THE-TEACHING-PROFESSIONbj-Chapter-2.pptx

PHILOSOPHICAL
ORIENTATION OF
TEACHERS IN THEIR
PROFESSION

It is a perspective or view
about something.

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
Philosophy of education is the
perspective orientation of
teachers in their teaching
profession. A perspective is a
frame of mind and it relies on
where one’s eyes or thoughts
are focus on.

DEFINITIONS OF PHILOSOPHY OF
EDUCATION
1. Philosophy of education refers to
the wide range of application of
various philosophical ideas and
methods in addressing
educational issues, problems,
and concerns.

2. Philosophy of education is
regarded as an applied philosophy
as it promotes a specific type of
vision of education, and examines
the definition, goals and meaning
of education.

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION IN
THE TEACHING PROFESSION
1. Philosophy of education is very
essential in the training of future
teachers and in-service teachers.
2. Philosophy of education is the
guide for teachers to plan their
teaching.

3. Philosophy of education helps
teachers to develop their own
philosophical perspective on
education.

PHILOSOPHICAL TREATISES
Idealism claims that reality
is not physical rather it is
essentially mental or mentally
constructed. Reality is not the
material object itself but the
idea behind it.

Truth is in the realms of ideas.
Ideas are the only reliable form
of reality because physical world
is always changing. The world is
never the same across time,
therefore nothing is real and
eternal except the ideas that
exist in the mind.

AIM OF EDUCATION
Since knowledge is eternal,
idealist assert that the primary
aim of teaching is the
absorption of ideas as well as
personal discipline that
guarantees the development of
one’s character.

The ultimate end of education is
to produce persons who must
be literate, with sound
reasoning mind and of good
moral character.

EDUCATIONAL METHODS
Idealist espouse a kind of
education that is holistic, focusing on
the thematic arrangement of subject
matter. They present their lesson from
general to particular. They consider
rote memory, Socratic method and
lecture discussion to be more useful
and effective than any other methods.

CURRICULUM METHODS
The focus of curriculum is to use
textbook knowledge in developing
ideas, preferably the wisdom of
ages. Thus a good curriculum for
idealism is one that is loaded with
formal subjects such as literature,
arts, philosophy, history, religion,
and humanities.

SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF TEACHERS
Idealist teachers define learners’
learning starting from what they
should learn, how they are
learned, and when should learn it.
They present themselves to be
authoritarian and mental
disciplinarian.

ROLE OF LEARNERS
Under idealism, the role of
learners’ is to receive ideas. Good
learners under idealism are those
who are able to memorize the
classic works of the so called Great
Books as they are considered
eternal and universal.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT
Evaluation of learning usually
performed in a subjective way and
in quantitative method. Essays,
critic papers, reflection papers are
examples of evaluative measures
preffered by idealism.

CLASSROOM ATMOSPHERE
The learners do not
participate in choosing the
topics for discussion,
including the means and the
schedule to learn them.

ADVANTAGES
Idealism creates an orderly
classroom and the teacher have
the full control of the behavior
of the learners.

DISADVANTAGES
It is labeled as old fashion
and teachers use one size
fits all teaching strategies.

Realism is a science and
mathematics friendly philosophy
that believes that the real world
exists independently from any
human experience. The feature of
the world exists even without
human being is their to perceive
them.

Truth is determined scientifically or
empirically and ideas are verified
through scientific inquiry and
experimentation. The things that
are real are those that can be
touched and measured and not
those that human beings think
about them as espoused by
idealism.

AIM OF EDUCATION
The ultimate purpose of education
is making the learners understand
the world through inquiry, verifying
ideas in the physical world, and
teaching things that are essential
and practical. It teaches that the
world is unchanging and human
beings need to discover this world
that is fixed.

EDUCATIONAL METHOD
The preferred methods of realists
are inductive process ( concrete to
abstract) and those that involves
teaching for the mastery of facts.
Experiments, drills, and exercise
are examples of these methods.

CURRICULUM FEATURES
Science and Math are the heart of
the realist curriculum. These
subjects provide insights and
predictions about nature by
making calculation and
measurement as well as the shapes
and motions of physical objects.

SIGNIFICANT ROLES OF TEACHERS
Teachers transmit knowledge free
from personal biases and subjective
views because they use objective
criteria in teaching. Detaching
themselves from personal biases and
subjective views is the best way to
understand the unchanging natural
law and order.

ROLES OF LEARNERS
The role of learners under realism
is to train their senses in analyzing
the physical world. They have a
mastery of scientific skills such as
gathering, organizing, and
systematizing information to gain
knowledge of the physical world.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT
Standardized testing is
commonly used by teacher
where they can obtain test
results that can be prove that
learners are learning the
materials. Experimentation,
investigative projects and closed
tests are also common.

