Water Soil and Marine pollution

13.  Indoor Noises
 It involves baby crying, playing of radios, banging doors,
conversation movement of furniture , kitchen noise , TV,
Radio, Music system, etc.
 Outdoor Noises
 Largest source is automobile traffic on the road. Others
include railway traffic, loud speakers, nearby factory
activity, etc.

19.  Annoyance
 A noise is said to be annoying if an exposed individual or a group of
individuals would reduce the noise, avoid or leave the noisy area if
possible. Both loudness and annoyance increase with increasing sound
level.
 Effect of Human Performance
 Noise increase accident levels, percentage of rejection in the work place. A
risk of hostile behavior of human also reported due to noise.
 Effect of Circulatory System
 Noise reduces the blood supply by shrinking blood vessels. It causes
headache and temporary laziness.
 Effect of Nervous System
 Noise stimulates nervous system, which causes irregular heart beat.
Prolonged exposure of noise causes nervous breakdown and temporary
deafness. It makes man sleepless and disturbs brain.
 Other Effects
 Noise levels of 150 Db can cause a rash under the collar, in between fingers,
and the thighs. It can cause dizziness nausea and vomiting.
 Loud noise increases the heart beat of foetus of a pregnant woman.
 Very high noise can damage buildings develop cracks.

23. CONTROL OF NOISE POLLUTION
 Reduction of Noise at source
 Select a better machinery even if expensive which produces
lease noise.
 Handling materials and equipments gently, which produces
noises when it is handled improperly. For example, trolleys,
trucks etc.
 Better supporting structures and tight fixing can reduce the
noise up to 3 dB.
 Use of resilient materials like rubber, springs , felt etc. can
reduce noise.
 Noise isolation can be achieved by enclosing noise producing
area from the other or keeping away from the normal human
activity.
 Better maintenance and greasing the machine will lead to
reduction of noise and machine performance.

24.  Noise Pollution by Design
 Proper aquatics of building could reduce the noise and echoing to
a great extent. Excellent sound insulation is achieved by
construction of glassed windows without space by filling with
sound absorbing material.
 Planting Trees
 The presence of trees near the noise site can reduce the noise by
8-10 dB. It has been reported that dense evergreen forest can
reduce the noise by 18 dB by multiple scattering by dense barrier.
 Use of Ear Protection Aids
 In noise industries workers are provided with ear protection aids,
like earplugs, headphones, noise helmets etc.
 Noise Control by Town Planning and Legislation
 It is the duty of the planners to segregate industrial area,
highways etc from the residential area.
 Legislators are to make acceptable law and their coordinates to
help in implementing the same in letter and spirit.

25. NUCLEAR HAZARDS
 Radioactive pollution is a form of pollution of air, water
and soil with radioactive substances like radium,
thorium and uranium present in nature.
 Natural decay in which unstable isotopes give out fast
moving particles, radiations or both until new stable
isotope is formed.
 Isotopes release energy as gamma rays (high energy
electromagnetic radiation (or) Ionization particles i.e.,
alpha particles (high speed positively charged
electrons) and beta particles (high speed negatively
charged electrons).

28.  Sources of Radioactivity
 Natural Sources
 Cosmic Rays from outer space and radiation from earth’s
surface (Radium- 224, Uranium-238, Thorium-232,
Potassium- 40, Carbon-14)
 Anthropogenic Sources
 Nuclear power plants, Nuclear accidents, X-rays,
diagnostic kits, test labs etc, where radioactive
substances are used.
 Nuclear explosion- Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.
On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber
dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city
of Hiroshima. ... Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-
bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people.

29. BIO SAFETY
 Genetic damages
 Radiation causes mutations in the DNA thereby
damaging the genes and chromosomes . This is often
seen in children, affecting several generations.

30.  Somatic Damage
 Radiation affects the body resulting in burns, miscarriage, eye
cataract and cancer of bone, thyroid, breast , lungs and skin.
 Even small dose of radiation over a period of time may cause adverse
effects. Alpha particles have more energy than beta particles. So they
are dangerous when entering into our body through inhalation or
food.
 Beta particles penetrate our skin and damage internal organs.
 Radioisotopes with intermediate half-lives require long time to enter
our body. They enter environment during mining of Uranium.
 Radioactive Iodine (I-131) is accumulated in the thyroid gland causing
cancer.
 Strontium- 90 causes cancer in the bone marrow or Leukemia.
 Single body with dose of over 500 rems (Roentgen equivalent man)
could result in death in 4 or 5 days.
 Delayed effects after 20 years-blood cancer (or) leukemia and other
cancers.
 There is no remedy available, once a person is exposed to radiation.

33. RISK ASSESSMENT
 Installation of nuclear power plants must be done after
studying long term and short term effects.
 Proper disposal of wastes from lab using radioisotopes
should be done.
 At present, burning high level irradiated wastes deep
inside earth’s crust is being done. (Volcano and tectonic
plate movements of rocks are hurdles for this type of
safety method).
 It appears almost impossible to find a safe and
permanent resting place for the nuclear wastes for
hundreds of thousands of years or millions or years.