1. Several kingdoms existed in the region of Pragjyotisha (present-day Northeast India and parts of Bangladesh) during 1400-1500 AD, including Bhutan, Nepal, Tripura, Raha Baropujiya, Darrang, Jayantia, Kachari, Sadia, Ahom, and Gour Bengal.
2. The ruling dynasties of these kingdoms included the Bhutia in Bhutan, Malla in Nepal, Manikya in Tripura, Khen in Darrang, Brahmin in Jayantia, Kachari in Dimapur, Chutiya in Sadia, Ahom in the eponymous kingdom, and Indo-
The Kalachuris were a dynasty that ruled parts of central India between the 8th-12th centuries AD from their capital of Tripuri. They traced their origin to Mahishmati and called themselves Chandravanshis. The early Kalachuris ruled from Mahishmati but later shifted their capital to Tripuri. The dynasty rose to prominence under rulers like Shankaragan I in the 8th century AD. Later rulers like Kokalla I and Yuvaraja I expanded the kingdom and defeated neighboring rulers. The Kalachuris acknowledged the overlordship of empires like the Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas at times through marriage alliances. They were patrons of Hinduism and J
1. The document reviews the history of the Kamata Kingdom from 1200-1498 AD, located in western Kamarupa (present-day India and Bangladesh).
2. It describes the ruling dynasties of the Kamata Kingdom during this period, including the Khen, Kheng-Bhutia, Arimatta, and Khen rulers.
3. In 1498 AD, the Muslim ruler Hussain Shah invaded and ended the Khen Dynasty, displacing the last Khen king Nilambar and destroying the capital of Kamatapur. The region then came under Muslim rule.
1) The document discusses the emergence of new dynasties in India between the 7th-12th centuries, including the Rashtrakutas who overthrew their Chalukya overlords, and military families like the Kadambas and Gurjara-Pratiharas who established kingdoms.
2) It then focuses on the Chola dynasty who rose to power in the 9th century and came to control much of South India, building magnificent temples at places like Thanjavur and establishing strong systems of irrigation and agriculture.
3) Under kings like Rajaraja I and his son Rajendra I, the Chola Empire reached its peak and extended across South India and into Sri Lanka
1) The document discusses the emergence of new dynasties in India between the 7th-12th centuries, including the Rashtrakutas who overthrew their Chalukya overlords, and military families like the Kadambas and Gurjara-Pratiharas who established kingdoms.
2) It then focuses on the Chola dynasty who rose to power in the 9th century and came to control much of South India, building magnificent temples at Thanjavur and elsewhere.
3) Under the great rulers Rajaraja and his son Rajendra I, the Cholas developed efficient systems of irrigation and agriculture in the fertile Kaveri river delta, which supported their powerful
Mahmud of Ghazni ruled the Ghaznavid dynasty from 997 to 1030 CE. He conquered extensive lands from modern-day Afghanistan through Iran and into northern India, establishing Ghazni as the wealthy capital of his empire. The Mamluk or slave dynasty ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1290 CE, during which time they built the Qutub Minar and extended their rule further into India before declining. The Tughlaq dynasty ruled from 1320 to 1414 CE, establishing a new capital at Daulatabad before control slipped away from the emperor.
1. Nepal has a long history dating back 11,000 years, with early settlements by people of Bhutanese-Mongoloid parentage. It is mentioned in ancient Hindu texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
2. In ancient times, Nepal consisted of many small kingdoms, the most powerful being the Shakyas of Kapilvastu, from which Buddha emerged. Later, the Mauryas and Licchhavis ruled over Nepal.
3. In medieval times, the Malla kings ruled separate kingdoms in Kathmandu Valley. Nepal was largely undisturbed during this period except for some unsuccessful invasions. The country was divided into many small states.
1. Several kingdoms existed in the region of Pragjyotisha (present-day Northeast India and parts of Bangladesh) during 1400-1500 AD, including Bhutan, Nepal, Tripura, Raha Baropujiya, Darrang, Jayantia, Kachari, Sadia, Ahom, and Gour Bengal.
