This presentation talks about vaults in detail

DOME AND VAULTS
Presented by
Ar. Santosh
Asst. Professor, GITAM School of Architecture

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Definition : A dome is a element of architecture that
resembles the hollow upper half of the sphere.
 Dome is rounded vault made of either curved segments or
a shell of revolution , meaning an arch rotated around its
central axis.
 A masonary dome produces an thrust downward and
outward so domes can be divided into 2 kinds: simple and
compound , depending on the use.
 A dome can be supported by columns or piers that
transition to the dome through squinches or pendentives.
UNIT III : VAULTS AND DOMES
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Early and indigenous domes
 the early domes were likely to be made from saplings, reeds timbers
and covered with thatch tuff or skins.
 Materials may have transmitted to ramed earth , mud bricks or more
durable adobes as result of local conditions.
 Roman and byzantine domes
 They are customarily hemispherical in shape on general and monumental
dome in particular.
 The dome of pantheon is the most important dome of roman period
Largest roman concrete dome.
 Morden period domes
 Morden period domes were made from many durable materials and in
many new styles and forms.
 New production techniques allowed iron, wood and many different
materials to use in dome construction..
 Unique glass domes springing straight from ground level were used for
green house.
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Elements of dome
 Coffer
 Cupola
 Lantern
 Oculus
 Pendentive
 Rotunda
 Squinch
 Tholobate
 Whispering gallery
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
A Coffer
A coffer in architecture is a series of sunken panels.
PENTEON

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Cupola
 A cupola is a small, most often dome like structure on top
of building. It usually crowns a larger dome.
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Lantern
 A lantern is a day lighting cupola architectural element
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Rotunda
 The rotunda is any building with a circular ground plan
and covered by a dome
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Squinch
 A squinch in architecture is a construction filling in the
upper angles of a square room so as to form a base to
receive a dome
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Tholobate
 A tholodate or drum is the upright part of building on
which dome is raised
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Pendentive
 A Pendentive is constructive device which allows the
placement of the circular dome over the square room or
elliptical over the rectangular room.
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Whispering gallery
 A whispering gallery is a circular, hemispherical,
enclosure, often beneath a dome in which whispers can be
heard clearly in other parts other gallery
GOL GUMBAJ
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 TYPES OF DOME
• Geodesic dome
• Beehive dome
• onion dome
• oval dome
• hemispherical dome
• Cross arch dome
• Bulbous dome
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
A. Geodesic dome is a sphere or say partial spherical structure
based on a network of great circles on the surface of a
sphere.
B. The triangular elements formed by network makes it rigid
and also helps in distributing stress of the structure.
C. Its main part is the joints that completes the whole sphere.
D. Geo means earth and desic means divided
Geodesic Dome
Spaceship Earth At Epcot Walt
Disney World
A Geodesic Sphere
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 The Panelized Technique Allows The Builder To Attach The
Plywood Skin To The Triangles While Safely Working On The
Ground Or In A Comfortable Shop Out Of The Weather. This
Method Does Not Require Expensive Steel Hubs….
 Holes Are Drilled Through The Members At Precise Locations
And Steel Bolts Then Connect The Triangles To Form The Dome.
These Members Are Often 2x4's Or 2x6's, Which Allow For
More Insulation To Fit Within The Triangle
PANELIZED DOMES
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Generally For Such Domes They Start With A Steel Framework
Dome, Wrapped With Chicken Wire And Wire Screen For
Reinforcement. The Chicken Wire And Screen Is Tied To The
Framework With Wire Ties.
 A Coat Of Material Is Then Sprayed Or Molded Onto The Frame.
Tests Should Be Performed With Small Squares To Achieve The
Correct Consistency Of Concrete Or Plastic.
 Generally, Several Coats Are Necessary On The Inside And
Outside. The Last Step Is To Saturate Concrete Or Polyester
Domes With A Thin Layer Of Epoxy Compound To Shed Water
CONCRETE AND FOAM PLASTIC DOMES
Concrete
Dome
Plastic Dome
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
HEMISPHERICAL DOME
The hemispherical dome is half of a sphere

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
EXAMPLES
cathedral at valencia,spain
gol gumbaz,karnataka
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
MATERIALS AND
MASONARY DETAILS
bricks
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
BAMBOO
temporary bamboo dome for india pavilion at
2010 shanghai expo .
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS PREFABRICATED SHEETS
permanent structures from prefabricated sheets
for fast construction on site
Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 It is a dome having the form of a segment of a sphere, with the
center well below the springing line; a shallow dome.
 A dome that is very shallow; its radius of curvature of the dome
is very large compared with its rise.
 They exist entirely in compression so that it can be built much
thinnoer than other dome shapes without becoming unstable.
 The trade-off between the proportionately increased
horizontal thrust at their abutments and their decreased weight
and quantity of materials may make them more economical.
 They are more vulnerable to damage from movement in their
supports.
SAUCER DOME
UNIT III : VAULTS AND DOMES Presented by
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Also called
gadrooned,fluted,organ-
piped,pumpkin,melon,
ribbed,parachute, scalloped,or
lobed domes.
 these are a type of dome divided
at the base into curved segments,
which follow the curve of the
elevation.
 The "ribs" of a dome are the
radial lines of masonry that
extend from the crown down to
the springing.
UMBRELLA DOME
st.peter's basilica,rome
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 A parabolic dome is a unique
structure in which bending stress
due to the uniformly distributed
load of its dead load is zero.
 Hence it was widely used in
buildings in ancient times,before
the advent of composite
structure.
 However if a point load is
applied on the apex of a
parabolic dome,the bending
stress becomes infinite.
 Hence it is found in most ancient
structures,the apex of the dome
is stiffened or the shape
modified to avoid the infinite
stress.
PARABOLIC DOME
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
SAIL DOME
This type can be throught of as pendentives That,Rather than
Merely Touching each other to farm a circular base for a
drum or compound Dome,Smoothy continue Their Curvature to
farm the dome itself.The Dome gives the impression of a
square sail pinned down at each corner and billowing
upward.

