SAMMS is an award-winning technology that can be tailored for applications in remediation, water treatment, catalysis, sensors and controlled release. SAMMS materials are created by attaching self-assembled monolayers to mesoporous ceramic supports, producing a material with fast kinetics, high loading capacity and selectivity. SAMMS has been developed specifically for removing mercury and other heavy metals from liquid media, demonstrating high adsorption, fast sorption kinetics and the ability to bind various forms of mercury and selectively remove other metals while not binding alkali and alkaline earth metals. The technology is being developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Steward Environmental Solutions.
Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution using cobalt silicate precipitation ...IJSIT Editor
This document discusses the removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions using cobalt silicate precipitation tubes (CoSPT) as an adsorbent. CoSPT was synthesized through a "silica garden" process and found to be an effective adsorbent for cadmium. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to determine the effect of contact time, adsorbent dose, initial cadmium concentration, temperature, and pH. Experimental data fit the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models well. Kinetic studies showed that the pseudo-second order model provided the best fit. The maximum adsorption capacity of CoSPT for cadmium was estimated to be 319 mg/g based on
Kinetics of Substituted Bis- and Mono-azo Dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors for Al...Al Baha University
This investigation is designed to apply an advanced kinetic^thermodynamic model on the data obtained from acidic and alkaline corrosion of aluminium using bis- and mono-azo dyes as corrosion inhibitors.
The document summarizes research on copper-ceria catalysts for preferential CO oxidation (CO-PROX) in hydrogen-rich streams. Characterization of catalysts with 1 wt% copper oxide on pure ceria, Ce-Zr, and Ce-Tb mixed oxide supports found that copper exists as Cu2+ and is highly dispersed. While mixed oxide supports can enhance redox properties, the pure ceria support optimized both CO conversion and CO2 selectivity. Temperature-programmed reduction showed finely dispersed copper oxide on mixed oxide supports had lower reduction temperatures than on pure ceria, suggesting enhanced reducibility. This implies copper oxide-ceria interactions promote redox properties relevant to the CO-PROX mechanism.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The study of intermolecular interactions at interfaces is essential for a number of applications, in addition
to the understanding of mechanisms involved in sensing and biosensing with liquid samples. There are,
however, only a few methods to probe such interfacial phenomena, one of which is the atomic force
spectroscopy (AFS) where the force between an atomic force microscope tip and the sample surface is
measured. In this study, we used AFS to estimate adhesion forces for a nanostructured film of poly(oethoxyaniline)
(POEA) doped with various acids, in measurements performed in air. The adhesion force
was lower for POEA doped with inorganic acids, such as HCl and H2SO4, than with organic acids, because
the counterions were screened by the ethoxy groups. Significantly, the morphology of POEA both in the
film and in solution depends on the doping acid. Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) we observed
that POEA dissolved in amixture of dimethyl acetamide exhibits a more extended coil-like conformation,
with smaller radius of gyration, than for POEA in water, as in the latter POEA solubility is lower. In AFS
measurements in a liquid cell, the force curves for a POEA layer displayed an attractive region for pH 5
due to van der Waals interactions, with no contribution from a double-layer since POEA was dedoped. In
contrast, for pH 3, POEA was doped and the repulsive double-layer force dominated. With AFS one is
therefore able to correlate molecular-level interactions with doping and morphology of semiconducting
polymers.
Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, MarsSérgio Sacani
Establishing the presence and state of organic matter, including its possible biosignatures,
in martian materials has been an elusive quest, despite limited reports of the existence
of organic matter on Mars. We report the in situ detection of organic matter preserved in
lacustrine mudstones at the base of the ~3.5-billion-year-old Murray formation at Pahrump
Hills, Gale crater, by the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite onboard the Curiosity
rover. Diverse pyrolysis products, including thiophenic, aromatic, and aliphatic compounds
released at high temperatures (500° to 820°C), were directly detected by evolved gas
analysis. Thiophenes were also observed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Their
presence suggests that sulfurization aided organic matter preservation.
At least 50 nanomoles of organic carbon persists, probably as macromolecules containing
5% carbon as organic sulfur molecules.
This study investigates the corrosion inhibition of iron by six mono-azo dye derivatives (MAD_1-6) in 2M HNO3 and 2M NaOH solutions using experimental and computational methods. Gravimetric, thermometric, UV-Vis spectrophotometric, and electrochemical polarization techniques were used to determine inhibition efficiencies experimentally. Density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to calculate quantum chemical parameters and binding energies on the Fe(110) surface. Theoretical data agreed well with experimental inhibition efficiencies, with MAD_1 and MAD_6 showing the best inhibition in acidic and alkaline solutions, respectively.
This document summarizes the preparation and characterization of carbon fiber-grafted poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (CF-PGMA) functionalized with the chelating ligand cyclam (CF-PGMA-Cy) for uptake of copper ions. The fibers were prepared in four steps: (1) electrografting of an aryl diazonium salt initiator onto carbon fibers, (2) surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate, (3) functionalization of PGMA grafts with cyclam, and (4) characterization of copper ion uptake. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements showed successful functionalization after each step. Copper uptake
Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution using cobalt silicate precipitation ...IJSIT Editor
This document discusses the removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions using cobalt silicate precipitation tubes (CoSPT) as an adsorbent. CoSPT was synthesized through a "silica garden" process and found to be an effective adsorbent for cadmium. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to determine the effect of contact time, adsorbent dose, initial cadmium concentration, temperature, and pH. Experimental data fit the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models well. Kinetic studies showed that the pseudo-second order model provided the best fit. The maximum adsorption capacity of CoSPT for cadmium was estimated to be 319 mg/g based on
Kinetics of Substituted Bis- and Mono-azo Dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors for Al...Al Baha University
This investigation is designed to apply an advanced kinetic^thermodynamic model on the data obtained from acidic and alkaline corrosion of aluminium using bis- and mono-azo dyes as corrosion inhibitors.
The document summarizes research on copper-ceria catalysts for preferential CO oxidation (CO-PROX) in hydrogen-rich streams. Characterization of catalysts with 1 wt% copper oxide on pure ceria, Ce-Zr, and Ce-Tb mixed oxide supports found that copper exists as Cu2+ and is highly dispersed. While mixed oxide supports can enhance redox properties, the pure ceria support optimized both CO conversion and CO2 selectivity. Temperature-programmed reduction showed finely dispersed copper oxide on mixed oxide supports had lower reduction temperatures than on pure ceria, suggesting enhanced reducibility. This implies copper oxide-ceria interactions promote redox properties relevant to the CO-PROX mechanism.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The study of intermolecular interactions at interfaces is essential for a number of applications, in addition
to the understanding of mechanisms involved in sensing and biosensing with liquid samples. There are,
however, only a few methods to probe such interfacial phenomena, one of which is the atomic force
spectroscopy (AFS) where the force between an atomic force microscope tip and the sample surface is
measured. In this study, we used AFS to estimate adhesion forces for a nanostructured film of poly(oethoxyaniline)
(POEA) doped with various acids, in measurements performed in air. The adhesion force
was lower for POEA doped with inorganic acids, such as HCl and H2SO4, than with organic acids, because
the counterions were screened by the ethoxy groups. Significantly, the morphology of POEA both in the
film and in solution depends on the doping acid. Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) we observed
that POEA dissolved in amixture of dimethyl acetamide exhibits a more extended coil-like conformation,
with smaller radius of gyration, than for POEA in water, as in the latter POEA solubility is lower. In AFS
measurements in a liquid cell, the force curves for a POEA layer displayed an attractive region for pH 5
due to van der Waals interactions, with no contribution from a double-layer since POEA was dedoped. In
contrast, for pH 3, POEA was doped and the repulsive double-layer force dominated. With AFS one is
therefore able to correlate molecular-level interactions with doping and morphology of semiconducting
polymers.
Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, MarsSérgio Sacani
Establishing the presence and state of organic matter, including its possible biosignatures,
in martian materials has been an elusive quest, despite limited reports of the existence
of organic matter on Mars. We report the in situ detection of organic matter preserved in
lacustrine mudstones at the base of the ~3.5-billion-year-old Murray formation at Pahrump
Hills, Gale crater, by the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite onboard the Curiosity
rover. Diverse pyrolysis products, including thiophenic, aromatic, and aliphatic compounds
released at high temperatures (500° to 820°C), were directly detected by evolved gas
analysis. Thiophenes were also observed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Their
presence suggests that sulfurization aided organic matter preservation.
At least 50 nanomoles of organic carbon persists, probably as macromolecules containing
5% carbon as organic sulfur molecules.
This study investigates the corrosion inhibition of iron by six mono-azo dye derivatives (MAD_1-6) in 2M HNO3 and 2M NaOH solutions using experimental and computational methods. Gravimetric, thermometric, UV-Vis spectrophotometric, and electrochemical polarization techniques were used to determine inhibition efficiencies experimentally. Density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to calculate quantum chemical parameters and binding energies on the Fe(110) surface. Theoretical data agreed well with experimental inhibition efficiencies, with MAD_1 and MAD_6 showing the best inhibition in acidic and alkaline solutions, respectively.
This document summarizes the preparation and characterization of carbon fiber-grafted poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (CF-PGMA) functionalized with the chelating ligand cyclam (CF-PGMA-Cy) for uptake of copper ions. The fibers were prepared in four steps: (1) electrografting of an aryl diazonium salt initiator onto carbon fibers, (2) surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate, (3) functionalization of PGMA grafts with cyclam, and (4) characterization of copper ion uptake. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements showed successful functionalization after each step. Copper uptake
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document reports on a study of chromium-catalyzed ethylene oligomerization using bis(benzimidazolemethyl)amine (BIMA) ligands. It finds that N-alkyl-substituted BIMA ligands produce extremely high catalyst activities (>100,000 g mmol-1 h-1 bar-1) and yield alternating distributions of linear α-olefins. The alternating distributions can be explained by a metallacyclic mechanism in which both single and double ethylene insertions into the metallacycle are possible.
