Thermo+rev+it.pdf
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The document summarizes key concepts in thermodynamics including: - State variables like pressure, volume, and temperature that describe a system's condition. - Extensive and intensive properties. - Internal energy, enthalpy, and the first law of thermodynamics. - Reversible and quasi-static processes, heat capacity, and formulas for isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes. - Entropy, the second law of thermodynamics, and entropy changes for different processes. - Gibbs free energy and conditions for spontaneity. - Types of enthalpies including formation, combustion, solution, hydration, and neutralization.
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These slides are based on the notes provided by the K V Sangathan. For the revision of thermodynamics the notes are pretty awseome. I f only want submit the home work they will do so.I am sure they will help.
THANK YOU
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学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
The Python for beginners. This is an advance computer language.
Python language is very important language at this time. we can easily understand this language by these notes.
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this notes have been created
by Eric36 at nyamata ttc
after readings
pe book for y2sme .
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This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
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A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
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官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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- 2. The state variables (P, V, T, n) describe the condition of a system. On changing any one or more of these variables the state of the system changes. Extensive Properties: Total Energy, volume, mass, etc. Intensive Properties: Pressure, Density, Refractive Index, etc.
- 8. Internal Energy (U) It is the sum total of the components of energy of the system due to the internal factors. U = KE + PE ΔU = q + W Enthalpy (H) It is the nnet heat content of the system. Mathematically: H = U + PV Remember: ΔH = qp ΔU = qv
- 9. First Law of Thermodynamics:
- 10. Reversible Process: A process whose direction can be changed by an infinitesimal change to the system or surroundings and which can be reversed by retracing the original path and both the system and surroundings are restored to theinitial state. Quasi Static State System is always in equilibrium with the surroundings
- 11. Heat Capacity Heat needed to raise the temperature of the system by 1K C = q/ΔT Molar Heat Capacity Heat needed to raise the temperature of one mole gas by 1K CM = q/nΔT Molar heat capacity constant pressure (CP ): CP = qP /nΔT Molar heat capacity constant volume (CV ): CV = qV /nΔT ΔH = qp = nCP ΔT ΔU = qv = nCV ΔT
- 13. Formulae: (Ideal gas, Reversible Processes) Isothermal: ΔU = ΔH =0 w = nRT ln (V1/V2) = nRT ln (P2/P1) q = nRT ln (V2/V1) = nRT ln(P1/P2) Isobaric: w = – PΔV = – nRΔT Isochoric w = 0 qv = ΔU = nCvΔT Adiabatic q = 0 w = ΔU ΔU = nCV ΔT = (P2 V2 – P1 V1 )/(γ–1) = (nRΔT)/(γ– 1) ΔH = nCP ΔT
- 14. Entropy (S): The degree of “randomness” of a system 2nd Law of Thermodynamics(2LoT): The entropy of an isolated system/Universe always tends to increase In a spontaneous process the entropy of the Universe increases Remember: In a reversible process the entropy of the Universe remains constant i.e. ΔSTotal = 0
- 15. ΔSsys = nCV ln(T2 /T1 ) + nR ln(V2 /V1 ) This expression can be simplified for the four processes: Isothermal process: ΔS = nR ln(V2 /V1 ) Isochoric process: ΔS = nCV ln(T2 /T1 ) For isobaric process: ΔS = nCP ln(T2 /T1 ) Adiabatic process: ΔS = 0 (qrev = 0)
- 16. Gibbs Free Energy: Gibbs Free energy function gives us a very convenient parameter to judge the spontaneity of a process from the system’s perspective. At constant temperature and pressure ΔG = –TΔSTOTAL For a process to be spontaneous ΔG < 0 at a constant temperature ΔGSYS = ΔH – TΔSSYS
- 17. Types of Enthalpies: Enthalpy of Formation ΔHf 0 Heat absorbed or released when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements under their standard elemental forms. The enthalpy for formation of the following substances is taken to be zero under 1 bar pressure and 298 K H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) H2 0(l) ΔHf o = -286 kJ/mol
- 18. Enthalpy of Combustion Heat released or absorbed when one mole of a substance undergoes combustion in presence of oxygen Enthalpy of Solution Heat released or absorbed when 1 mole of a compound is dissolved in excess of a solvent (water)
- 19. Enthalpy of Hydration Heat released or absorbed when 1 mole of anhydrous or partially hydrated salt undergoes hydration by the addition of water of crystallisation. Enthalpy of Neutralization Heat released or absorbed when one equivalent of an acid undergoes neutralisation with one equivalent of a base.
- 20. Bond Dissociation Enthalpy The energy needed to break the bonds of one mole molecules is called the Bond Dissociation Enthalpy of the substance H2 H + H BDE = 436kJ/mol Resonance Energy Many compounds exhibit resonance. Due to resonance they exist in a structure which is different from the expected one and more Stable. It is a negative value.
- 21. Hess’ Law Uses the fact that Enthalpy is a state function
- 22. Free Expansion: Expansion of gas in an isolated system in Vaccum Pext =0 w=0 q=0 ΔT = 0 ΔU= 0 ΔH= 0 ΔS > 0 Polytropic Process Generalized form of any thermodynamic process where PV n = constant, (n is a real number) For an isothermal process n = 1 For an adiabatic process n = γ