2. The ruling dynasties of these kingdoms included the Bhutia in Bhutan, Malla in Nepal, Manikya in Tripura, Khen in Darrang, Brahmin in Jayantia, Kachari in Dimapur, Chutiya in Sadia, Ahom in the eponymous kingdom, and Indo-
The Kalachuris were a dynasty that ruled parts of central India between the 8th-12th centuries AD from their capital of Tripuri. They traced their origin to Mahishmati and called themselves Chandravanshis. The early Kalachuris ruled from Mahishmati but later shifted their capital to Tripuri. The dynasty rose to prominence under rulers like Shankaragan I in the 8th century AD. Later rulers like Kokalla I and Yuvaraja I expanded the kingdom and defeated neighboring rulers. The Kalachuris acknowledged the overlordship of empires like the Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas at times through marriage alliances. They were patrons of Hinduism and J
1. The document reviews the history of the Kamata Kingdom from 1200-1498 AD, located in western Kamarupa (present-day India and Bangladesh).
2. It describes the ruling dynasties of the Kamata Kingdom during this period, including the Khen, Kheng-Bhutia, Arimatta, and Khen rulers.
3. In 1498 AD, the Muslim ruler Hussain Shah invaded and ended the Khen Dynasty, displacing the last Khen king Nilambar and destroying the capital of Kamatapur. The region then came under Muslim rule.
1) The document discusses the emergence of new dynasties in India between the 7th-12th centuries, including the Rashtrakutas who overthrew their Chalukya overlords, and military families like the Kadambas and Gurjara-Pratiharas who established kingdoms.
2) It then focuses on the Chola dynasty who rose to power in the 9th century and came to control much of South India, building magnificent temples at places like Thanjavur and establishing strong systems of irrigation and agriculture.
3) Under kings like Rajaraja I and his son Rajendra I, the Chola Empire reached its peak and extended across South India and into Sri Lanka
1) The document discusses the emergence of new dynasties in India between the 7th-12th centuries, including the Rashtrakutas who overthrew their Chalukya overlords, and military families like the Kadambas and Gurjara-Pratiharas who established kingdoms.
2) It then focuses on the Chola dynasty who rose to power in the 9th century and came to control much of South India, building magnificent temples at Thanjavur and elsewhere.
3) Under the great rulers Rajaraja and his son Rajendra I, the Cholas developed efficient systems of irrigation and agriculture in the fertile Kaveri river delta, which supported their powerful
Mahmud of Ghazni ruled the Ghaznavid dynasty from 997 to 1030 CE. He conquered extensive lands from modern-day Afghanistan through Iran and into northern India, establishing Ghazni as the wealthy capital of his empire. The Mamluk or slave dynasty ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1290 CE, during which time they built the Qutub Minar and extended their rule further into India before declining. The Tughlaq dynasty ruled from 1320 to 1414 CE, establishing a new capital at Daulatabad before control slipped away from the emperor.
1. Nepal has a long history dating back 11,000 years, with early settlements by people of Bhutanese-Mongoloid parentage. It is mentioned in ancient Hindu texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
2. In ancient times, Nepal consisted of many small kingdoms, the most powerful being the Shakyas of Kapilvastu, from which Buddha emerged. Later, the Mauryas and Licchhavis ruled over Nepal.
3. In medieval times, the Malla kings ruled separate kingdoms in Kathmandu Valley. Nepal was largely undisturbed during this period except for some unsuccessful invasions. The country was divided into many small states.
The Later Pandyas ruled from the 6th century CE until the 16th century CE. They revived their rule after eliminating the Kalabhras. The greatest ruler was Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadayan who expanded Pandyan territory. In the 13th century, the Pandyan Kingdom emerged as the dominant power in South India under the rule of Sadaiyavarman Sundarapandyan, who brought much of South India under his control. However, internal conflicts later allowed for an invasion by Malik Kafur, leading to the division and decline of the Pandyan Kingdom.
This document provides an overview of medieval India from the 13th to 16th centuries. It discusses:
1) How terms like "India" and "Hindustan" were used politically and geographically during this time period to describe different regions.
2) Sources that historians use to understand medieval India, including manuscripts, miniature paintings, and chronicles from authors like Ziyauddin Barani.
3) The emergence of new social and political groups like the Rajputs and the expansion and decline of regional empires and dynasties across India, including the Delhi Sultanate.