This document summarizes research that evaluated the composition and performance of different fly ashes in cementitious systems. Seven fly ashes were extensively characterized through various techniques to determine their crystalline, amorphous, and bulk compositions. The ashes' reactivity and impact on cement paste properties like strength development were then evaluated. A clear link was found between ashes' glass structure, characterized by a "network ratio" parameter, and their reactivity - ashes with less stable glass structures were more reactive and improved early-age properties more. This research provides a basis for better understanding fly ash composition and using it more effectively as a cement replacement.
1) The study investigates how demineralizing coal cleats through sequential acid treatment (HCl then HF) affects the compressibility (Cf) of coal. 2) Treating a coal core sample with HCl followed by immersion in 3% then 15% HF solutions resulted in a less compressible core (Cf decreased from 0.020 to 0.006 bar-1) and higher sustained permeability to brine (increased from 0.10 to 0.40 mD). 3) Scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis identified the formation of neofluoride salts like K2SiF6 and CaF2 along cleat surfaces and fractures due to secondary mineralization following acid treatment. This altered
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate
and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS,
a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate
concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate,
which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the
medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher
oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A
suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
explain the kinetic orders.
This study investigated the use of coconut shell powder for removing copper (Cu(II)) from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments showed that coconut shell powder achieved high adsorption of Cu(II), removing over 90% from solutions. The adsorption capacity was influenced by pH and particle size. Adsorption isotherm models like Langmuir and Freundlich fitted the equilibrium data well. Kinetic models also described the adsorption process. Adsorption increased with pH from 42% at pH 5 to 96% at pH 9, with little change above pH 7. Functional groups on the coconut shell surface influenced metal uptake.
The document summarizes molecular dynamics simulations of hydrogen-dislocation interaction in iron nanocrystals. Key findings include:
1) Simulations of iron nano-pillars with and without hydrogen show hydrogen reduces the rate at which dislocations escape to free surfaces during deformation.
2) Models with hydrogen are able to retain a higher initial dislocation density compared to uncharged models, suggesting hydrogen acts as an obstacle to dislocation movement.
3) Statistical analysis confirms hydrogen has a significant effect on dislocation retention in the first stage of deformation.
Coordination modes of a new ligand derived from pyrazoline with cr(iii), mn(i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that synthesized and characterized coordination complexes of Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal ions with a new ligand derived from pyrazoline. The complexes were analyzed using various techniques including elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and electronic spectroscopy. The data indicated the ligand behaves as a neutral bidentate toward the metal ions. The biological activities of the ligand and its complexes were screened against bacteria and fungi, with some complexes showing higher antimicrobial activity than the free ligand.
Influence of the alkyl chain length of alkyltriazoles on the corrosion inhibi...Al Baha University
Abstract. Steel is an important material and has been widely used in today's industrial production. Using organic
corrosion inhibitors is an effective means to prevent steel from corrosion. Generally, the molecular structures of
inhibitors can have a major impact on their corrosion inhibition efficiency. In this work, the influence of alkyl chain
length of three alkyltriazoles on the corrosion inhibition of iron has been investigated by density functional based tight
binding (DFTB) approach. Several typical descriptors such as frontier molecular orbital, adsorption energy, density of
states have been discussed in detail. Our findings will contribute to the understanding of the inhibition mechanism and
the designing of novel corrosion inhibitors.
This document describes a sensor array that can detect small concentrations of humic substances and heavy metals like copper in water. The sensor uses nanostructured films of poly(o-ethoxyaniline) and sulfonated lignin deposited on gold electrodes. Interactions between these films and humic substances or copper ions were analyzed using spectroscopy and microscopy. The sensor array was able to distinguish samples containing varying concentrations of humic substances or copper based on measurements of the film capacitance. Both the polymer films and bare metal electrodes in the array contributed to its ability to detect trace amounts of target analytes in water samples.
Synthesis and characterization of some metal complexes of 2- Phenyl-3,4-dihyd...IOSRJAC
2-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid (L1) metal complexes with Mn2+ , Co2+, Ni2+ Cu2+ , and Zn2+ ions were studied and the structure of the complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic moment and thermal analysis measurements. Besides the characterization of complexes by physicochemical technique, Biological activities of the synthesized complexes were examined against some microbial strains for evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Structural and magnetic characterization of rhombohedral Ga1.2Fe0.8O3 ceramic...Nan Wang
This document summarizes the structural and magnetic characterization of rhombohedral Ga1.2Fe0.8O3 ceramics prepared using high-pressure synthesis. Specifically:
- The ceramics were synthesized at 5 GPa and 800°C, transforming them from the original orthorhombic structure to the rhombohedral structure.
- X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of pure rhombohedral α-Ga1.2Fe0.8O3 with the same structure as α-Fe2O3 and α-Ga2O3.
- Magnetic characterization found a saturation magnetization of 0.26 μB/Fe at 5K but no
This document describes a study investigating the effects of metal-dithiolate fold angles in model compounds mimicking active sites in molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. Three compounds with different metal electronic configurations were analyzed using gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory: (1) (Tp*)MoO(bdt), a d1 system, (2) Cp2Mo(bdt), a d2 system, and (3) Cp2Ti(bdt), a d0 system. The results provide insight into metal-dithiolate interactions and electron transfer reactions in molybdenum enzyme active sites.
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to simulate the operation of a catalytic converter used to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from automobile exhaust. Specifically, it used the Comsol Multiphysics software to model a catalytic converter that injects ammonia to selectively reduce NOx to nitrogen and water through heterogeneous surface reactions on the catalyst. The model considers fluid flow, mass transfer, heat transfer and chemical reactions in both the channels and walls of the monolith structure. The study aims to optimize the ammonia injection level and investigate other operating parameters to improve the catalytic converter's NOx reduction efficiency.
Adsorption isotherm and inhibition effect of a synthesized di (m-formylphenol...AliKarimi127
This document summarizes a study that investigated the corrosion inhibition effect of a synthesized Schiff base compound called di-(m-Formylphenol)-1,2-cyclohexandiimine on steel X52 in hydrochloric acid solution. Electrochemical measurements including potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry showed that this compound is an excellent corrosion inhibitor for steel and that inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the steel surface was found to follow Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Scanning electron microscopy images showed differences in steel surface morphology in the absence and presence of the inhibitor.
This document summarizes the mechanochemical synthesis of isoreticular metal-organic frameworks (IRMOFs) and their potential for nitrobenzene sensing. Specifically, it discusses:
1) The liquid-assisted grinding synthesis of IRMOF-1 and halogen-substituted IRMOF-2 frameworks containing chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
2) Characterization of the frameworks by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, which confirmed their structures.
3) Investigation of the frameworks' fluorescence properties, which revealed IRMOF-1 is a highly sensitive and selective fluorescence quenching agent for nitrobenzene detection.
4) The role of
Transition States of Selective HDS Reaction in MoS2/Co9S8 Molecular Interface...Svetlana Gelpi
Sulfur content in crude oil is a harmful component in crude oil by-products and the environment. An accurate description of molecule–surface interactions is the first step toward a fundamental understanding of reactions on surfaces. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reaction is used for enhanced oil refining techniques as environmental regulations become more demanding. MoS2 surface selectivity absorption of dibenzothiophene (DBT) by using a catalytic compound is not fully understood. Usage of layered MoS2 promoted with Co as a catalytic agent for sulfur removal in crude oil processing has occurred successfully in the past 20 years. The design and study of structure/function is a must when indicating selective absorption of DBT components.
Here we support earlier studies [fig 1.] on the promoted catalytic slab that have tried to answer the following questions :
Where and how does the dissociation of H2 occur?
Which surface structures form after the adsorption of hydrogen?
How do they act when sulfur-containing molecules approach
the surface?
Pakistan; Adsorption of Heavy Metals In Slow Sand Filters SystemsV9X
1. The document discusses batch adsorption tests conducted to establish adsorption isotherms for heavy metals like copper, chromium, lead, and cadmium onto sand in slow sand filters.
2. The tests aimed to confirm that adsorption was one of the mechanisms for heavy metal removal in slow sand filters. Results showed the adsorption followed both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models.
3. Maximum adsorption capacities from the Langmuir isotherm were highest for lead, followed by copper, chromium, and cadmium. The Freundlich constant was highest for copper, possibly due to its higher initial concentration. Values exceeded 1, indicating good adsorption of
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF µ-OXY-BIS [TRIARYLANTIMONY (V)] DICARBOXYLA...IJSIT Editor
Several hitherto to unknown µ-oxybis[triarylantimony(V)]dicarboxylates & µ-oxy-
bis[triarylantimony]halo-carboxylates of the general formula R3Sb(L)-O-Sb(L)R3 & R3Sb(Cl)-O-Sb(L)R3 respectively
have been synthesised by the metathetical reactions of µ-oxybis(triarylantimony)dichloride reactions and silver salts
of corresponding carboxylic acids in 1:2 & 1:1 ratio [where L= 2-pyrazine carboxylic acid, p-methoxy medallic acid,
salicylic acid, benzillic acid, )]. The newly synthesised antimony derivatives have been characterised on the basis of
melting point, elemental analysis, IR
IH &
13C NMR spectra. The molecular weight & conductivity data indicate the
monomeric & non electrolytic behaviour in solution, these have been found to exhibit moderate to significant
antimicrobial activity.
