Pakistan is blessed with a vast variety and volume of minerals but has been unable to receive due benefits in the upgrading of its economy and growth. The mining sector currently contributes less than 1% in total GDP of the country. Pakistan can extract full benefits from the primary development and beneficiation of minerals, by avoiding Dutch disease and Resource curse. This paper presents the scenario for charting a way forward for beneficiation of mineral resources in Pakistan. The methodology focuses on the top challenges faced by the country, which serve as impediments for the sound formulation of a strategy for beneficiation of its minerals. However, there is still room for improvement in the development and beneficiation of Pakistan's mineral resources. By addressing the challenges discussed in the paper, it would be highlighted that Pakistan would be able to use the primary development and beneficiation of its mineral resources to improve the state of its declining economic growth.
An Approach for Object and Scene Detection for Blind Peoples Using Vocal Vision.IJERA Editor
This system help the blind peoples for the navigation without the help of third person so blind person can perform its work independently. This system implemented on android device in which object detection and scene detection implemented, so after detection there will be text to speech conversion so user or blind person can get message from that android device with the help of headphone connected to that device. Our project will help blind people to understand the images which will be converted to sound with the help of webcam. We shall capture images in front of blind peoples .The captured image will be processed through our algorithms which will enhances the image data. The hardware component will have its own database. The processed image is compare with the database in the hardware component .The result after processing and comparing will be converted into speech signals. The headphones guide the blind peoples.
Improved Reliability Memory’s Module Structure for Critical Application SystemsIJERA Editor
For critical application systems, which control nuclear power plants and other energy facilities, air, sea and
ground vehicles, the needs to ensure their operability are increased. To fulfill this requirement, it is necessary to
increase the technical readiness coefficient, the value of which increases with decreasing recovery time control
system in case of fault of its constituent units. The main control system components critical applications are
memory devices, which store programs and used for performing algorithms control. Semiconductor memory
modules with automatic recovery functionality at multiple faults can be used in systems of critical applications
protection and management where the use of fault-tolerant digital devices is a necessity due to the inability of
traditional methods of repair by replacing the failed elements.
Shortest Tree Routing With Security In Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
We propose STR to resolve the main reasons of overall network performance degradation of ZTR, which are the detour path problem and the traffic concentration problem. Second, we prove that the 1-hop neighbor nodes used by STR improve the routing path efficiency and alleviate the traffic load concentrated on tree links in ZTR. Third, we analyze the performance of ZTR, STR, and AODV by differentiating the network conditions such as network density, ZigBee network constraints, traffic types, and the network traffic. For modification security purpose we are also encrypting the data packets during transmission. So that the intermediate nodes are not able to view the data during transmission. For Encryption process, we are using RC4 Algorithm. Short cut tree routing is used for minimizing the routing path from source to destination.
Identification and Investigation of Solid Waste Dump in Salem DistrictIJERA Editor
Solid waste management is one of the most significant functions out by ULBs. However, the scarcity of suitable landfill sites is one of the constraints increasingly being faced by ULBs in the discharge of their functions. As a result, even several years after the issuance of the MSW Rules 2000, the state of MSW management systems in the country continues to raise serious public health concerns. Regional or inter-municipal solutions provide a viable option to redress this situation. Working together can be a practical and cost-effective way to discharge common tasks, share resources, and take advantage of the economies of scale that such arrangements would provide. This is applicable in the case of both large municipal bodies which experience scarcity of land resources, as well as smaller ones which may find technical and financial resources a challenge. Therefore, in public interest and with the aim of improving standards of public health and sanitation in the states, the Government of India has developed this Guidance Note on regional solid waste management to facilitate the creation of appropriate strategies by the states and ULBs. This note is the result of work done over a period of about 18 months, and aims to support decision making towards the implementation of regional arrangements for safe treatment and disposal of MSW. Regional approaches to MSW management are common in several countries, and have recently gained momentum in a few states in India. Studies undertaken attest to the importance of two factors in the successful implementation of regional initiatives: (a) an explicit policy, supporting the adoption of regional approaches; and (b) a robust institutional framework, underpinning development and implementation. In this respect, it is intended that this Guidance Note may form the basis for states to formulate and notify state- level policy directives to recognize regional initiatives, strategies to encourage their adoption, and tools to facilitate implementation. The Note also includes a few case studies illustrating frameworks and implementation strategies adopted in other jurisdictions and sectors. Frameworks observed include legislation supporting municipalities to priorities regional initiatives to effectively use available resources as well as options for Creation of regional solid waste management authorities or entities empowered by law to undertake waste management activities over a region or state; Creation of solid waste management „regions‟; and Municipalities jointly constituting a company, or common authority, to implement a regional waste management project. The present work aims at identifying, locating and quantifying the industrial and domestic waste dump sites located in and around Salem urban and rural districts of Salem, Tamilnadu state, India. In our project we identify the suitable location and investigation for dumping yard which is not affecting the environment.