4) The rise of new religions like Islam while Hinduism continued to change and develop new aspects like bhak
The document discusses the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani, which rose again to prominence in southern India after 200 years of rule by the Rashtrakutas. It describes how Taila II overthrew the Rashtrakuta king in 973 AD and reestablished the Chalukya kingdom, extending its territory from the Narmada to the Tungabhadra rivers through military campaigns. The dynasty went on to rule for over 200 years and engage in conflicts with the Paramara and Chola dynasties during the reigns of kings like Taila II, Satyasraya, Vikramaditya V, and Jayasim
This document provides a historical overview of kingdoms and dynasties that ruled the region of Pragjyotisha (present-day Northeast India and parts of Nepal) between 300 AD to 900 AD. It mentions the Sudra, Varman, Licchavi, Gupta, Salastambha, Dimasa and other dynasties that ruled different parts of the region during this period. It provides details on the rulers of each dynasty and references information from sources like inscriptions, Puranas and accounts of Chinese travelers who visited the region.
The Pandya dynasty was an ancient Tamil dynasty that ruled parts of southern India between the 4th century BCE and 16th century CE from their capital at Madurai. Some key details:
- The dynasty originated in the ancient Tamil country of Pandi Nadu and was founded by Nedunjeliyan I, who ruled from the coastal town of Korkai.
- The Pandya kingdom encompassed most of modern-day Tamil Nadu and reached the peak of its power and territory under the imperial Pandyas in the 13th-14th centuries CE.
- The dynasty contributed significantly to the culture of southern India, patronizing Tamil literature and constructing temples. However, it faced invasions
The document summarizes several early medieval Indian dynasties that ruled different regions between the 8th-14th centuries CE. Key dynasties discussed include the Rashtrakutas who ruled Maharashtra and Karnataka from 735-973 CE; the Western Chalukyas who ruled from their capital of Kalyani in modern Karnataka from 973-1189 CE; and the Yadavas who ruled from their capital of Devagiri and established Maratha culture from 1187-1312 CE. Other dynasties summarized are the Hoysalas, Cholas, Palas, Pratiharas, Gangas and more. Kashmir during this period saw rule by the Karkota,
Land-based Agricultural Kingdoms in Southeast Asia (Khmers, Saliendra, Pagan)Dean Ruffel Flandez
The Khmer Empire was one of the most powerful in Southeast Asia, ruling parts of modern Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, and Malaysia. Jayavarman II established Cambodia as an independent kingdom in 802. The empire reached its peak under Suryavarman II, who built Angkor Wat in the 12th century. The Sailendra dynasty ruled Java and Srivijaya in Sumatra in the 8th-9th centuries and oversaw a cultural renaissance. The Burmese kingdom of Pagan emerged in the 9th century and unified Myanmar under kings like Anawrahta in the 11th century, establishing Theravada Buddhism and the longest Burmese dynasty.
The pallava dynasty is the one the great dynasty in Southern India which rules from Southern parts of Andhra pradesh and Northern part of tamilnadu. In this pdf I mentioned about Pallava kings and three famous battles between pallavas and Chalukyas .
This document provides a historical overview of the kingdom of Pragjyotisha from pre-historic times through approximately 600 AD. It discusses the various dynasties that ruled the region, including the Danava, Gopala, Kirata, Naraka/Bhauma, and Sonitpura dynasties. Key details include the first rulers from each dynasty, the regions they ruled, and references from Hindu texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata that describe the different time periods and rulers.
Samudragupta was a ruler of the Gupta Empire from around 335-375 CE who ushered in the Golden Age of India. He succeeded his father Chandragupta I and went on extensive military campaigns, conquering most of India. Harishena was a court poet of Samudragupta who composed praises of the king, including on the Allahabad Pillar inscription. Pulakeshin II was a famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty in the 6th century CE who expanded their kingdom across most of the Deccan region in South India during his reign.
The Pallava Dynasty ruled southern India with their capital at Kanchipuram from the 3rd to the 9th centuries AD. They emerged as the Satavahana and Chola empires declined, establishing a strong kingdom under kings like Simhavishnu. The Pallavas built many famous temples and had changing fortunes in wars against the Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, with their power declining after the 8th century. Internal succession struggles after Nandivarman III led to the end of Pallava rule.
1. The document provides an overview of the history of India from around 150 BC to 1000 AD, covering major dynasties and kingdoms in northern, western, central, and southern India.