Interests, needs and emotions
are secondary concerns of
teaching. it also provides less
freedom for learners to make
choices on what, when and how
to learn.

ADVANTAGES
Realism proposes an education
that is scientific, technical and
vocational. Learners tend to
masters these competencies
that are beneficial to them.

DISADANTAGES
It de-emphasizes feelings,
socialization, and other personal
factors. Also, they do not
consider the totality of the
learners in the teaching-learning
process.

Pragmatism is popularly known as
a philosophy of action because it
springs from the Greek word
pragma which means action,
practice, to do, or to accomplish.
Its basic assumption is that ideas
and actions must go hand as this is
the ideal process of knowledge.

Human beings do not live in a
finished world, but they live in an
going, a moving, and growing
world. The task of human beings is
prospective, that is, that is
continue the unfinished process of
the world. Knowledge and truth
are those that work in the
advancement of human life.

AIM OF EDUCATION
The aim of pragmatic education is
the reconstruction of learners’
experiences. Ordinary and natural
life experiences have to be
reflected, enriched, and
reconstructed to solve one’s
concerns in life and to create
knowledge as well.

EDUCATIONA METHODS
Pragmatic teachers use varied
methods suitable to the
development needs and interests
of the learners. Learners learn best
from experience, this pragmatic
view echoes the adage, “I hear and
forget, I see and I remember, I do
and I understand.”

The pragmatic strategies that are
useful in class includes
experimental methods, creative
and constructive projects, field
trips, laboratory works and other
learner-centered activities.

CURRICULUM FEATURES
As a learner centered philosophy,
the pragmatic curriculum is
tailored from the experience of the
learners by considering their needs
and interests.

It is a personalized kind of
curriculum in which the
instructional objectives and
content, including the method,
pace, vary from one learner to
another.

SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF THE
TEACHERS
Pragmatic teachers act as
facilitators, guides, advisers, and
fellow travelers of knowledge with
the learners. They only guide and
suggest when the learners need
assistance.

ROLE OF THE LEARNERS
The learners are considered the
center of the educative process
and all learning takes place within
them. In the pragmatic learning
environment, learners are taught
that there is no absolute and
permanent truth.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT
The preferred tools of
assessment for pragmatism
includes journals,
simulations, individual
portfolios, games, field work
and on-the-Job trainings.

Pragmatic classroom is very
learner-friendly and democratic.
Teacher and learners usually
defines the rules in the
classroom thus, creating a
collaborative environment.

ADVANTAGES
Pragmatic education teaches
the learners to think in a
practical way. In effect the
teachers serve only as
facilitators of learning.
Pragmatic ideas are rooted to
change the society through
social reform.

DISADVANTAGES
Pragmatism lack of fix aims to
give learners stability and
direction and not all direct
experience are educational

Reality rests on how individual
perceive things through their own
lenses. What is real is dependent
on the perceivers because human
beings do not have the same
experience of something.

While they accept established
traditions, they do not blindly
accept it because they have the
ability to discern and chose those
that are worth keeping and
discarding.

AIM OF EDUCATION
They must have given the chance
to make academic decisions on
what, how, and how they learn.
Fitting individuals into a pre-
determined mold and desired
order of becoming is an act of
injustice.

The purpose of education is to
provide learners within a wide
array of alternatives because they
are unique and free choosing
individuals.

CURRICULUM FEATURES
The center of the existentialist curriculum
is on humanities, psychology, philosophy,
and the arts. In terms of purpose, the
existentialist curriculum promotes self-
actualization by joining sports activities,
engaging in a diverse, personal and
spiritual life, taking leadership positions
and other academic and non-academic
undertakings.

SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF A TEACHER
Existentialist teacher present the
principles, theories, concepts, an
perspectives without prescribing to their
learners their own personal position on
them. An effective existentialist teacher is
one who helps learners discover and
develop their personal values even if these
values run contrary to established
traditions.

ROLE OF THE LEARNERS
As the learner-centered philosophy,
the primary role of the learners in
existentialism is to discover
themselves especially their potential.
They also ought to be highly
introspective and attuned to their
inner selves to have self mastery.

Learning Assessment
It emphasizes intrinsic
motivation because it is the
solid foundation of
authentic learning.

It is nurturing as it encourages
the growth of free and creative
individuals. It also provides
authentic freedom where
learners are accorded with the
opportunity to search their own
truth.

ADVANTAGES
It focuses on the person’s strength
and potentials to be great. It
implies that school should prepare
the learners for life by teaching
them how to succeed no matter
what career they choose.