John Glenning's Process Deveiopment and Manufacturing Strategy December 2008John Glenning
The document outlines John Glenning's philosophy for process development and manufacturing strategy. It discusses 11 key points of Glenning's process development philosophy, including resolving critical problems, meeting specifications, eliminating precision problems, optimizing processes, developing high manufacturing capability, achieving high yields, eliminating mass inspection, qualifying manufacturing processes, reducing cycle time, improving equipment uptime, and reducing manufacturing costs. It emphasizes the importance of tracking key metrics like capability, cycle time, uptime, and costs to improve the manufacturing process.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document reports on a study of chromium-catalyzed ethylene oligomerization using bis(benzimidazolemethyl)amine (BIMA) ligands. It finds that N-alkyl-substituted BIMA ligands produce extremely high catalyst activities (>100,000 g mmol-1 h-1 bar-1) and yield alternating distributions of linear α-olefins. The alternating distributions can be explained by a metallacyclic mechanism in which both single and double ethylene insertions into the metallacycle are possible.
This document summarizes research that evaluated the composition and performance of different fly ashes in cementitious systems. Seven fly ashes were extensively characterized through various techniques to determine their crystalline, amorphous, and bulk compositions. The ashes' reactivity and impact on cement paste properties like strength development were then evaluated. A clear link was found between ashes' glass structure, characterized by a "network ratio" parameter, and their reactivity - ashes with less stable glass structures were more reactive and improved early-age properties more. This research provides a basis for better understanding fly ash composition and using it more effectively as a cement replacement.
1) The study investigates how demineralizing coal cleats through sequential acid treatment (HCl then HF) affects the compressibility (Cf) of coal. 2) Treating a coal core sample with HCl followed by immersion in 3% then 15% HF solutions resulted in a less compressible core (Cf decreased from 0.020 to 0.006 bar-1) and higher sustained permeability to brine (increased from 0.10 to 0.40 mD). 3) Scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis identified the formation of neofluoride salts like K2SiF6 and CaF2 along cleat surfaces and fractures due to secondary mineralization following acid treatment. This altered
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate
and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS,
a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate
concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate,
which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the
medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher
oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A
suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
explain the kinetic orders.
This study investigated the use of coconut shell powder for removing copper (Cu(II)) from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments showed that coconut shell powder achieved high adsorption of Cu(II), removing over 90% from solutions. The adsorption capacity was influenced by pH and particle size. Adsorption isotherm models like Langmuir and Freundlich fitted the equilibrium data well. Kinetic models also described the adsorption process. Adsorption increased with pH from 42% at pH 5 to 96% at pH 9, with little change above pH 7. Functional groups on the coconut shell surface influenced metal uptake.
The document summarizes molecular dynamics simulations of hydrogen-dislocation interaction in iron nanocrystals. Key findings include:
1) Simulations of iron nano-pillars with and without hydrogen show hydrogen reduces the rate at which dislocations escape to free surfaces during deformation.
2) Models with hydrogen are able to retain a higher initial dislocation density compared to uncharged models, suggesting hydrogen acts as an obstacle to dislocation movement.
3) Statistical analysis confirms hydrogen has a significant effect on dislocation retention in the first stage of deformation.
Coordination modes of a new ligand derived from pyrazoline with cr(iii), mn(i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that synthesized and characterized coordination complexes of Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal ions with a new ligand derived from pyrazoline. The complexes were analyzed using various techniques including elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and electronic spectroscopy. The data indicated the ligand behaves as a neutral bidentate toward the metal ions. The biological activities of the ligand and its complexes were screened against bacteria and fungi, with some complexes showing higher antimicrobial activity than the free ligand.
Influence of the alkyl chain length of alkyltriazoles on the corrosion inhibi...Al Baha University
Abstract. Steel is an important material and has been widely used in today's industrial production. Using organic
corrosion inhibitors is an effective means to prevent steel from corrosion. Generally, the molecular structures of
inhibitors can have a major impact on their corrosion inhibition efficiency. In this work, the influence of alkyl chain
length of three alkyltriazoles on the corrosion inhibition of iron has been investigated by density functional based tight
binding (DFTB) approach. Several typical descriptors such as frontier molecular orbital, adsorption energy, density of
states have been discussed in detail. Our findings will contribute to the understanding of the inhibition mechanism and
the designing of novel corrosion inhibitors.
This document describes a sensor array that can detect small concentrations of humic substances and heavy metals like copper in water. The sensor uses nanostructured films of poly(o-ethoxyaniline) and sulfonated lignin deposited on gold electrodes. Interactions between these films and humic substances or copper ions were analyzed using spectroscopy and microscopy. The sensor array was able to distinguish samples containing varying concentrations of humic substances or copper based on measurements of the film capacitance. Both the polymer films and bare metal electrodes in the array contributed to its ability to detect trace amounts of target analytes in water samples.
Synthesis and characterization of some metal complexes of 2- Phenyl-3,4-dihyd...IOSRJAC
2-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid (L1) metal complexes with Mn2+ , Co2+, Ni2+ Cu2+ , and Zn2+ ions were studied and the structure of the complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic moment and thermal analysis measurements. Besides the characterization of complexes by physicochemical technique, Biological activities of the synthesized complexes were examined against some microbial strains for evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Structural and magnetic characterization of rhombohedral Ga1.2Fe0.8O3 ceramic...Nan Wang
This document summarizes the structural and magnetic characterization of rhombohedral Ga1.2Fe0.8O3 ceramics prepared using high-pressure synthesis. Specifically:
- The ceramics were synthesized at 5 GPa and 800°C, transforming them from the original orthorhombic structure to the rhombohedral structure.
- X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of pure rhombohedral α-Ga1.2Fe0.8O3 with the same structure as α-Fe2O3 and α-Ga2O3.
- Magnetic characterization found a saturation magnetization of 0.26 μB/Fe at 5K but no
This document describes a study investigating the effects of metal-dithiolate fold angles in model compounds mimicking active sites in molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. Three compounds with different metal electronic configurations were analyzed using gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory: (1) (Tp*)MoO(bdt), a d1 system, (2) Cp2Mo(bdt), a d2 system, and (3) Cp2Ti(bdt), a d0 system. The results provide insight into metal-dithiolate interactions and electron transfer reactions in molybdenum enzyme active sites.
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to simulate the operation of a catalytic converter used to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from automobile exhaust. Specifically, it used the Comsol Multiphysics software to model a catalytic converter that injects ammonia to selectively reduce NOx to nitrogen and water through heterogeneous surface reactions on the catalyst. The model considers fluid flow, mass transfer, heat transfer and chemical reactions in both the channels and walls of the monolith structure. The study aims to optimize the ammonia injection level and investigate other operating parameters to improve the catalytic converter's NOx reduction efficiency.
Adsorption isotherm and inhibition effect of a synthesized di (m-formylphenol...AliKarimi127
This document summarizes a study that investigated the corrosion inhibition effect of a synthesized Schiff base compound called di-(m-Formylphenol)-1,2-cyclohexandiimine on steel X52 in hydrochloric acid solution. Electrochemical measurements including potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry showed that this compound is an excellent corrosion inhibitor for steel and that inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the steel surface was found to follow Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Scanning electron microscopy images showed differences in steel surface morphology in the absence and presence of the inhibitor.
This document summarizes the mechanochemical synthesis of isoreticular metal-organic frameworks (IRMOFs) and their potential for nitrobenzene sensing. Specifically, it discusses:
1) The liquid-assisted grinding synthesis of IRMOF-1 and halogen-substituted IRMOF-2 frameworks containing chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
2) Characterization of the frameworks by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, which confirmed their structures.
3) Investigation of the frameworks' fluorescence properties, which revealed IRMOF-1 is a highly sensitive and selective fluorescence quenching agent for nitrobenzene detection.
4) The role of
Transition States of Selective HDS Reaction in MoS2/Co9S8 Molecular Interface...Svetlana Gelpi
Sulfur content in crude oil is a harmful component in crude oil by-products and the environment. An accurate description of molecule–surface interactions is the first step toward a fundamental understanding of reactions on surfaces. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reaction is used for enhanced oil refining techniques as environmental regulations become more demanding. MoS2 surface selectivity absorption of dibenzothiophene (DBT) by using a catalytic compound is not fully understood. Usage of layered MoS2 promoted with Co as a catalytic agent for sulfur removal in crude oil processing has occurred successfully in the past 20 years. The design and study of structure/function is a must when indicating selective absorption of DBT components.
Here we support earlier studies [fig 1.] on the promoted catalytic slab that have tried to answer the following questions :
Where and how does the dissociation of H2 occur?
Which surface structures form after the adsorption of hydrogen?
How do they act when sulfur-containing molecules approach
the surface?
Pakistan; Adsorption of Heavy Metals In Slow Sand Filters SystemsV9X
1. The document discusses batch adsorption tests conducted to establish adsorption isotherms for heavy metals like copper, chromium, lead, and cadmium onto sand in slow sand filters.
2. The tests aimed to confirm that adsorption was one of the mechanisms for heavy metal removal in slow sand filters. Results showed the adsorption followed both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models.