2. It discusses the conquests and settlements of Central Asian tribes like the Sakas and Yueh-chih in northwest India between 150 BC to 395 AD, and the rise of the Kushan Empire under Kanishka around 120 AD, which ruled a vast territory from Afghanistan to northern India.
3. From the 4th to 6th centuries AD, the document outlines the rise and fall of the Gupta Empire and the invasion of the Huns, followed by the kingdom established in northern India by Har
Shadows of an Empire @ Jehangir Art GallerySanjay Dongre
The story of Vijayanagar is a fascinating tale of leadership, some good management practices, and economic policies that led to its glory.
This story is now being brought alive by a string of images drawn from various sites but mainly the largest open air museum located in Hampi. Each of these images singularly tell a story and collectively take us through the rise and fall of an Empire.
Brought to you by people who love, photography, travel and story telling.at the Jehangir Art Gallery 11th Nov onwards
The Chola Empire was a powerful South Indian kingdom that rose to prominence between the 9th and 13th centuries CE. It was centered along the Kaveri River in present-day Tamil Nadu. The Chola dynasty began with Vijayalaya in the 9th century and reached its peak under kings like Aditya I and Rajaraja Chola I, who expanded the empire across South India and Sri Lanka through strong naval forces and strategic alliances. The last great king was Rajendra Chola I, and the dynasty eventually declined after the 13th century, lasting until 1279 CE as one of the longest ruling dynasties in world history.
The document discusses the political and cultural developments in medieval India between 800-1800 AD. It summarizes the three main empires that ruled northern India during this period - the Pala Empire in eastern India, the Pratihara Empire in western India and the Rashtrakuta Empire in the Deccan. It also discusses the rise of the powerful Chola Empire in south India between 900-1200 AD, which dominated the region through naval strength and trade. The empires patronized arts, literature, architecture and education. Local self-governance developed in their territories.
The document provides information on the Chandella dynasty that ruled parts of North India between the 9th-13th centuries. It discusses the dynasty's origins in Jejakbhukti and their early status as feudatories of the Gurjara-Pratiharas. It then covers the rise of prominent kings like Yashovarman and Dhanga who established the Chandellas as the preeminent power, replacing the Gurjara-Pratiharas. The dynasty reached its peak under the rule of Vidyadhara in the early 11th century, but later declined with the Muslim invasions of North India. The document draws on various inscriptions and historical texts to reconstruct the dynasty's history
Parāntaka II expanded the Chola Empire by defeating the Pāndyas and Ceylon forces. His son Rājrāj the Great further expanded the empire to include greater parts of South India and Sri Lanka. Rājrāj built the Brihadeshvar Temple in Thanjavur. Rājrāj's son Rājendra helped rule jointly with his father. After becoming king, Rājendra launched military campaigns across South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia, making the Chola Empire one of the largest Hindu empires. He established a new capital called Gangaikondacholapuram and built another Brihadeshvar Temple there.
The document summarizes the medieval period of Indian history from the 8th to 18th century AD. It was divided into the early medieval period from the 8th to 13th century, and the later medieval period from the 13th century onwards. In North India, the Pala, Pratihara, and Rashtrakuta dynasties struggled for control of the region around Kanauj. In South India, the major dynasties included the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Pallavas, Cholas, Hoysalas, Kakatiyas, and others who rose to power and declined as they conquered each other over the centuries. The Cholas reached the peak of
The document summarizes the history of Telangana from pre-historic times to modern statehood. It covers major ruling dynasties like the Satavahanas, Kakatiyas, Qutb Shahis, and Asif Jahis. Archaeological evidence shows human habitation dating back thousands of years. The Satavahanas established the first significant kingdom in the 3rd century BCE. The Kakatiyas later ruled a unified Telugu region for over 300 years from the 10th-14th century CE. Subsequent rulers included the Qutb Shahis and Asif Jahis before Telangana gained statehood in 2014.
The Later Pandyas ruled from the 6th century CE until the 16th century CE. They revived their rule after eliminating the Kalabhras. The greatest ruler was Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadayan who expanded Pandyan territory. In the 13th century, the Pandyan Kingdom emerged as the dominant power in South India under the rule of Sadaiyavarman Sundarapandyan, who brought much of South India under his control. However, internal conflicts later allowed for an invasion by Malik Kafur, leading to the division and decline of the Pandyan Kingdom.
