the superior and inferior aspects.
Superior mediastinum
The superior mediastinum is the uppermost division of the mediastinum. It is located posterior to the sternum and anterior to the bodies of the first four thoracic vertebrae. Key structures in the superior mediastinum include the thymus gland, brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, arch of aorta and its branches, trachea, esophagus, phrenic nerves, vagus nerves, recurrent laryngeal nerve, thoracic duct, and other smaller structures. The mediastinum is further divided into the superior, inferior anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum.
Thyroid gland
This document summarizes the anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. It describes the location, shape, and extent of the thyroid gland. The thyroid has two lobes connected by an isthmus. Each lobe has an apex, base, and surfaces. The document outlines the relationships of the lobes, isthmus, and surfaces to surrounding structures. It also details the blood supply, venous drainage, and lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland. The location and anatomy of the parathyroid glands are summarized as well.
Development of Thyroid Gland (Special Embryology)
The thyroid gland develops from endodermal cells in the floor of the pharynx. It begins as a diverticulum on the dorsum of the tongue, which elongates to form the thyroglossal duct. The duct extends downward in front of the hyoid and thyroid cartilage, where it divides into two parts that form the thyroid lobes. The ultimobranchial body contributes parafollicular cells to the thyroid gland. The thyroglossal duct degenerates from the foramen cecum on the tongue down to the hyoid bone. Persistence of parts of the duct can lead to congenital anomalies like lingual thyroid or thyroglossal cysts.
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anatomyphysiologyofthyroidgland-190310153340.pptx
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck. It produces thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) through a process involving iodine uptake, oxidation, and coupling reactions within thyroid follicles. The hormones are stored bound to thyroglobulin and later released into circulation, where they regulate metabolism through negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The thyroid is supplied by superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drained by superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins.
Anatomy & physiology of thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. During development it arises from an endodermal diverticulum. The thyroid traps iodine from the blood and uses it along with the amino acid tyrosine to produce the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) via a series of coupling reactions within the thyroid follicles. T4 makes up 90% of secretion but T3 is the active hormone. Thyroid hormone production is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland.
Clinical anatomy of Thyroid gland
- The thyroid gland develops from an endodermal diverticulum in the floor of the pharynx that migrates to its final position in the neck.
- It is located in the anterior neck, below the larynx and trachea, and consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus.
- The thyroid gland is highly vascular and receives its blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. Its veins drain into the internal jugular and brachiocephalic veins.
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Cartilaginous Framework and Ligaments:
The larynx consists of several cartilages, both unpaired and paired:
Unpaired Cartilages:
Thyroid Cartilage: The largest laryngeal cartilage, it forms the anterior and lateral portions of the larynx. The prominent anterior projection is commonly known as the “Adam’s apple.”
Cricoid Cartilage: Located below the thyroid cartilage, it forms a complete ring.
Epiglottis: A leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food aspiration.
Paired Cartilages:
Arytenoid Cartilages: These play a crucial role in vocal fold movement.
Corniculate Cartilages: Sit atop the arytenoids.
Cuneiform Cartilages: Found within the aryepiglottic folds.
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Thyroid
- 1. THYROID Dr. SANA YASEEN ANATOMY DEPARTMENT
- 2. • Endocrine gland • Endodermal in origin • Location: front of lower part of larynx and upper part of trachea (anterior to the junction of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages ). • Weigh: 25gm
- 4. Extension
- 6. Parts • Composed of – 2 lobes joined together by isthmus. • In some people, the gland has an additional lobe, called the pyramidal lobe, that ascends from the left side of the isthmus. • The pyramidal lobe is an embryological remnant of the path of descent of the thyroid primordium from its origin in the forming tongue by way of the thyroglossal duct. – 2 capsules (true and false) • Each lobes are composed of : – 3surfaces – 2borders – Apex – Base
- 7. TRUE CAPSULE: is peripheral condensation of connective tissue surrounding gland. Throwing into septa and lobules. FALSE CAPSULE: derived from pretracheal layer of deep fascia. • Moves during deglutition and speech. • It is thick on inner surface of gland where it forms suspensory ligament of berry, connects lobe of thyroid to cricoid cartilage.
- 11. SURFACES Lateral: Is lateral and forward Covered by: skin, fascia, sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternocleidomastoid muscle Medial: Lies over thyroid & cricoid cartilage, trachea and esophagus. Inferior constrictor of pharynx, recurrent laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve. Posterior: • Carotid sheath and its contents
- 13. BORDERS Anterior: between lateral and medial surface. Relation: branch of superior thyroid artery. Posterior: between posterior and medial surface Relation: inferior thyroid artery Parathyroid gland Thoracic duct
- 14. • APEX: upper end extends up to oblique line of thyroid cartilage • Base: lower end extends up to 5-6 tracheal ring or T1 vertebrae.
- 16. ISTHMUS • lies in front of 2-4 tracheal ring • Anteriorly related to: skin, fascia, sternohyoid, sternothyroid muscles. • Upper border: finger like projection (pyramidal lobe) attach to hyoid bone by levator of thyroid gland
- 18. ARTERIAL SUPPLY • Superior thyroid artery: branch of ECA- upper border of gland and isthmus • Inferior thyroid artery: branch of thyrocervical trunk- lower pole of gland
- 20. VENOUS DRAINAGE • Superior thyroid vein- IJV • Middle thyroid vein – IJV • Inferior thyroid vein- L-brachiocephalic vein
- 22. FUNCTIONS OF THYROID GLAND • Brain maturation • Bone growth • Beta adrenergic effects • Increase rate of Basal metabolism • Another hormone, calcitonin, aids in decreasing blood calcium levels and facilitates the storage of calcium in bones
- 23. • GOITER: is increase in the size of thyroid gland. • Hyperthyroidism: • Hypothyroidism:
- 27. THYROIDECTOMY