3. Maximum adsorption capacities from the Langmuir isotherm were highest for lead, followed by copper, chromium, and cadmium. The Freundlich constant was highest for copper, possibly due to its higher initial concentration. Values exceeded 1, indicating good adsorption of
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF µ-OXY-BIS [TRIARYLANTIMONY (V)] DICARBOXYLA...IJSIT Editor
Several hitherto to unknown µ-oxybis[triarylantimony(V)]dicarboxylates & µ-oxy-
bis[triarylantimony]halo-carboxylates of the general formula R3Sb(L)-O-Sb(L)R3 & R3Sb(Cl)-O-Sb(L)R3 respectively
have been synthesised by the metathetical reactions of µ-oxybis(triarylantimony)dichloride reactions and silver salts
of corresponding carboxylic acids in 1:2 & 1:1 ratio [where L= 2-pyrazine carboxylic acid, p-methoxy medallic acid,
salicylic acid, benzillic acid, )]. The newly synthesised antimony derivatives have been characterised on the basis of
melting point, elemental analysis, IR
IH &
13C NMR spectra. The molecular weight & conductivity data indicate the
monomeric & non electrolytic behaviour in solution, these have been found to exhibit moderate to significant
antimicrobial activity.
John Glenning's Process Deveiopment and Manufacturing Strategy December 2008John Glenning
The document outlines John Glenning's philosophy for process development and manufacturing strategy. It discusses 11 key points of Glenning's process development philosophy, including resolving critical problems, meeting specifications, eliminating precision problems, optimizing processes, developing high manufacturing capability, achieving high yields, eliminating mass inspection, qualifying manufacturing processes, reducing cycle time, improving equipment uptime, and reducing manufacturing costs. It emphasizes the importance of tracking key metrics like capability, cycle time, uptime, and costs to improve the manufacturing process.
This document discusses Velocys' smaller-scale Fischer-Tropsch technology for biomass-to-liquids applications. Key points include:
- Velocys has developed smaller-scale FT technology that is more economical than large-scale FT plants and enables the use of biomass and waste feedstocks.
- Their technology is being deployed in two commercial biomass-to-liquids plants in the US and UK, as well as two commercial gas-to-liquids plants.
- Their first commercial plant using municipal solid waste is under construction in Oklahoma City with major partners.
- Velocys' FT technology has been demonstrated on gasified wood at a pilot plant in Austria, showing
P2 Group creates, produces, and rolls out retail fixtures for global brands. They offer full in-house design services, innovative engineering and prototyping of retail concepts, and production in Europe and Asia with consideration for environmental responsibility. P2 Group manages the roll-out process through services like a dedicated ordering system, project management, logistics, and installation support. They have experience developing, producing, and installing stores for major brands like Nokia and Nike around the world.
SigmaTec Solutions is an offshore software development company based in Pakistan that offers cost-effective services for small and medium-sized companies. Its services include prototyping, product design and development, quality assurance testing, product maintenance and support, and product reengineering. SigmaTec has experience developing SaaS applications and enterprise software. It aims to be an experienced offshore engineering partner through a collaborative relationship with clients.
Here are examples on service environment. Find the magic of setting of the Venetian, Tugu hotel - Malang, East Java, Da Vinci store in KL, Ralston - the experiential paint store in Bandung, West Java, Quattro 4 seasons clubbing place in KL.
The document describes the development of a Fluid Head Rinsing Technology in 1987 by John Glenning and Jim Veasaw at IBM. This new technology was developed to address issues with traditional electronic circuit production processes that generated large amounts of waste and used significant volumes of chemicals and water. The fluid head technology provided a more efficient and less polluting alternative that reduced water usage by 75% and various chemical and material wastes. This new rinsing process was patented in 1990.
The document describes the development of a Fluid Head Rinsing Technology in 1987 by John Glenning and Jim Veasaw at IBM. This new technology improved the rinsing process used in electronic circuit production by using an enclosed fluid head design that reduced water usage by 75% and chemical waste by 60 tons per year while improving product quality.
This document discusses the benefits and disadvantages of RRSPs (Registered Retirement Savings Plans) and provides an alternative tax saving strategy. It notes that RRSPs provide tax deductions when contributing but all principal and earnings are fully taxable upon withdrawal. The alternative strategy allows tax-free growth and withdrawals under certain conditions like disability or death. Tables compare the growth of $1 million within an RRSP versus the alternative strategy, showing significantly higher ending balances with the latter.
This document summarizes research on a novel nanoporous sorbent material for removing mercury from coal plant wastewater. The material uses a mesoporous silica substrate functionalized with self-assembled thiol monolayers. Laboratory experiments showed the material could adsorb over 98% of mercury from simulated coal plant effluent, with an maximum adsorption capacity of 625 mg Hg per gram. Mercury adsorption was not significantly impacted by pH, ionic strength, or presence of other metals. The thiol-functionalized sorbent selectively binds mercury through soft acid-base interactions between mercury and thiol groups.
This document discusses using functional nanoporous materials for heavy metal sequestration. It describes Self-Assembled Monolayers on Mesoporous Supports (SAMMS) which use high surface area nanoporous substrates coated with tailored organic monolayers for selectively binding heavy metals and radionuclides. SAMMS provides high capacity, fast sorption kinetics, and chemical specificity that can be modified for different targets through the monolayer interface. New classes of functional nanoporous materials like mesoporous metal phosphates and carbons also show promise for heavy metal capture.
This document summarizes the facile synthesis of a dithiol-protected silver quantum cluster, Ag7(DMSA)4, through a modified solid-state route that takes less than 15 minutes. The cluster is characterized using various techniques and shown to selectively adsorb cationic dyes from water due to favorable electrostatic interactions. Supported on alumina, the clusters demonstrate higher efficiency for dye removal compared to silver nanoparticles protected with similar ligands, attributed to the clusters' smaller size and larger surface area. The material can be reused multiple times without loss of adsorption activity when dyes are extracted using solvents.
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by the Apricot Stone by Moussa Abbas*, Tounsia Aksil and Mohamed Trari in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
Inhibitory Effect of Some Carbazides on Corrosion of Aluminium in Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide Solutions
The dissolution of aluminium in hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions in the presence of semicarbazide, thiosemicar- bazide and sym.dipheny1carbazide as corrosion inhibitors has been studied using thermometric, weight-loss and polarization methods. The three methods gave consistent results. The higher inhibition efficiency of these compounds in acidic than in alkaline madia may be due to the less negative potential of aluminium in hydrochloric acid solution, favouring adsorption of the additive.The adsorption of these compounds were found to obey Frurnkin adsorption isotherm. Cathodic polarization measurements showed that these com- pounds are cathodic inhibitors and their adsorption in the double layer does not change the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution reaction. The results are analysed in terms of both molecular and cationic adsorption.
The document discusses the inhibitory effect of semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide, and sym-diphenylcarbazide on the corrosion of aluminum in hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions. Thermometric, weight-loss, and polarization methods were used to study the effect. The inhibitors showed higher inhibition efficiency in acidic solutions than alkaline solutions. The inhibitors were found to be cathodic inhibitors that adsorb onto the aluminum surface. Adsorption of the inhibitors followed the Frumkin isotherm and increased in the order: sym-diphenylcarbazide > thiosemicarbazide > semicarbazide.
This document summarizes an investigation into the inhibition effects of newly synthesized mono- and bis-azo dye derivatives on iron corrosion in acidic and alkaline solutions. Weight loss, thermometric, and polarization measurements showed that the azo dyes act as mixed-type inhibitors in acid and mainly cathodic inhibitors in alkali. The dyes were found to adsorb efficiently onto the iron surface via physisorption. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing number of adsorption sites and electron density on the dye molecules. Theoretical calculations of inhibition performance were in good agreement with experimental results and followed the same order.
Inhibition, kinetic and thermodynamic effects of new Azo derivatives on iron ...Al Baha University
This investigation is designed to apply an advanced kinetic-thermodynamic model on the experimental data obtained from acidic and alkaline corrosion of iron using mono- and bis-azo dyes as corrosion inhibitors. The inhibition properties of the tested azo dyes on corrosion of iron in HNO3 and NaOH media were analyzed by gravimetric, thermometric and polarization measurements. The three studied methods gave consistent results. Polarization study showed that all the inhibitors are mixed type in acidic, act mainly as cathodic in alkaline solution. The synthesized azo dye derivatives exhibit good inhibition properties, obeys the Frumkin adsorption isotherm. The large values of the change in the standard free energy of adsorption (∆Goads), equilibrium constant (Kads) and binding constant (Kb) revealed that the reactions proceed spontaneously and result in highly efficient physisorption mechanism and stronger electrical interaction between the double layer existing at the phase boundary and the adsorbing molecules. The inhibition efficiency depends on the number of adsorption oxygen sites (OH and OMe groups), their charge density and π-electron clouds. The inhibition efficiency evaluated via theoretical methods was well accorded with reported experimental ones, following the same order as: -naphthyl- ligand > -naphthyl>p-anisdine>p-toluidine >o-toluidine >m-toluidine derivative. This research might provide a theoretical inhibition performance evaluation approach for homologous inhibitors.
Titanium Cerium Ferrite ( Tcf ) Was Prepared By A Simple...Dana Boo
The document discusses the characterization of three mesoporous materials: SBA-15, thiol-functionalized SBA-15, and bismuth-functionalized SBA-15. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms show that all three samples have type IV isotherms, indicating mesoporous structures with pore sizes larger than 5.6 nm. The pore diameter decreases with each functionalization step due to molecules attaching within the pores. BET surface area and pore volume also decrease with each functionalization as groups occupy the internal pore space. The design of a uniform mesoporous structure is favorable for functionalization and applications.
key lessons learned from mercury mapping of process streams to developing an understanding of the sorption dynamics of mercury in process, accumulation rates, species and mass loading per surface area
Study of corrosion control effect of H2S scavengers in drilling fluidsMutiu K. Amosa, Ph.D.