A survey on RBF Neural Network for Intrusion Detection SystemIJERA Editor
Network security is a hot burning issue nowadays. With the help of technology advancement intruders or hackers are adopting new methods to create different attacks in order to harm network security. Intrusion detection system (IDS) is a kind of security software which inspects all incoming and outgoing network traffic and it will generate alerts if any attack or unusual behavior is found in a network. Various approaches are used for IDS such as data mining, neural network, genetic and statistical approach. Among this Neural Network is more suitable approach for IDS. This paper describes RBF neural network approach for Intrusion detection system. RBF is a feed forward and supervise technique of neural network.RBF approach has good classification ability but its performance depends on its parameters. Based on survey we find that RBF approach has some short comings. In order to overcome this we need to do proper optimization of RBF parameters.
Identifying Structures in Social Conversations in NSCLC Patients through the ...IJERA Editor
The exploration of social conversations for addressing patient’s needs is an important analytical task in which
many scholarly publications are contributing to fill the knowledge gap in this area. The main difficulty remains
the inability to turn such contributions into pragmatic processes the pharmaceutical industry can leverage in
order to generate insight from social media data, which can be considered as one of the most challenging source
of information available today due to its sheer volume and noise. This study is based on the work by Scott
Spangler and Jeffrey Kreulen and applies it to identify structure in social media through the extraction of a
topical taxonomy able to capture the latent knowledge in social conversations in health-related sites. The
mechanism for automatically identifying and generating a taxonomy from social conversations is developed and
pressured tested using public data from media sites focused on the needs of cancer patients and their families.
Moreover, a novel method for generating the category’s label and the determination of an optimal number of
categories is presented which extends Scott and Jeffrey’s research in a meaningful way. We assume the reader is
familiar with taxonomies, what they are and how they are used.
Evaluation of Energy Contribution for Additional Installed Turbine Flow in Hy...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the methodology for analysis of energy value of existing hydro power plant (HPP) comparing
with the same HPP upgraded with additional power. The additional power can be added with installed turbine
flows of existing unit(s) or with installing the new additional unit(s). The paper treated the energy evaluation of
the storage HPP Spilje which is under installed HPP comparing the technical parameters, water reservoir, turbine
discharge and water inflow. The analyses have been made based on the statistical analysis of the input
parameters of hydrology through a series of hydrological inflow data for a long period of years with monthly
distribution. The hydrological data (from 1970 until 2014) which covers extremely wet and extremely dry
hydrological periods, which is important in order to get statistics of expected values with appropriate
probabilities of occurrence – data from monthly inflow values [1]. The results from analysis can be applied in
determining the expected hydro production, or appropriate expected revenue of the electricity generated from the
HPP. The additional turbine flow in existing units or installing the new unit(s) can benefit with increased income
coming as the result of avoiding spilling water and generating additional peak energy instead of base one.
Analysis of soil arching effect with different cross-section anti-slide pileIJERA Editor
Although the knowledge of soil-arching effect of anti-slide pile become common, the analysis of soil-arching effect with different cross-section anti-slide pile is little. Therefore,this paper choose three typical cross-section piles (rectangular, square, circular), Then do some study about the Mechanism of mechanism, frictional arch and end bearing arch of three cross-section piles and the form of soil arch with different cross-section and the soil arch zone under same condition in order to define the best cross-section, The result show that rectangular section pile and square section pile are composed by frictional arch and end bearing arch, while circular section pile is made up by united arch, finally rectangular section pile has a more effective retaining effect than square section pile and circular section pile through compared soil arch zone with three type section piles.
A Wind driven PV- FC Hybrid System and its Power Management Strategies in a GridIJERA Editor
This paper shows the work done on the method to operate a Wind driven grid connected hybrid system which is composed of a Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell . A wind system provides with an opportunity to harness the abundantly available renewable resource. With the proton exchange membrane the hybrid system output power becomes controllable. Here the system uses two operation modes, the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode. This papers discusses the coordination of two control modes, the coordination of the PV array and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in hybrid system and the way in which the reference parameters are determined.