DISADVANTAGES
It’s weakness is also it’s focus on
individuality. It leads to multiple
curricula and leads to prolong
education. Also, it makes
preparation of the citizen
difficult because of too much
individuality.

Perennialist believe that there is
but one ultimate truth and that
everything is constant irrespective
of time. It holds classical definition
and purpose of education, that is,
to be conservative of the society
and the transmitter of status quo.

It the basic argument of
perennialists that numerous
classical ideas have stood the
test of time considering that
they are still relevant and
essential even in the 21st
century.

AIM OF EDUCATION
The aim of education is to
educate the rational learners so
they can deal with intellectual
concepts of life. To realize this
however, they have to be taught
how to think and reason
correctly under the rigid
classroom setup.

EDUCATIONAL METHODS
The instructional methods and
strategies of teaching follows the
one size fits all principle. Also,
perennialist methods follows
highly structured approaches to
teaching.

CURRICULUM METHODS
Perennialists asserts that the
Great Books or Classics are
valuable repositories of
knowledge and wisdom. These
writings have ideas that are
timeless making them very
relevant even today.

Subject matter must be
hierarchically arranged and
curriculum should be designed
and well-crafted to teach
meaningful concepts.

SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF
TEACHERS
Perennialist teachers take an
active role in the classroom
than the learners. since, the
transmitting of subjects matter
is the primary goal of teaching,
teacher become “sage on
stage”.

Their fundamental responsibility
is to correct logical fallacies and
errors as well as evaluate the
quality of overall discussion and
individual discussion.

ROLE OF LEARNERS
Learner under perennialism are
taught to become recipients of pre-
given knowledge-the classics or ideas
of great thinkers of humanity. In
effect, they take a passive and
receptive role inside the classroom.
They are not allowed to question and
challenge the wisdom of the ages.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT
Reading, writing, recitation and
computation are emphasized in
the assessment of learners’
learning because these are
important in their intellectual
growth and development.

One of the unique characteristic
of perennialist assessment of
learning is its focus on periodic
testing, grade level
achievement, ability grouping
and standardize testing.

CLASSROOM ATHMOSPHERE
The classroom atmosphere is
teacher dominated, making the
learners to master substantial
subject matter. They believe
that with this classroom
ambiance, learners develop a
broad range of rational powers.

ADVANTAGES
The advantage of perennialism
is that it maximizes the learners
reasons, intellect and ultimately
their humanity because the
purpose of its education is to
cultivate and optimize the
human faculties.

Also, they are able to optimize
the time and there are no
worries that the learners will
miss important topics for
discussion.

DISADVANTAGE
It is averred that education is not
only meant for intellectual
development, rather it must also
develop the heart and the hands.
Also, it advocates the supremacy of
western knowledge and inferiority
of local knowledge.

Essentialism are rooted from
realism and it is basically advocates
for the status quo or the
conservation of existing
culture/society which is viewed as
essential to both societal survival,
social stability as well as personal
satisfaction and success.

Essentialism advocates that the
function of education is for
enculturation. It concentrates
on teaching the essential
knowledge, attitudes and skills
of life in the real world.

AIM OF EDUCATION
The aim of essentialist
education is not to radically
reshape society. Instead of
society, learners must be taught
how to serve and adapt to the
society through tested and
proven knowledge and skills.

It also the aim of education to
conserve social values that have
been instrumental to the
country ‘s growth and
development.

EDUCATIONAL METHODS
Demonstration, deductive, drill,
recitation, and memorization
are the preferred method of
teaching of essentialist teachers
because it is effective in
imparting knowledge and skills.

Competition is promoted
emphasizing the acquisition of
grades and honors as well as
standardize testing like the
National Achievement Test.

CURRICULUM FEATURES
Essentialist curriculum teaches the
3R’s to younger generations for
them to survive, to productive, and
to live successfully in this world.
Example of which are the ideas in
literature, history, mathematics
and science.

TEACHERS
As a teacher in a teacher
centered philosophy, teachers
have the basic responsibility to
mediate between the adult
world and the world of
youngster.

This role of teachers reflects the
model of education which is
fundamentally espoused by
essentialism.

ROLE OF LEARNERS
Essentialism views the learners
as empty vessels to be filled up
with information and to be
disciplined in the tested and
proven techniques and
approaches of the past.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT
Essentialist teachers banks on
the achievement test scores to
evaluate learners’ progress.
They test learners’ mastery of
essential knowledge and
highlights strong thinking across
all subjects.

The classroom environment must
be that which adjust the learners
to the material and social world as
it exists. In essence, it is an
atmosphere educating children to
attain the basic knowledge
essential to understand the real
world.