Selected environmentally benign iron compounds (synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate) have been evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for oil-well steel (N-80) in 50 mg/l sulphide concentration at various pH ranging from 5.5 to 11.5 and at High Temperature, High Pressure (HTHP) conditions by the weight loss method. The test temperatures were 150 °F, 275 °F and 350 °F respectively for pressures of 3 000 psi, 5 000 psi and 6 000 psi. The ferrous complex was found to be a better corrosion inhibitor compared to the synthetic magnetite. It exhibited up to 99.2% inhibition efficiency (IE) when the dose of the scavenger was doubled (i.e. when the sulphide to scavenger ratio was 1:2) irrespective of other factors such as pH, temperature and pressure. Whereas, the synthetic magnetite’s optimum inhibition efficiency (IE) was observed to be up to 75.1% only when the ratio of the sulphide to scavenger was 1:4 at the lowest pH of the experiment (pH 5.5) which is not desirable for a drilling mud. As the pH increases, the inhibition efficiency of the magnetite decreases and found to be lowest at the alkaline pH of 11.5.
A new chelating sorbent for metal ion extraction under highAudry Arias
This document describes the development of a new chelating polymeric sorbent for extracting metal ions under high saline conditions. The sorbent was created by functionalizing Amberlite XAD-16 resin with 1,3-dimethyl-3-aminopropan-1-ol. Testing showed this new resin had high capacity and fast kinetics for absorbing various metal ions like manganese, lead, nickel, cobalt, copper, cadmium and zinc. Optimum pH ranges for absorbing each metal ion were determined. Resin capacities for each metal ion were measured. The new sorbent also showed potential for preconcentrating metal ions from water samples and was applied to samples like seawater, well water and tap water.
By-Products of Steel Industry as a Complementary Material in ConstructionIRJET Journal
This study evaluated the use of steel industry by-products, slag and slag sand, as partial replacements for river sand and ordinary Portland cement in cement mortar.
The compressive strength of mortar cubes containing 30% slag sand replacement of river sand was 38.71N/mm2 at 90 days, 17% higher than the reference. Mortar with 35% slag replacement of cement achieved 41.84N/mm2 at 90 days, 23% higher than the reference. Blending 30% slag and slag sand yielded 39.37N/mm2 at 90 days, an 18% increase over the reference.
Microstructural analysis using EDS, SEM and XRD confirmed the presence of calcium,
Quantitative lithology an application for open and cased hamrhaggag
1) The document presents a new quantitative lithology interpretation method based on elemental concentrations from gamma ray spectroscopy logs.
2) It finds strong linear relationships between total clay concentration and the elemental concentrations of aluminum, silicon, calcium, and iron in core samples.
3) The method uses concentrations of silicon, calcium and iron to estimate clay content as accurately as using aluminum concentration, which is difficult to measure via logging. Example clay estimates are provided and show good agreement with core data.
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
This document summarizes a study on the effects of shear stress and oxygen levels on the toxicity of contaminated sediment and overlying water. Gust chambers were used to subject sediment cores to different shear stresses and oxygen concentrations. Testing found that oxygen had a greater effect than shear stress on the release of metals like copper from sediments. Under oxygenated conditions, more metal sulfides dissolved, releasing metals into the water. While toxicity was low under experimental conditions, substantial metal release occurred even at low shear stresses. The presence of oxygen significantly increased metal release from sediments.
This document presents a study comparing the adsorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions onto Iranian bentonite from the Birjand area. Characterization of the bentonite found it contains montmorillonite, quartz, oligoclase, gypsum and illite. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effects of initial metal ion concentration on adsorption in single and multi-component systems. Equilibrium data was analyzed using five isotherm models, finding the Langmuir model best fit the data. The maximum adsorption capacities from Langmuir for Cu(II) were 21.10-22.17 mg/g and for Pb(II) were 57.803-40.
ICWES15 -Comparative Absorption of Copper from Synthetic and Real Wastewater ...Engineers Australia
The document summarizes research on using modified montmorillonite clay to adsorb copper ions from wastewater. Sodium-exchanged and acid-modified montmorillonite were tested for copper adsorption and shown to effectively remove copper, with uptake described by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models and pseudo-second order kinetics. Adsorption capacity was higher for sodium-exchanged compared to acid-modified clay. Testing on industrial wastewater demonstrated the potential for use in real-world treatment applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
The document studies the corrosion process of a Ni-Cr-Mo alloy used in dental prostheses. Electrochemical tests were conducted on samples of the alloy in NaCl solution, and the surface was analyzed at different points on the polarization curve. The results showed the alloy initially forms a protective oxide layer but undergoes transpassivation and intergranular corrosion at higher potentials, with preferential dissolution of regions lower in molybdenum.
SCALE-UP OF MICROCHANNEL REACTORS FOR FISCHER-TROPSCHJohn Glenning
The scale-up of microchannel reactors for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has been demonstrated through multiple scales with equivalent performance. Small single channel reactors and larger reactors with 276 parallel channels showed consistent CO conversion rates of 70-75% and methane selectivity of 8-9% when tested with the same catalyst under identical conditions. This confirms that microchannel reactor performance is unaffected by increasing channel length or number of channels, enabling scale-up while maintaining nearly isothermal conditions ideal for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
John Glenning worked with Jim Betar for over 3 years at a manufacturing company in the 1990s. John brought strong technical expertise and statistical tools to help solve difficult process problems. Jim recommends John as an excellent engineer who would be an asset to any company.
John Glenning is recommended for any technical position based on his experience and skills. He worked at IBM after college in photolithography where he became proficient in all phases of printed circuit development. John was also involved in using polymeric films for printed circuits and played an important role. As a competent engineer, John is dedicated to his job with technical skills, documentation proficiency, and can direct technicians without an overbearing personality.
The document discusses Velocys' development of micro-channel reactors for Fischer-Tropsch processes. It describes challenges with the manufacturing process including high costs and inability to meet tight specifications. Initial testing showed reactor productivity was higher than modeled, but the manufacturing process was still not capable of producing acceptable yields. The document recommends identifying alternative manufacturing processes to improve capabilities, reduce costs and further increase reactor productivity.
The document discusses approaches to implementing lean manufacturing through warehouse execution systems. It notes traditional approaches often fail due to lack of management support, training, and buy-in. Root causes for lean gaps include reactionary decisions, uncertain workforces, shifting supply chains, and lack of clear direction. It advocates implementing performance management to monitor goals and identify problems. Real-time information systems can improve operations, customer demand, supply chain, workforce, and logistics management. The document concludes the focus should be cascading goals throughout the organization and continuously monitoring and recalibrating performance.
Safety is a top priority, with the goal of eliminating at least one safety issue per week. Process improvements should focus on reducing defects rather than solely improving yields. All defects on a product should be counted to determine the top defect categories to address. Process optimization efforts should start small and use design of experiments and statistical analysis to identify key variables for improvement. Attainment is reached when further improvements do not provide sufficient economic benefits.
Safety is a top priority, with the goal of eliminating at least one safety issue per week. Process improvements should focus on reducing defects rather than solely improving yields. All defects on a product should be counted to determine the top defect categories to address. Process optimization efforts should start small and use design of experiments and statistical analysis to identify key variables for improvement. Attainment is reached when further improvements do not provide sufficient economic benefits.
The document is a character reference letter for John Glenning written by Debra Giordano. The letter recommends John highly, describing him as personable, professional, intelligent, and a great team player based on their interactions over 20 months through various professional networking forums. Giordano also praises John's optimistic attitude, willingness to take risks, embrace change, and being driven toward his personal and professional goals. Giordano expresses without hesitation her recommendation of John as a valued addition to any professional team.
The coordinator thanks the recipient for participating in a career workshop for teens in the summer jobs program. The teens enjoyed learning about future employment opportunities from the presentations. While the workshop was informal and with short notice, it ultimately proved valuable for the teens. The coordinator expresses appreciation for the recipient volunteering their time to serve the youth.
John Glenning worked as a contract engineer for 1K Electronics from May to July 1993. He resolved problems with the adhesive and component placement operation, raising yields from mid-60s to high-90s. Working with the equipment manufacturer, John reduced downtime and increased throughput, saving the company $6 million by increasing capacity. He also upgraded the conformal coating machine, significantly reducing its downtime. John's manager, Edward McLeskey, strongly recommends him for employment and would consider rehiring him based on his outstanding work and strong technical skills.
IBM's Endicott plant developed a new copper plating process called the Thin Panel Plater (TPP) to replace its older acid-copper plater (ACP) process. The TPP uses a horizontal, enclosed design with fluid heads instead of vertical dip tanks, reducing rinse water usage by 75% (30,000 tons/year) and improving plating bath efficiency by 20%. It also decreased hazardous waste generation and energy usage while improving process efficiency. The plant employee who invented an improved DI water rinsing head that further reduced water consumption and improved rinsing quality, receiving a US patent.
This document provides guidance on how to read people by establishing baselines, recognizing patterns of behavior, and remaining objective. It discusses several key points:
1. The importance of understanding yourself before trying to understand others and overcoming your own biases.
2. People reveal more of themselves to those closer to them, like an onion with multiple layers, and you must get them to reveal more layers to read them fully.
3. Body language, environment, and behavior across different contexts provide clues, but consistency of patterns over time is most revealing; no single trait tells the full story.
4. The first impression provides important details, but should not be the sole basis for judgment until more context is established
Hutchinson Technology, a maker of disk drive components, is eliminating 500 jobs due to increasing competition and overcapacity. Most of the jobs cuts are at four manufacturing facilities, including 225 jobs in Hutchinson, Minnesota and 25 jobs in Plymouth, Minnesota. The layoffs are expected to save $35 million annually. Hutchinson is facing challenges from Asian competitors and has been losing market share, which has hurt its financial performance. The job cuts are aimed at reducing costs to improve competitiveness and profitability.