This document provides an overview of medieval India from the 13th to 16th centuries. It discusses:
1) How terms like "India" and "Hindustan" were used politically and geographically during this time period to describe different regions.
2) Sources that historians use to understand medieval India, including manuscripts, miniature paintings, and chronicles from authors like Ziyauddin Barani.
3) The emergence of new social and political groups like the Rajputs and the expansion and decline of regional empires and dynasties across India, including the Delhi Sultanate.
4) The rise of new religions like Islam while Hinduism continued to change and develop new aspects like bhak
The document discusses the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani, which rose again to prominence in southern India after 200 years of rule by the Rashtrakutas. It describes how Taila II overthrew the Rashtrakuta king in 973 AD and reestablished the Chalukya kingdom, extending its territory from the Narmada to the Tungabhadra rivers through military campaigns. The dynasty went on to rule for over 200 years and engage in conflicts with the Paramara and Chola dynasties during the reigns of kings like Taila II, Satyasraya, Vikramaditya V, and Jayasim
This document provides a historical overview of kingdoms and dynasties that ruled the region of Pragjyotisha (present-day Northeast India and parts of Nepal) between 300 AD to 900 AD. It mentions the Sudra, Varman, Licchavi, Gupta, Salastambha, Dimasa and other dynasties that ruled different parts of the region during this period. It provides details on the rulers of each dynasty and references information from sources like inscriptions, Puranas and accounts of Chinese travelers who visited the region.
The Pandya dynasty was an ancient Tamil dynasty that ruled parts of southern India between the 4th century BCE and 16th century CE from their capital at Madurai. Some key details:
- The dynasty originated in the ancient Tamil country of Pandi Nadu and was founded by Nedunjeliyan I, who ruled from the coastal town of Korkai.
- The Pandya kingdom encompassed most of modern-day Tamil Nadu and reached the peak of its power and territory under the imperial Pandyas in the 13th-14th centuries CE.
- The dynasty contributed significantly to the culture of southern India, patronizing Tamil literature and constructing temples. However, it faced invasions
The document summarizes several early medieval Indian dynasties that ruled different regions between the 8th-14th centuries CE. Key dynasties discussed include the Rashtrakutas who ruled Maharashtra and Karnataka from 735-973 CE; the Western Chalukyas who ruled from their capital of Kalyani in modern Karnataka from 973-1189 CE; and the Yadavas who ruled from their capital of Devagiri and established Maratha culture from 1187-1312 CE. Other dynasties summarized are the Hoysalas, Cholas, Palas, Pratiharas, Gangas and more. Kashmir during this period saw rule by the Karkota,
Land-based Agricultural Kingdoms in Southeast Asia (Khmers, Saliendra, Pagan)Dean Ruffel Flandez
The Khmer Empire was one of the most powerful in Southeast Asia, ruling parts of modern Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, and Malaysia. Jayavarman II established Cambodia as an independent kingdom in 802. The empire reached its peak under Suryavarman II, who built Angkor Wat in the 12th century. The Sailendra dynasty ruled Java and Srivijaya in Sumatra in the 8th-9th centuries and oversaw a cultural renaissance. The Burmese kingdom of Pagan emerged in the 9th century and unified Myanmar under kings like Anawrahta in the 11th century, establishing Theravada Buddhism and the longest Burmese dynasty.
The pallava dynasty is the one the great dynasty in Southern India which rules from Southern parts of Andhra pradesh and Northern part of tamilnadu. In this pdf I mentioned about Pallava kings and three famous battles between pallavas and Chalukyas .
This document provides a historical overview of the kingdom of Pragjyotisha from pre-historic times through approximately 600 AD. It discusses the various dynasties that ruled the region, including the Danava, Gopala, Kirata, Naraka/Bhauma, and Sonitpura dynasties. Key details include the first rulers from each dynasty, the regions they ruled, and references from Hindu texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata that describe the different time periods and rulers.
Samudragupta was a ruler of the Gupta Empire from around 335-375 CE who ushered in the Golden Age of India. He succeeded his father Chandragupta I and went on extensive military campaigns, conquering most of India. Harishena was a court poet of Samudragupta who composed praises of the king, including on the Allahabad Pillar inscription. Pulakeshin II was a famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty in the 6th century CE who expanded their kingdom across most of the Deccan region in South India during his reign.