Laboratory Performance Of Evaporative Cooler Using Jute Fiber Ropes As Coolin...IJERA Editor
Evaporative coolers use a variety of cooling media like wood wool, cellulose, aspen. This paper analyses the performance of jute fiber ropes as alternative cooling media. They are capable of retaining high moisture and have a large wetted surface area. Hot and dry air is allowed to flow over the wet jute rope bank tightly held between two plates which are integral part of two tanks. The inlet conditions of air varied from 30.5 0C dry bulb temperature and 52 % relative humidity to 34.5 0C dry bulb temperature and 32 % relative humidity. Outlet temperature of air is measured and saturation efficiency and cooling capacity are calculated. The outlet dry bulb temperature is obtained between 25.8 0C and 26.2 0C.The saturation efficiencies range from 69 % to 59 % and the cooling capacity is obtained between 6173 kJ/h and 11979 kJ/h. Thus jute fiber ropes prove to be a good alternative cooling media in evaporative cooler.
Study of Effecting Factors on Housing Price by Hedonic Model A Case Study of ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, an investigation of the housing price in ninth district of Mashhad was presented. We applied a descriptive and analytical method for calculations. That is called Hedonic Model. We used 10 variables that covered the physical factors and access position. The results of 516 cases by software Eviews in version 3.1 indicated that 7 of 10 variable coefficients had a significant error about 5%. Also, the 3 variables of ground area and the distance of shopping centers and number of bedroom are no statistically significant, so these are not used in the final estimate. The structural that used for estimate of housing prices by Hedonic model with a logarithmic function. The researches indicate that the area of infrastructure in housing units and the number of floors are important factors for increasing housing price in Mashhad, so that for increasing in each 1% for the area infrastructure and number of bedrooms changed the housing prices about 0.9 and 0.0083 respectively. The factors of decreasing in housing price included age of construction, number of floors, distance of training center, parks and etc.
Hypothesis on Different Data Mining AlgorithmsIJERA Editor
In this paper, different classification algorithms for data mining are discussed. Data Mining is about
explaining the past & predicting the future by means of data analysis. Classification is a task of data mining,
which categories data based on numerical or categorical variables. To classify the data many algorithms are
proposed, out of them five algorithms are comparatively studied for data mining through classification. There are
four different classification approaches namely Frequency Table, Covariance Matrix, Similarity Functions &
Others. As work for research on classification methods, algorithms like Naive Bayesian, K Nearest Neighbors,
Decision Tree, Artificial Neural Network & Support Vector Machine are studied & examined using benchmark
datasets like Iris & Lung Cancer.
Simulation based approach for Fixing Optimum number of Stages for a MMCIJERA Editor
Modular multi level converters (MMC) are gaining importance day by day due to their inherent advantages of
bidirectional capability, reduced switching loss. MMCs have become one of the best choices for electric vehicles
(EV) and storage based electric vehicles as these converters have the ability of conduction in both the directions
with bidirectional switches. One of the major issues of concern of an EV is that the storage of energy, as these
vehicles battery storage with large capacity and these batteries required to be charged continuously. This feature
of EV makes usage of MMCs as an attractive solution. The output available across a MMC is stepped sine wave.
As the number of steps increases nearness of output voltage with a sine wave is increased, but this is not true.
The authors feel that it is not true in case of a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated Inverter. As the number of
levels are increased the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in a voltage waveform decreases to a minimum value
and then increases. MMC configuration proposed in [1] taken into consideration and simulation studies are
conducted using Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation control scheme with the help of MATLAB / SIMULINK.
The THD levels in the phase voltages and load currents are presented. With the help of simulation studies the
optimum number of an inverter are identified.
Phase Transformations and Thermodynamics in the System Fe2О3– V2О5 – MnО – Si...IJERA Editor
Thermodynamic characteristics in the system Fe2O3 – MnO – V2O5 –SiO2 have been investigated. Two mixtures
have been prepared. The first mixture was synthetic, prepared from pure oxides in proportion according to the
chemical composition of the waste catalyst and manganese concentrate. The second one contained the waste
vanadium catalyst and manganese concentrate. The synthetic mixture has been used as a standard in order to
establish the influence of impurities in the concentrate, and the waste catalyst on the thermodynamics of the
studied system.
Experiments carried out in the temperature up to 1473 K for the system containing waste vanadium catalyst and
manganese concentrate occur to formation of new phases formation as FeV2O4 and Iron Vanadium Oxide type
and Jacobsite types MnFe2O4 and (Mn6Fe4)(Mn4Fe1.6)O4. EMF method with difference reference electrode
(Ni/NiO, Mo/MoO2 and air) relationship of delta GoT = f(T) in the temperature range 1073 – 1173 К of mixtures
was obtained. The experimental data for the system show that the reference electrodes air and Ni/NiO are more
suitable than Mo/MoO2.
The obtained results will be used as an investigations base to the production of complex iron vanadium
manganese alloy using the waste materials.