Equipment Operations for Production and DevelopmentJohn Glenning
The document outlines John Glenning's recommendations for operations to ensure equipment is properly maintained for production and development. It emphasizes the importance of always being ready to do maintenance through activities like ensuring equipment is operational and spare parts are available. It also recommends developing critical spare parts lists, tracking component failures and their causes, monitoring downtime metrics, and establishing a robust maintenance program to keep equipment running optimally. The overall goal is to minimize unplanned downtime through preventative maintenance practices.
Photo-Lithography and Wet Processing (Develop, Etch and Strip)John Glenning
Photolithography is the process of transferring geometric patterns from a photomask to a photoresist layer on a substrate. Light is used to transfer the pattern from the mask to the photoresist. The process takes place in a cleanroom to prevent particulate contamination, which can cause voids. After exposure, an etching or deposition step is used to transfer the pattern to the substrate. Precise alignment is needed when patterning both sides of devices.
Photolithography is the process of transferring geometric patterns from a photomask to a photoresist layer on a substrate. Light is used to transfer the pattern from the mask to the photoresist. The process takes place in a cleanroom to prevent particulate contamination, which can cause voids. After exposure, an etching or deposition step is used to transfer the pattern to the substrate. Precise alignment is needed when patterning both sides of devices.
This document discusses the critical need to develop technologies to remove aqueous mercury from water sources. Mercury contamination is a growing problem that impacts human health and development. The largest sources of mercury pollution are coal-fired power plants, which emit mercury into the air and water through wet scrubbers. Existing wastewater from power plants contains high levels of mercury that accumulate over time and can re-enter the environment. There is an urgent need for cost-effective technologies that can reduce mercury levels in wastewater to parts-per-trillion concentrations in order to protect public health and comply with future water quality standards.
Recommendation Letter for John Glenning-Bill LaferJohn Glenning
William Lafer recommends John Glenning for any technical position in a recommendation letter. He has known John since college when he hired him at IBM where John became proficient in all phases of printed circuit development and manufacturing. John played an important role in using polymeric films for printed circuits and was a competent engineer dedicated to his job, with technical skills, documentation proficiency, ability to direct technicians without being overbearing, and being a fast learner.
This document is the product catalogue for 3M Abrasive Systems. It provides information on 3M's range of abrasive products including discs, bristle abrasives, wheels, belts, hand sanding products, sheets, rolls, power tools and more. For each product family, it lists specific product names, constructions, benefits, applications and technical details. It aims to make it easy for users to find the right abrasive product for their application. Colour-coded tabs and a detailed index are included at the back for navigation and lookup of part numbers.
This document provides a locations guide for More Technologies, listing various corporate offices and technical centers around the world. It includes headquarters in Charlotte, NC, aerospace customers offices in Windsor Locks, CT, and technical centers focused on advanced sensors, electronic systems, and materials/simulation in Minnesota, Arizona, and Ohio respectively. The guide also lists numerous international locations for various business units and centers focused on areas like actuation systems, aerostructures, electric systems, and more.
2. SAMMS Technology Summary (revised Feb. 2009)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
SAMMS®
Technical Summary
SAMMS is an award-winning technology with broad applications in
the remediation, water treatment, catalyst, sensor and controlled-
release markets. A summary of the development status of SAMMS for
the water treatment and metals recovery markets is provided in this
document. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Steward
Environmental Solutions are teaming in the development and
manufacture of this exciting material.
Technology Overview
SAMMS—Self-Assembled Monolayers on Mesoporous Supports—are created by attaching a
monolayer of molecules to mesoporous ceramic supports (Figure 1). The larger pore size offered
by the mesoporous materials (20-200 Å) enables attachment of the monolayer as well as access to
the binding sites within the pores. The high surface area of the materials (~1000 m2
/g) also allows
an extremely high density of binding sites. Together, these properties produce a material with fast
kinetics, high material loading, and excellent selectivity. Both the monolayer and the mesoporous
support can be tailored for a specific application. For example, the functional group at the free
end of the monolayer can be designed to selectively bind targeted molecules while the pore size,
monolayer length, and density can be adjusted to give the material specific diffusive and kinetic
properties.
20
Figure 1. SAMMS is a Hybrid of Two Frontiers of Materials Science: Self-Assembly Techniques
and Mesoporous Materials.
The highly
functionalized and
extensive surface area
of SAMMS
®
produce a
material with fast
kinetics, high material
loading, and excellent
selectivity.
3. SAMMS Technology Summary (revised Feb. 2009)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Functionalized Forms
Multiple versions of SAMMS can be constructed by attaching
different functional groups at the monolayer interface. Functional
groups tested to date have allowed the uptake of hard and soft
transition metals, precious metals, actinides, and anions from
liquids. A summary of a few of the different functional forms and
their selectivity is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. SAMMS® Functional Form and Affinities
SAMMS Form High Affinity Poor or No Affinity________
Thiol- SAMMS Hg, Ag, Au, Cu, Cd,Pb Group 1A (H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr),
Group 2A (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra), Zn,
Al
Chelate- SAMMS (1) Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, etc. Group 1A and 2A cations (except H+)
Anion- SAMMS (2) Chromate, Arsenate, etc. SO42-
, Cl-, NO3, etc.
HOPO- SAMMS (3) Am, Np, Pu, Th, U Group 1A, 2A, transition metal cations
(1) Functionalized with metal-chelating ligand
(2) Chelated metal complex
(3) Hydroxypyridinone ligands for actinide removal
Thiol-SAMMS is the most advanced in terms of development and
understanding. Selectivity, isotherm, kinetic, stability, and
regeneration data on thiol-SAMMS are available for multiple
metals. Chelate-SAMMS, anion-SAMMS and HOPO-SAMMS
forms are also fairly well developed, and representative recent
results are included here. For reasons of clarity and simplicity,
this document will primarily address the technical results of thiol-
SAMMS.
Thiol-SAMMS®
Thiol-SAMMS was specifically developed for the removal of mercury from liquid media (both
aqueous and non-aqueous). Thiol-SAMMS has shown the unique ability to bind cationic, organic,
metallic, and complexed forms of mercury. Because of the high surface area, high binding site
population, and tailored functionality, results of tests with mercury demonstrate high loadings (up
to 635 mg Hg/g SAMMS), high affinity (distribution coefficient, or Kd, ~1 x 108) and rapid
sorption kinetics (minutes); all made possible through the use of these molecularly-engineered
materials. The efficiency of thiol-SAMMS in removing Hg from a non-
aqueous system (e.g. vacuum pump oil) has also been demonstrated with
mercury with excellent results. The binding affinity of thiol-SAMMS for
selected metal species is summarized in Table 2, showing for each species
the influent and effluent concentration, loading level, and resultant Kd. The
results show that thiol-SAMMS can selectively adsorb, in addition to
mercury, other soft Lewis acid cations (e.g. Ag, Cd, Cu, and Pb). In all
cases, thiol-SAMMS show minimal interference from alkali and alkali
earth metals, such as Na+
, Mg2+
, and Ca2+
.
Functional groups tested
to date have allowed the
uptake of precious and
hard and soft transition
metal ions, actinides,
and oxometallate anions
from liquids.
Thiol-SAMMS
®
has
shown the unique
ability to bind cationic,
organic, metallic, and
complexed forms of
mercury.
Thiol-SAMMS
®
show
minimal interference
from alkali and alkali
earth metals, such as
Na
+
, Mg
2+
, and Ca
2+
4. SAMMS Technology Summary (revised Feb. 2009)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Table 2. Binding Affinity of Thiol-SAMMS®
for Selected Metal Species
Adsorption Isotherms for Hg, Ag, Cd, Cu, and Pb
Metal Ci(µg/L) Cf(µg/L) Loading (mg/g) Kd (mL/g)
Ag(I) 90 1 0.0089 8900
Ca(II) 2070 2070 0 0
Cd(II) 4670 32 0.4638 14467
Co(II) 2810 2670 0.0140 5
Cu(II) 2240 <5 >0.2235 >44700
Eu(III) 9010 1220 0.7790 639
Hg(II) 487 0 1.0146 1 x 108
Mg(II) 1580 1580 0 0
Pb(II) 3040 300 0.2740 913
Zn(II) 2790 2410 0.0380 16
_______________________________________________________
Adsorption isotherm data have been collected for Hg, Ag, Cd, Cu,
and Pb using thiol-SAMMS. The most extensive data have been
obtained for Hg, covering a wide range of solution concentrations
(many orders of magnitude), multiple Hg species, and competition
studies to evaluate the impact of complexants. Data for Ag, Cd, Cu,
and Pb span a smaller range of equilibrium concentrations, and
include pH and complexant effects. These isotherm data are
available upon request. A summary of the maximum metal loading is provided in Table 3.
Table 3. Maximum Metal Loading for Thiol-SAMMS®
Ag 440 4.08
Metal Loading (mg/g) Loading (mmol/g)
Cd 97 0.86
Cu 40 0.63
Hg 635 3.17
Pb 122 0.59
_______________________________________________________
Kinetics
Kinetic experiments exploring the adsorption of mercury in 10- and 500-ppm mercury solutions
demonstrate the rapid binding kinetics of thiol-SAMMS. As illustrated in Figure 2, SAMMS was
able to rapidly reduce the mercury concentration from 500 ppb to 0.5 ppb within 5 minutes; for
the 10-ppm case, the mercury concentration was reduced to 3.1 ppb within 5 minutes. Also shown
in this figure is the binding kinetics of a commercial ion exchange resin. Thiol-SAMMS is
roughly 500 times faster at sorbing Hg than is the polymer-based system. This rate difference is
directly attributable to the rigid, open pore structure of SAMMS leaving all of the binding sites
available at all times to bind metal ions.