The Pallava Dynasty ruled southern India with their capital at Kanchipuram from the 3rd to the 9th centuries AD. They emerged as the Satavahana and Chola empires declined, establishing a strong kingdom under kings like Simhavishnu. The Pallavas built many famous temples and had changing fortunes in wars against the Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, with their power declining after the 8th century. Internal succession struggles after Nandivarman III led to the end of Pallava rule.
1. The document provides an overview of the history of India from around 150 BC to 1000 AD, covering major dynasties and kingdoms in northern, western, central, and southern India.
2. It discusses the conquests and settlements of Central Asian tribes like the Sakas and Yueh-chih in northwest India between 150 BC to 395 AD, and the rise of the Kushan Empire under Kanishka around 120 AD, which ruled a vast territory from Afghanistan to northern India.
3. From the 4th to 6th centuries AD, the document outlines the rise and fall of the Gupta Empire and the invasion of the Huns, followed by the kingdom established in northern India by Har
Shadows of an Empire @ Jehangir Art GallerySanjay Dongre
The story of Vijayanagar is a fascinating tale of leadership, some good management practices, and economic policies that led to its glory.
This story is now being brought alive by a string of images drawn from various sites but mainly the largest open air museum located in Hampi. Each of these images singularly tell a story and collectively take us through the rise and fall of an Empire.
Brought to you by people who love, photography, travel and story telling.at the Jehangir Art Gallery 11th Nov onwards
The Chola Empire was a powerful South Indian kingdom that rose to prominence between the 9th and 13th centuries CE. It was centered along the Kaveri River in present-day Tamil Nadu. The Chola dynasty began with Vijayalaya in the 9th century and reached its peak under kings like Aditya I and Rajaraja Chola I, who expanded the empire across South India and Sri Lanka through strong naval forces and strategic alliances. The last great king was Rajendra Chola I, and the dynasty eventually declined after the 13th century, lasting until 1279 CE as one of the longest ruling dynasties in world history.
The document discusses the political and cultural developments in medieval India between 800-1800 AD. It summarizes the three main empires that ruled northern India during this period - the Pala Empire in eastern India, the Pratihara Empire in western India and the Rashtrakuta Empire in the Deccan. It also discusses the rise of the powerful Chola Empire in south India between 900-1200 AD, which dominated the region through naval strength and trade. The empires patronized arts, literature, architecture and education. Local self-governance developed in their territories.
The document provides information on the Chandella dynasty that ruled parts of North India between the 9th-13th centuries. It discusses the dynasty's origins in Jejakbhukti and their early status as feudatories of the Gurjara-Pratiharas. It then covers the rise of prominent kings like Yashovarman and Dhanga who established the Chandellas as the preeminent power, replacing the Gurjara-Pratiharas. The dynasty reached its peak under the rule of Vidyadhara in the early 11th century, but later declined with the Muslim invasions of North India. The document draws on various inscriptions and historical texts to reconstruct the dynasty's history
Parāntaka II expanded the Chola Empire by defeating the Pāndyas and Ceylon forces. His son Rājrāj the Great further expanded the empire to include greater parts of South India and Sri Lanka. Rājrāj built the Brihadeshvar Temple in Thanjavur. Rājrāj's son Rājendra helped rule jointly with his father. After becoming king, Rājendra launched military campaigns across South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia, making the Chola Empire one of the largest Hindu empires. He established a new capital called Gangaikondacholapuram and built another Brihadeshvar Temple there.
The document summarizes the medieval period of Indian history from the 8th to 18th century AD. It was divided into the early medieval period from the 8th to 13th century, and the later medieval period from the 13th century onwards. In North India, the Pala, Pratihara, and Rashtrakuta dynasties struggled for control of the region around Kanauj. In South India, the major dynasties included the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Pallavas, Cholas, Hoysalas, Kakatiyas, and others who rose to power and declined as they conquered each other over the centuries. The Cholas reached the peak of
The document summarizes the history of Telangana from pre-historic times to modern statehood. It covers major ruling dynasties like the Satavahanas, Kakatiyas, Qutb Shahis, and Asif Jahis. Archaeological evidence shows human habitation dating back thousands of years. The Satavahanas established the first significant kingdom in the 3rd century BCE. The Kakatiyas later ruled a unified Telugu region for over 300 years from the 10th-14th century CE. Subsequent rulers included the Qutb Shahis and Asif Jahis before Telangana gained statehood in 2014.
