Thebiosphere 110602155102-phpapp02
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The biosphere extends from 5 miles above and 7 miles below the Earth's surface and consists of all environments that support life, including land, water, and air. Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment. Ecologists use observation, experimentation, and modeling in their work. Primary producers like algae and plants capture sunlight to produce energy-rich molecules through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, while consumers rely on ingesting other organisms for nutrients and energy, forming food chains and complex food webs that transfer energy between trophic levels of the biosphere.
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The document provides an introduction to ecology, including definitions of key terms like ecology, organism, environment, and ecosystem. It describes the objectives and types of ecological studies, including classifications based on environment or habitat and advancements in the field. Components of ecosystems like abiotic and biotic factors are explained. Energy flow within ecosystems is depicted through trophic structure, ecological pyramids, food chains, and food webs. Biogeochemical cycles like the hydrologic cycle and carbon cycle are also summarized.
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Ecology is the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. It is organized into levels from smallest (organism) to largest (biosphere). Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and webs from producers to various consumer trophic levels. Matter recycles through biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water. Populations grow according to exponential or logistic models depending on resources and limiting factors. Communities involve interactions like competition, predation, and symbiosis that structure species niches.
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Thebiosphere 110602155102-phpapp02
- 2. What is it?What is it? It extends from about 5 milesIt extends from about 5 miles above the earths surface to as farabove the earths surface to as far as 7 miles below theas 7 miles below the oceanocean.. The biosphere consists of all lifeThe biosphere consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the earthon Earth and all parts of the earth in which life exists, including land,in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.water, and the atmosphere.
- 3. -Ecology--Ecology- Ecology is when organisms in the biosphere interact with each other and their surroundings or environment.
- 4. Biotic/Abiotic FactorsBiotic/Abiotic Factors AA bioticbiotic factor is any living part offactor is any living part of the environment with which anthe environment with which an organism might interact. These areorganism might interact. These are thethe biological influencesbiological influences onon organisms.organisms. AnAn abioticabiotic factor is any nonlivingfactor is any nonliving part of the environment like heat,part of the environment like heat, precipitation, wind currents, etc.precipitation, wind currents, etc. These are theThese are the physical componentsphysical components of an ecosystem.of an ecosystem.
- 5. EcologicalEcological MethodsMethods Ecologists use 3 methods in theirEcologists use 3 methods in their work:work: ObservationObservation ExperimentationExperimentation ModelingModeling
- 6. WhereDoesEnergy in LivingWhereDoesEnergy in Living SystemsComeFrom?SystemsComeFrom? Organismsget energy from other sources.Organismsget energy from other sources. Sunlight istheultimateenergy source.Sunlight istheultimateenergy source. Certain algae, bacteria, and plantscanCertain algae, bacteria, and plantscan captureenergy and convert it into formsthatcaptureenergy and convert it into formsthat living cellscan use.living cellscan use. Theseorganismsarecalled primaryTheseorganismsarecalled primary producers/Autotrophs.producers/Autotrophs.
- 7. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis It captures light and uses it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates like sugar and starches.
- 8. ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis • What deep-sea ecosystems rely on that harness chemical energy from inorganic molecules and produces carbohydrates.
- 9. Consumers/HeterotrophsConsumers/Heterotrophs • Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients by ingesting them in one way or another. • These consumers include carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, scavengers, decomposers, and detritivores.
- 10. Food ChainFood Chain • A food chain is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. • This chain usually begins with a primary producer, then a herbivore, and finally a carnivore.
- 11. PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton • These are primaryThese are primary producers whichproducers which are a mixture ofare a mixture of floating algae andfloating algae and attached algae andattached algae and may be eaten bymay be eaten by small fish whosmall fish who will be eaten bywill be eaten by large fish who arelarge fish who are eaten byeaten by alligators.alligators.
- 12. Food WebFood Web•Network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem.
- 13. ZooplanktonZooplankton •Small free-Small free- floatingfloating animalsanimals that formthat form part ofpart of plankton.plankton.
- 14. Trophic LevelTrophic Level •Each stepEach step in a foodin a food chain or achain or a food webfood web
- 15. EcologicalEcological PyramidsPyramids• Show therelative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in agiven food chain or food web. Thetypesof these pyramidsarepyramids of energy, biomass, and numbers.