The adsorption
isotherms show that the
thiol-SAMMS
®
have very
high affinity for toxic
metal ions, removing
them to very low
concentration (e.g. <10 ppt
for Hg).
5. SAMMS Technology Summary (revised Feb. 2009)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Figure 2. SAMMS Mercury-Binding Kinetics in a 10,000-ppb Mercury Solution (the red line is
the SAMMS kinetics profile; the blue line is for the comparable polymer-based system (GT-73).
Effect of pH and Chelating Ligands
Previous adsorption tests with thiol-SAMMS showed that Hg adsorption
slightly increased with increasing pH of the contacting solution. The
enhanced adsorption suggests that increasing the ionization of the thiol
groups by increasing the pH would increase the metal adsorption.
To explore this phenomenon further, a set of experiments were conducted to
determine the extent of pH dependent adsorption of Ag, Cd, Cu, and Pb
using thiol-SAMMS. For these tests, the pH of the equilibrating solution (0.1
M NaNO3) was varied from ~3.1 to ~8.5. As a result of metal precipitation, adsorption
experiments for Cu and Pb were not feasible above pH values of ~5.2 and ~6.7 respectively. The
results show that Ag was completely adsorbed by thiol-SAMMS with very high affinity (Kd) at
all pH values. In contrast, the adsorption densities of Cd, Cu(II), and Pb were low at the lowest
pH (~3.1) and, as predicted, increased with increasing pH. Enhanced adsorption of these metals at
higher pH was also reflected in increases of one to two orders of magnitude in the Kd values.
Testing with model organic complexing ligands (ammonia, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
(EDTA), cyanide, and fulvate) was conducted to evaluate adsorption characteristics of thiol-
SAMMS with solutions containing 1:1 mercury-ligand complexes. Mercury complexes of these
ligands had no negative impact on the ability of thiol-SAMMS to bind mercury. Organic ligands
similar to these model ligands are expected to have little effect on SAMMS adsorption. Similar
results were observed with inorganic mercury complexes (e.g. chloride, iodide).
For the other metal ions, experiments were conducted with EDTA because of its strong binding of
metals and widespread industrial use. The molar concentration ratio of ligand to metal in these
experiments ranged from 0.65 to 2.3. Data from the EDTA experiments show that at fixed pH, the
extent of adsorption of these metals is influenced by both the degree of complexation as well as
the relative stability of respective EDTA complexes. Because little complexation of Ag was
expected, there were no differences in Ag adsorption with or without EDTA in equilibrating
solutions. EDTA complexation did not seem to diminish the adsorption of Cd by thiol-SAMMS.
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time (min)
Conc. (mg/L)
Mercury complexes of
ammonia, EDTA,
cyanide,
and fulvate had no
measurable negative
impact on mercury
binding.
6. SAMMS Technology Summary (revised Feb. 2009)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Cu adsorption, however, was significantly reduced in the presence of EDTA. The formation of
stable Pb-EDTA complexes almost completely suppressed the adsorption of Pb.
Performance multiple metals
The effectiveness of thiol-SAMMS in removing multiple metals
from a batch solution was recently demonstrated. A solution
containing Ag, Cd, Cu, and Pb, each at 0.05 mmol/L (~5, ~6, ~3,
and ~10 ppm, respectively), was prepared in a matrix of 0.1 M
NaNO3. The solution was equilibrated with thiol-SAMMS at
various solution-to-solid ratios ranging from 250 to 5000. Metal
adsorption was calculated using measured equilibrium concentrations. The selectivity of metals
removed is as follows: Ag ≅ Cu > Cd > Pb.
• Copper was removed from 3 ppm to <8 ppb (Kd = 1.5 x 104
)
• Silver from 5 ppm to <2 ppb (Kd = 2.5 x 104
)
• Cadmium from 6 ppm to 0.2 ppm (Kd = 8.1 x 103
)
• Lead from 10 ppm to < 1 ppm (Kd = 4.7 x 103
)
These results show that SAMMS can effectively remove multiple metals simultaneously from a
complex matrix containing multiple metals.
Precious Metals Recovery
Preliminary data has shown that thiol-SAMMS is also effective at recovering precious metals,
like Au, Ag, Pd and Pt from aqueous media. Thiol-SAMMS has a much higher metal binding
affinity and capacity than does the more commonly used activated carbon. Thiol-SAMMS made
using supercritical fluid (SCF) methodology has been shown to have higher silane population
density, lower defect density and excellent stability towards alkaline conditions, so it may be
possible to apply these sorbents towards precious metal recovery in the mining industry.
Stability
SAMMS has also been subjected to chemical and physical stability testing. Mercury-loaded
SAMMS have remained stable with exposure to temperatures of 150°C in air for up to 50 hours
(no Hg released), and up to 70°C in water for 24 hours (Hg released equaled ~0.4% of the Hg
sorbed). SAMMS loaded with Hg have also been subjected to the Environmental Protection
Agency’s Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure Tests (TCLP). Releases for these RCRA
metals were two orders of magnitude below EPA’s standards. Thus, the loaded thiol-SAMMS
materials may be disposed of as a conventional waste. We expect similar behavior for other metal
laden thiol-SAMMS (e.g. Ag, Cu). Stability tests for other flavors of SAMMS are planned for the
near future. Finally, SAMMS is resistant to biodegradation, as the pore size of the mesoporous
supports is far too small to allow access to the bacteria that could metabolize and release bound
metals to the environment.
Regeneration
The conditions under which SAMMS may be regenerated depends on the nature of the metal-
ligand bond formed between the SAMMS and the target analyte. We have demonstrated that Hg
Mercury-loaded
SAMMS®
have remained
stable with exposure to
temperatures of 150°C
in air for up to 50 hours
and up to 70°C in water
for 24 hours.
7. SAMMS Technology Summary (revised Feb. 2009)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
laden thiol-SAMMS can be regenerated using a simple HCl rinse. A similar acid strip has been
shown to be effective for the carboxylic acid forms of SAMMS used to bind the lanthanides (e.g.
Gly-UR SAMMS), and these materials have been shown to be able to go through over a dozen
regen cycles with no loss of sorbent activity. Regeneration of the cesium sorbent (i.e.
ferrocyanide SAMMS) can be accomplished by oxidizing the ferrocyanide center to the
ferricyanide oxidation state and washing the Cs of the sorbent, then reducing the Fe(III) center
back to Fe(II). Regeneration of other SAMMS forms should also be possible under conditions
appropriate for that particular metal-ligand bonding arrangement.
Chelate-SAMMS®
Research and development is continuing on the preparation and testing of metal-chelating
SAMMS. Chelating functional groups (such as EDA, ethylenediamine triacetic acid, 1,10-
phenanthroline, HOPO, etc.) are attached to the surface of the mesoporous materials using similar
chemistry as is used for preparation of the thiol-SAMMS. The chelating group is tailored for the
targeted metal; for example, EDA for Cu and HOPO for the actinides. Results have shown that
selective removal of metal ions can be accomplished by various chelate-SAMMS forms, and
research is continuing to optimize the synthesis and metal loadings.
Anion-SAMMS®
We have synthesized and demonstrated the use of cationic metal
complexes immobilized on mesoporous silica as a novel anion-
binding materials for toxic anions such as chromate, arsenate, and
pertechnetate. This approach allows the construction of binding
sites that satisfy the stereoelectronic requirements of tetrahedral
anions, as well as allowing a direct metal-anion interaction. These
SAMMS can remove oxometallate anions like chromate and
arsenate to low levels, even in the presence of large excesses of
sulfate ion. Nearly complete removal of arsenate and chromate has
been achieved in the presence of interfering anions for solutions
containing up to 100 ppm toxic metal anions under a variety of conditions. These anion-SAMMS
materials remain effective at even higher concentration solutions (in excess of 1000-ppm anions).
Anion loading of more than 130 mg/g (1.12 mmol/g) of SAMMS and distribution coefficients of
more than 100,000 have been observed for chromate anion. These properties are comparable to
the performance of thiol-SAMMS. Our anion removal tests were performed in water containing
1-, 10-, and 100-ppm arsenate and chromate with a water-to-sorbent (SAMMS) ratio of 100. In
each of these tests, virtually all of the chromate was removed in a single treatment. The presence
of competing sulfate anions (at 150 ppm) had little effect on chromate binding. At the same
solution-to-sorbent ratio (100 mL/g), chromate concentrations higher than 1000 ppm began to
saturate the binding sites. For a much higher solution-to-silica ratio (500 mL/g), 100% removal of
the chromate is observed for chromate concentrations up to 100 ppm.
Similar results were also obtained for arsenate removal. The maximum loading capacity is 140
mg/g or 1.00 mmol/g. Under the same conditions, the residual concentrations of arsenate are all
slightly higher than chromate at low anion concentrations. This suggests the Cu-EDA binding
chemistry has somewhat higher affinity for chromate than arsenate under these conditions. The
test results can be summarized as follows:
Nearly complete
removal of arsenate and
chromate is achieved in
the presence of
interfering anions for
solutions containing up
to 100 ppm toxic metal
anions under a variety
of conditions.
8. SAMMS Technology Summary (revised Feb. 2009)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
• The anion-SAMMS materials are efficient oxometallate anion binding materials.
Virtually complete oxometallate anion removal can be achieved over a wide
concentration range.
• Oxoanions (chromate and arsenate) are preferentially bound over sulfates.
• Low concentrations of chromate and arsenate can be removed from high concentrations
of sulfates
• The binding chemistry is more sensitive for chromate than arsenate at low concentrations.