Similar to there are no records of external aggression so malla were probably titles assumed by (20)
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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there are no records of external aggression so malla were probably titles assumed by
1. Lecture 5
THAKURIS (879 – 1200, THE DARK AGES)
After the inscriptions of Jayadev II (713-733 AD) there are very little records, fewer than a dozen
inscriptions, no coins and no foreign accounts. However, there are thousands of manuscripts
mainly of Buddhist texts copied in the Valley viharas. Most texts close with remarks on place,
name of king, date of completion etc. which are good sources of information.
The first manuscript to use Nepal Sambat was completed in 907 AD. It is composed in Sanskrit
but uses different style of writing in old Newari or Nepalakhala. Subsequent documents all use the
Nepal Sambat (Slusser, 1982).
Thakuris were probably descendents of Lichchavi kings as their cultural practices were similar.
There are no records of foreign intrusions. A series of weak kings probably began to result in the
carving up of the state into smaller units. Gunakamadeva (942-1008 AD), a king of some
significance, is credited with founding Kathmandu, probably restructuring it into a shape of a
sword. Political power gradually shifted to Bhaktapur and Banepa. In 1147 AD Anandadeva
became “supreme king” and established himself at the new palace of Tripura at the western end of
Bhaktapur. From then on till the close of 15th
century Bhaktapur was the capital city.
Tibet had earlier turned west to Kashmir for Buddhist learning but after the end of 10th
century till
12th
century they began to look south for teachers, texts and cult objects. Tibetans went to study in
monasteries of India and Nepal. Patan developed as a Buddhist university town with its many
viharas (Slusser, 1982). After the 12th
century there was a marked decline in Buddhism.
MALLAS 1200-1769
There are no records of external aggression so Mallas were probably titles assumed by
descendents of earlier rulers. The period between 1200 – 1382 AD was a continuation of the
transitional period; the period between 1382 – 1482 was a time of relative stability under strong
rulers while the time between 1482 – 1769 saw the break-up of the kingdom and continuous
infighting between brother states (Slusser, 1982).
There was no significant king in the early period and the throne appeared to alternate between two
or more families. Since mid 12th
century Bhaktapur had been the capital and kings who titled
themselves Mallas ruled from it. The kingdom beyond of Bhota (Banepa-Panuati-Palanchowk)
was more powerful and was ruled by hereditary nobles who paid nominal allegiance to the Valley
king. Because the valley kingdom was weak, it suffered a series of devastating raids from the
Khasa and Mithila kingdoms and the Muslims of India.
The first king to write Malla was Arimalla (1200-1216). Because of weak kings nobles took over
power and were de-facto rulers. Rudramalla, a principal noble of Bhaktapur, was the main power
broker in 1317 AD during the reign of Anandadeva II. He installed Arimalla II, the king of his
choice, even while Anandadeva II was still alive. Upon Rudramalla’s death, his only girl child
Nayakadevi was declared his legal heir. The girl was raised by Rudramalla’s mother, assisted by
Devaladevi, wife of Harisimha, who was given refuge in Bhaktapur after the last king of Mithila
died en route to Dolakha after fleeing the Muslims. For the next three decades, Devaladevi played
a powerful and manipulative role in the affairs of the state. Nayakadevi was first married to a
prince from Benares who was poisoned. Nayakadevi was then married to Devaladevi’s son
Jagatsimha. Their daughter Rajalladevi was taken care of by Devaladevi who then married her
only granddaughter to Sthitimalla (Jayasthitimalla), probably a native of Mithila, who was later to
become king (Slusser, 1982).
2. Khasas ruled Western Nepal (Karnali Basin) between 11th
– 14th
centuries and raided the valley 6
times between 1287 – 1334 AD. Unlike the raids by the Muslims and Mithila kings, the Khasas
plundered the people but spared the temples and shrines. Their kings also assumed the title of
Malla and their capital was north of Jumla at Sinja or closer to the Tarai at Dullu. Remains of
temples, images, fountains and inscriptions lie scattered throughout the kingdom (Slusser, 1982).
