The Great Rift Valley is an enormous fault line in East Africa that is approximately 4,000 miles long. It was formed by thermal bulges that fractured the Earth's crust and created spaces that were filled by sinking rock. Erosion has deepened the valley over time, creating elevations from 1,300 feet below sea level to 6,000 feet above. This geological feature influenced human evolution by causing alternating wet and dry periods in East Africa that encouraged intelligence, and it continues to shape the region's geography and climate.