Engineered Forms
SAMMS are to be available as a powder (particle size can be tailored to fit the application, from
roughly 10 microns, to well over 100 microns) from Steward Environmental Solutions. What’s
more, this basic powder form can be modified into a variety of engineered forms (e.g. extrudates,
monoliths, etc.) to be more readily integrated into existing ion exchange systems/infrastructure.
SAMMS have been impregnated into proprietary filter membranes and tested in a flowing system
for mercury removal. The results demonstrated that membrane-supported SAMMS performed
similarly to the unsupported powder. We are also working with Perry Equipment Corporation
(PECO) to integrate SAMMS (and related nanoporous sorbent materials) into filter cartridge
canisters that will be useful in a wide variety of industrial applications.
Field Demonstrations
There have been a number of field demonstrations of SAMMS to address Department of Energy
as well as commercial waste treatment problems, either currently underway, or that have recently
been completed. The first example of using thiol-SAMMS to treat actual chemical waste was
performed at PNNL on 10L of laboratory waste that contained 146 ppm of Hg. This was treated
with a single batch contact of 86g of thiol-SAMMS, and the final Hg concentration was
approximately 0.04 ppm. Similarly, a second waste stream comprised of 200L of EVS scrubber
waste, containing 4.64 ppm Hg, was treated with thiol-SAMMS to achieve a final Hg
concentration of 0.05 ppm. Both of these treatments resulted in significant savings in terms of
disposal costs (~10-fold).
A third example was performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This case is noteworthy
because the medium was non-aqueous, contaminated vacuum pump oil, which is not only very
hydrophobic, but also very viscous. This wastestream contained Hg concentrations as high as 50
ppm, and single treatment with thiol-SAMMS was easily able to reduce the Hg concentration to
well below the target threshold of 0.2 ppm. Thiol-SAMMS®
is the only technology that is proven
to be effective at removing Hg from such hydrophobic, viscous media.
9. SAMMS Technology Summary (revised Feb. 2009)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Figure 3. Photo of the apparatus used to test thiol-SAMMS to remove Hg from contaminated
vacuum pump oil (treatment was performed in the black 55-gal barrel with the impeller, then the
vacuum pump oil was removed, filtered and pumped into the silver receiving barrel).
A field demonstration/deployment has also been carried out at Idaho National Laboratory. In this
case, the wastestream was composed of a complex aqueous slurry of heavy metals, radionuclides
(e.g. Cs-137, Co-60, Eu-152), suspended solids, halogenated solvents (TCE, TCA, PCE, etc.),
and other components. The Hg concentration was measured to be 1.57%, and the speciation was
unknown (thought to be mixed?). There was a viable strategy in place for solvent removal, and
the plan was to solidify the waste to immobilize the radionuclides (using Waterworks SP-400).
Unfortunately, this approach still left the Hg in a leachable state, and the final waste would not
pass TCLP. Preliminary testing showed that thiol-SAMMS effectively immobilized the Hg in
place and that the resultant wasteform could pass TCLP by a significant margin. The entire
contents of the waste tank were subsequently treated successfully using thiol-SAMMS.
There have been a number of examples in the commercial sector as well. One customer had a
well that contained approximately 25 ppb Hg, and had been trying unsuccessfully to treat it with
carbon type adsorbents. Their Hg reduction target was ≤ 12 ppt output. This well-water
contained over 20 inorganic species. Steward Environmental Solutions conducted bench testing
(batch) and demonstrated that thiol-SAMMS was able to reduce the Hg concentration down to
~14 ppt. Steward Environmental Solutions conducted additional field testing using their 10 gpm
continuous flow SAMMS filtration system. These tests ran for 1,300 hours and processed over
450,000 gallons of well water. Thiol-SAMMS reduced the Hg concentration from input ~25 ppb
(input) down to below detection limits (EPA 245.7) at output (~ 5 ppt), well below 12 ppt
mercury reduction goal. The Hg laden SAMMS were tested and passed TCLP.
Another commercial customer had well water that was very dark brown in color (humic acid) and
contained high concentrations of total dissolved solids and organics. Activated carbon had failed
repeated tests due to fouling. The well water contained more than twenty known species,
including sulfide, iron and chlorobenzene, in addition to 2 ppb Hg. Preliminary batch testing with
thiol-SAMMS demonstrated that it was possible to reduce the Hg concentration sufficiently to
meet an initial target of 90% reduction. A field test was conducted using the Steward
Environmental Solutions 10 gpm continuous flow SAMMS filtration system, along with ozone
10. SAMMS Technology Summary (revised Feb. 2009)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Figure 4. Steward Environmental Solutions 10 gpm continuous flow SAMMS® filtration
system.
pretreatment to reduce organics. Thiol-SAMMS successfully reduced the Hg concentration from
~2,000 ppt (input) down to ~ 10 ppt (output), well below the 90% mercury reduction goal. Over
40,000 gallons of well water were processed in this continuous flow test. Once again, the Hg
laden SAMMS from the field test were subjected to TCLP and passed.
Another commercial customer had a need to reduce the Hg concentration down to 1.3 ppt or
lower. Their existing water treatment system was not able to achieve this ultra low concentration.
Thiol-SAMMS was tested as an alternative. Steward Environmental Solutions performed a
simple batch test, and was successful in reducing the Hg concentration from 4.5 ppt down to 0.7
ppt (well below the targeted 1.3 ppt) in just 6 minutes.
Other demonstrations are currently underway.
Competitive Assessment: Mercury Removal
The following technologies represent the primary competition in the area of dilute mercury
recovery, removal, and/or separation.
• Mercu-RE (gases), sorbent-based (water), and sulfur-based (radioactively contaminated
mercury) (ADA Technologies, Engelwood, CO)
• Sulfur-impregnated carbon (Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan)
• Activated carbon absorption (Norit Americas Inc., Prior, OK)
• DuoliteTM GT-73 ion exchange organic resin (Rohm and Haas Company, Philadelphia,
PA)
• Colloid precipitate flotation (Mansoura University, Damietta, Egypt)
• Microemulsion liquid membranes (Rutgers University, Newark, NJ)
• Amalgamation (a generic process).
Table 5 compares these technologies’ performance to SAMMS. At the mercury concentrations of
interest, SAMMS loading is considerably higher than that of the next best available technology.
This higher loading capacity, along with the faster kinetics, superior selectivity, and reduced
11. SAMMS Technology Summary (revised Feb. 2009)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
disposal costs (since less sorbent is needed to remove a given amount of heavy metal
contaminant) translates into real life-cycle cost savings.
Table 5. Competitive Advantages of SAMMS®
for Mercury Removal
Organic liquids No No No No No Yes Only technology
Carbon GT-73 Colloid/Precip. Amalgam Liquid membranes SAMMS Advantages
suitable for organics
Aqueous liquids Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Achieves lower
concentrations to
meet regulatory
requirements
Binding kinetics Medium Medium Slow Slow Slow Fast Reduced reaction
time, faster
throughput
Metal loading, 0.025 6 N/A No N/A 80 Significantly higher
(g/kg at 0.2 ppb Hg) loading capacity,
needs no material
regeneration
Selectivity Low High Medium N/A Medium Very High Most selective, needs
less material
Chemicals needed No No Yes N/A Yes N No need for
additional tanks,
process equipment,
etc., no secondary
waste generated, thus
reduced treatment
cost during
application
Stable final waste No No No N/A No Yes Only technology that
form requires no additional
treatment before
disposal
Final waste volume Large Medium Medium N/A Medium Very Low Greatly reduced
material and disposal
costs
Overall cost High Medium High High High Low Significantly cheaper
than next best
available technologies
Decontamination Low Medium Medium N/A Medium High Only technology that
factor meets stringent r
regulatory
requirements
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SAMMS®
-Lixiviant Systems
A novel proprietary lixiviant system that is compatible with SAMMS has also been developed to
allow the cost effective treatment of mercury in soils and sludges. The lixiviant has also shown to
be effective for completely removing nickel and uranium and between 40-60% removal of
cadmium, silver, and molybdenum in well characterized soils.
Availability
Steward Environmental Solutions, in collaboration with Battelle, have established commercial
production capacity for the manufacture of SAMMS, and are currently producing materials.
Quantities of SAMMS are available for testing by potential end-users and resellers. Our scientists
and engineers will work with you to determine the best form of SAMMS and the optimal delivery
vehicle.
12. SAMMS Technology Summary (revised Feb. 2009)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Current R&D Activities
We are extending our database on SAMMS performance. Testing is proceeding on:
• New chelate-SAMMS for transition metals in aqueous systems.
• Stability under extreme process conditions and as a final waste form.
• Regeneration methods and the regeneration effectiveness.
• Integration into novel engineered forms.
• Precious metal recovery.
• Actinide removal from a range of radioactive environments.
• Fundamental science issues related to the synthesis and application of SAMMS.
Contact Information
For additional information on the technical performance of SAMMS, please contact:
Glen E. Fryxell
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
P. O. Box 999
Mail Stop K2-44
Richland, WA 99352
(509) 375-3856
(509) 375-2186 (Fax)
Email: glen.fryxell@pnl.gov
For information on potential demonstrations, contract research and/or partnering opportunities,
please contact:
Richard Skaggs
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
P.O. Box 999
Mail Stop K9-02
Richland, WA 99352
(509) 375-5900
(509) 375-6966 (Fax)
Email: richard.skaggs@pnl.gov
For information on price, availability, samples for testing, and commercial deployment of
SAMMS, please contact:
David Vernetti
Steward
1245 East 38th
Street
Chattanooga, TN 37407
(423) 468-1845
(423) 468-1802 (Fax)
dvernetti@stewardsolutions.com