In 1349 Sultan Shams-ud-din plundered the valley, smashed the Pasupati four faced linga and
damaged Svayambhu and other sites. Jayasthitimalla co-ruled with Arjunadeva from 1372 AD but
became king in 1382 until his death in 1395 AD. He gave stability to Nepal, rebuilt Svayambhu in
1372, 23 years after its destruction by the Muslims. Historical records show he set up new offices
such as pradhana, pramana. He is credited with the caste system but this had been evident since
the Lichchavi times. He probably codified and gave the custom the force of law (Slusser, 1982).
Yakshamalla, grandson of Jayasthitimalla, maintained control over the kingdom till his death
(1428-1482 AD). His 6 sons were left to rule jointly but they broke up the kingdom after his
death. In 1484, Yakshamalla’s second son Ratnamalla seized Kathmandu and after sharing rule
with his younger brother Arimalla, became sole ruler. Rayamalla, eldest brother ruled Bhaktapur
collegially with his brothers. After his death the throne passed on to his descendents. Patan was
ruled by powerful mahapatras, hereditary nobles. Ratnamalla’s descendents wrested control from
the nobles in 1597 AD after which it actually came under Malla rule.
After Yakshamalla’s death the Malla kingdom, in effect, broke up into 3 kingdoms: Bhaktapur-
Dolakha, Kathmandu-Nuwakot, and Patan-Pharping and Chitland Valley. Each capital city was a
walled fortress. Patan and Bhaktapur had moats or partial moats. Even Pharping and Nuwakot as
well as small towns and villages were fortified. Forts were normally built on ridges and hilltops.
Kirtipur, Thimi, Sankhu were all located on high ground and well fortified.
Pratapmalla, ruler of Kathmandu during 1641-1674, was a ruler of consequence while the father-
son-grandson rulers of Patan, Siddhinarsimha, Srinivasa and Yoganarenda were responsible for
making Patan beautiful.
The goddess Taleju was known since Lichchavi times and Maneswori was one of her
manifestations. Taleju was also widely worshipped in Mithila and other parts of India. Taleju
worship increased in the valley with Mithila influx in the valley in the 14th
century. Her nickname
Domaju meant mother goddess of Doya (Mithila). Jayasthitimalla made her his lineage deity
(kuladevata) and chose her as his personal deity (istadevata) which was continued by later kings.
Although Pashupati outranked her in official records, she was close to the Mallas and was offered
rich offerings and imposing temples (Slusser, 1982).
Mughal influence was noticed in Malla court; domes served Hindu temples from 17th
century.
Trade with Tibet intensified during late Malla rule, especially in the reign of Pratap Malla. By the
time of the 3 kingdoms Tibetans came to care for and rehabilitate the prestigious but decaying
Buddhist shrines. In 1691, Tibetan lamas repaired Svayambhu and introduced prayer wheels and
Bouddhanatha and Namobuddha were rebuilt to Tibetan taste during late Malla period.
After the formation of the three kingdoms, rivalry between them led to the refinement in art and
architecture. The 18th
century restoration of Svayambhu by Tibetan lamas was funded by
Jayaprakash Malla and Prithvi Narayan Shah.
SHAH & RANAS (1769-present; 1846-1950)
Drabya Shah founded Gorkha in 1559 AD. Ram Shah (1614-1636) ruler of Gorkha concluded a
treaty with Siddhinarasimha of Patan and invited Newar traders to Gorkha. Prithvi Pati Shah
became blood brother (Meet) of Kathmandu king Nripendra in 1678 AD.
3. In 1685 Gorkhalis embarked on winning the Malla kingdoms. Prithvi Narayan Shah seized
Nuwakot in 1744 and began the economic blockade of the Valley, finally seizing Kathmandu in
1768, then Patan and Bhaktapur in1769 AD. Prithvi Narayan Shah preferred the Newar culture to
that of the Mughals practiced by the Mallas. Thus he continued the traditional designs in his
buildings.
Bahadur Shah, younger brother of Prithvi Narayan Shah, was responsible for expansion of
borders mainly to the west. By 1790, 15 years after the death of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the
frontiers had been pushed to the present boundary. Because of palace intrigues and weak kings,
prime minister wielded power and there was constant power struggle between the Thapas and the
Pandeys. Jung Bahadur Kunwar killed the nobles in the Kot massacre of 1846 and assumed
absolute power. The Ranas ruled till 1950 after which the Shahs regained the throne.