ADVANTAGES
Essentialism plays key roles in early
childhood education as this is
where the foundations of basic
knowledge and skills occurs. It is
with its emphasis on providing a
sound foundation of basic
knowledge and skills that the core
of knowledge is mastered.

DISADVANTAGES
Since it is a teacher centered
education learners take a
passive role since they are just
recipient of established
knowledge.

Progressivism is rooted from
pragmatism and existentialism.
Progress is always associated
with change and there can be
no progress if there is no
change. Progressivism views
change as an unavoidable
reality of life.

A good education should be one
that teaches human being to
know how to manage change.
Thus, education must be viewed
as an on-going growth of
managing change.

AIM OF EDUCATION
The aim of progressive
education is to find ultimate
purpose in the learners and how
they are taught to manage the
changes they encounter in their
lives.

The purpose of education is to
teach the learners according to
their practical needs so as to live
meaningfully in this world. Also,
the learners are taught the virtues
of self-independence, self-
discipline, accountability, and
discernment to hurdle the
challenges in the fast changing
society.

EDUCATIONAL METHOD
Inductive method and problem
solving technique are the
educational methods espoused by
the progressivism. The ideas must
always be tested and proven
through experiment especially that
the society is in its continuous
state of change.

Cooperative learning
approaches, reflective strategies
and problem solving strategies
are the best known educational
strategies by the progressivist
teachers.

CURRICULUM FEATURES
A progressivist curriculum is one
that is flexible and integrated
study of academic subjects
addressing the needs and
experiences of the learners.
There is no prescribed
curriculum in progressivist
education.

The curriculum is rather flexible
because there is no pre-defined
subject matters and no fixed
sequence of activities to be
taught to the learners. Hands-
on projects, group work, and
social activities are dominant in
the curriculum.

TEACHERS
Progressivist teacher act as a guide
or facilitator of learning. They are
the classroom directors in making
the learners adapt to changing
realities of life. Teachers under
progressivism become challenger
and inquiry leaders of the learners.

ROLE OF THE LEARTNERS
Progressivist teachers look at
the learners as individuals who
are capable of experiencing,
thinking, and exploring their
lives and the world they are
living in.

They do not like to receive the
same type of instruction at the
same time because learning is
largely dependent on each
other’s circumstances and
abilities.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT
Assessment of learning in
progressivism is focused on
problem solving and learning by
doing, especially along those
the best prepare learners meet
their individual needs and
challenges.

Effective learning assessment
must be congruent with the
learning styles of the learners
because they learn differently
depending on their learning
modality.

Cooperative and democratic
classroom atmosphere is dominant
in a progressive classroom. The
atmosphere encourages divergent
thinking in which there is no single
answer that is usually dependent
on the teacher.

ADVANTAGES
By giving equal chances for
learners to grow and develop
based on their own pace of growth
and capabilities, they are able to
develop their potentials and
actualize themselves. It also stress
on the role of education as an
agent of change.

DISADVANTAGES
The disadvantages of
progressivism as seen when one
looks at the school in the
underprivileged communities.

Social reconstructivism is also
rooted from pragmatism and
existentialism. It is also
conceived as an extension of
progressivism.

Social Reconstructivism believes
that education does not only
serve the individual needs but
rather the collective needs and
societal benefits. It combines
study and action because
education is the key to resolving
social problems.

AIM OF EDUCATION
Social reconstructivism asserts that
education plays a significant role in
societal change and it is at the
forefront in reconstructing society.
The aim of education is to change
society so as to build a new social
order that responds to the needs
of the people.

EDUCATIONAL METHOD
In social analysis, directs and
immediate attention is given to
societal ills like graft and
corruption, poverty, injustice
and their societal
consequences.

CURRICULUM FEATURES
Socioeconomic and political problems
is the heart of social reconstructivist’s
curriculum. Social sciences (political
science, history, sociology,
economics) and social research
methods as well as problem based
curriculum constitute the core of
social reconstructivist curriculum.

SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF
TEACHERS
Social reconstructivist teachers
take a lead role in developing
programs for social, cultural,
political, economic, and
environmental change because
they play a catalyst of social
change.

ROLE OF LEARTNERS
Learners are seen as active
participants as active participants
in the learning process. They use
their personal lives as a take-off
point to uncover the broader and
critical issues and concerns in the
society.

The classroom becomes a
laboratory for discussing relevant,
critical, and pressing social issues
and problems. The atmosphere
must at all times makes the
learners active and inquisitive.

ADVANTAGES
As these subjects study social
behavior of people, civic
competence, and good
citizenship, learners understand
real life issues and locate their
roles in the making of a better
and healthy society.

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