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINITION:
A vault is a ceiling of brick ,
concrete , Stone , timber , etc
built in principle of arch.
VAULT
lisbon cathedral
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
• In ancient Egypt brick vaulting was used ,chiefly for drains . The Chaldeans and
Assyrians used vaults for the same purpose but seem also to have made
architectural use of high domes and barrel vaults.
• The Greeks made no use of vaults.
• Then Rome adopted this technique by using concrete as a construction material
so that no outer or external thrust or buttresses need to be given. Thus vaults
could be easily erected over vast spaces ,producing impressive and complex
thermo , amphitheatres , and basilicas .
• The tunnel vault spans between two walls ,like a continuous arch. The cross , or
groined , vault is formed by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults ,
producing a surface that has arched openings for its four sides and concentration
of load at the four corner points of the square or rectangle .
• the semicircular arch was universally employed in Romanesque vaulting
throughout Europe , and the roman cross vault was the type used for covering
square or rectangular compartments.
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 TYPES 0F VAULTS
• Barrel vault
• Pitched brick barrel vault
• Groin vault
• Rib vault
• Fan vault
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
• Formed by an extension of
arch as an unbroken series
passed together one behind
another.
 Characteristics
• It is known as wagon or tunnel
vault.
• Circular in shape and semi
cylindrical in appearance.
• Series of arches placed side
by side is known as barrel roof.
• It is the simplest form of vault.
• It is best for roofing purpose.
• Length is greater than a
diameter
BARREL VAULT
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Short span barrel vaults
 Short span barrel vaults are
those in which span is shorter than
its width . It is used for the width
of the arch ribs between which
the barrel vault span.
 Long span barrel vault
 Long span barrel vaults are
those in which span is larger then
its width.
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 JOINERY AND DETAILS
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 STRENGTH
• The thrust generated against wall
which is its failure.
• Solution :
1. Walls should be thick(approx. 4m)
and strong.
 2. Two or more vaults should be
kept parallel to each other.
3. Intersection of two vaults sholud be
done at right angle which is known
as groin vault.
• Butressing should be done.
• Uses:
church,cloisters,cellars,crypts,hallways
,caponier,etc.
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 EXAMPLES
Roman barrel vault Mausoleum, Recoleta cemetery
Argentina
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 MATERIALS
• Bricks , stone , timber ,
wood are use generally.
• In stone barrel vault due to
the problem of
fenestration , they provide a
small window which
restricts the more light and
hence for this cloister is
used.
the cloisters, new york city
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 PITCHED BRICK BARREL VAULT
• Bricks are installed vertically ( not radially ) and are
leaning at an angle.
• Its construction doesn’t reaquire centering
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 GROIN VAULT
 Definition
 A Groin vault (also known as a double barrel vault) is produced by the
intersection at right angles of two barrel vault.
 Characteristics
 The word “groin” refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults.
 Sometime the arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round.
 In comparison with a barrel vault, a groin vault provides good economies of
material and labour.
 The groin vault required great skills in cutting stone to from a neat arris.
 Difficult to construct neatly because of the geometry of cross groins.
 The construction of groin vault can be understood most simply by
visualizing two barrel vault section at right angles merging to form a
squarish unit.
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
Santa maria maggiore at
guardiagrele
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 CROSS ARCH
A cross vault or groined vault
(also sometimes known as a
double barrel vault or groin vault)
is produced by the intersection at
right angles of two barrel vaults.
The word "groin" refers to the
edge between the intersecting
vaults.
so the vault need only be abutted
at its four corners.
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 STRUCTURE
 The construction method was
particularly common on the
basement level, such as at
Myres Castle in Scotland, or
at the ground floor level for
the storerooms as at Muchalls
Castle in Scotland.
 accomplish the multiple goals
of minimum materials use,
wide span of construction,
ability to achieve lateral
illumination, and avoidance
of lateral stresses.
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 FAN VAULT
A fan vault is a form of vault in which the ribs are all of the same
curve and spaced equidistantly, in a manner resembling a fan
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 RIB VAULT
 Definition
 The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or ribbed vault .
 Characteristics
 when they are edged with an armature of piped masonry often carved in
decorative patterns compare groin vault an older from of vault construction.
 While the mechanics of the weight of a groin vault and its transmission
outwards to the supporting pillars remained as it had been the new use of
rib vaults demonstrates the skill of the masons and the grandeu of the new
ideas circulating at the introduction of gothic architecture in the end of the
eleventh century.
 This technique was new in the leta eleventh century for example in the roof
of the lchoir side aisles at Durham cathedral.
 Ancestors of the gothic rib vault in the Romanesque vault can be found at
caen and durham both sites of early gothic constructions and elsewhere.
 Some ribbed vaults even have six section in each bay.
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 TYPES OF RIB VAULT
 Rib vaults is reinforced by masonry ribs.
 There are two types of rib vault.
- Quadripartite rib vault
-Sexpartite rib vault
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 TYPES OF RIB VAULTS
The vault has two masonry ribs dividing into four
sections is called Quadripartite vault
Ar. Santosh

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS OF
DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
Lierne vault of the nave of chester cathedral
Ar. Santosh

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