Modal analysis of a 2-cylinder crankshaft using ANSYSIJERA Editor
Crankshaft is a relevant component in an I.C. engine which transforms the reciprocating motion into rotational
motion. This makes the crankshaft liable to vibrations due to different types of stresses and loads. Modal analysis
when performed on crankshaft, gives the behavior of its structure through different mode shapes at different
frequencies. It also helps to determine resonance frequencies. Modal analysis is the primary stage of many useful
analysis like harmonic analysis and transient dynamic analysis, which give the dynamic behavior of the
crankshaft.
A Noise Tolerant and Low Power Dynamic Logic Circuit Using Finfet TechnologyIJERA Editor
For the improvement of performance and noise tolerance in dynamic logic circuits, a technique is
proposed in this paper. A two-input AND gate is designed and simulated in 32nm technology using FinFET
device. Simulation results indicate that the proposed technique provides improvement in noise tolerance of
about three times and the use of FinFET device reduces the power consumption over the conventional MOSFET
designs.
A Method of Survey on Object-Oriented Shadow Detection & Removal for High Res...IJERA Editor
High-resolution remote sensing images offer great possibilities for urban mapping. Unfortunately, shadows cast
by buildings during this some problems occurred .This paper mainly focus to get the high resolution colour
remote sensing image, and also undertaken to remove the shaded region in the both urban and rural areas. The
region growing thresholding algorithm is used to detect the shadow and extract the features from shadow region.
Then determine whether those neighbouring pixels are added to the seed points or not. In the region growing
threshold algorithm, Pixels are placed in the region based on their properties or the properties of nearby pixel
values. Then the pixels containing similar properties are grouped together and distributed throughout the image.
IOOPL matching is used for removing shadow from image. This method proves it can remove 80% shaded
region from image efficiently.
Assessment of Performance Characteristic of Solar Air Heater with Assorted Ge...IJERA Editor
Artificial roughness is an efficient way for increasing the heat transfer rate in solar air heater with the
corresponding improvement in its thermal performance. A viscous sub-layer is responsible for the low heat
transfer coefficient between absorber plate and flowing air. Repeated ribs in form of artificial roughness are an
effective way to increase the heat transfer rate and improving the performance of solar air heater. Artificial
roughness of the absorber plate is much economical and effective way to improve the thermal performance of
solar air heater. Several investigators have done various investigations to improve heat transfer coefficient with
little penalty of friction factor. They have also developed different correlation for heat transfer coefficient and
friction factor. The correlations developed for heat transfer and friction factor by various investigators have been
reviewed and presented.
Impediments to the Successful Utilization of Pakistan’s Coal ResourcesIJERA Editor
Pakistan is endowed with a vast variety of minerals including coal. However, despite its significant amount of coal deposits of about 186billion tons, no significant contribution to the country’s GDPhas been realized from this resource. Also, in the face of the possession of this ‘richness’ in coal deposits, the country is still facing acute shortage of electricity, which wipes off about 2% of GDP annually. The current deposits of coal can give Pakistan its much needed social and economic boost. Unfortunately, Pakistan has not been able to utilize its Thar coal potential fully since its discovery in 1992, for instance, due to policy issues and other concerns. This paper investigates the current markets, trends and utilization modes for Pakistan’s coal with reference to the reasons for failure of the Thar coal project as well as opportunities available for Pakistan, going forward.
An Approach for Object and Scene Detection for Blind Peoples Using Vocal Vision.IJERA Editor
This system help the blind peoples for the navigation without the help of third person so blind person can perform its work independently. This system implemented on android device in which object detection and scene detection implemented, so after detection there will be text to speech conversion so user or blind person can get message from that android device with the help of headphone connected to that device. Our project will help blind people to understand the images which will be converted to sound with the help of webcam. We shall capture images in front of blind peoples .The captured image will be processed through our algorithms which will enhances the image data. The hardware component will have its own database. The processed image is compare with the database in the hardware component .The result after processing and comparing will be converted into speech signals. The headphones guide the blind peoples.
Improved Reliability Memory’s Module Structure for Critical Application SystemsIJERA Editor
For critical application systems, which control nuclear power plants and other energy facilities, air, sea and
ground vehicles, the needs to ensure their operability are increased. To fulfill this requirement, it is necessary to
increase the technical readiness coefficient, the value of which increases with decreasing recovery time control
system in case of fault of its constituent units. The main control system components critical applications are
memory devices, which store programs and used for performing algorithms control. Semiconductor memory
modules with automatic recovery functionality at multiple faults can be used in systems of critical applications
protection and management where the use of fault-tolerant digital devices is a necessity due to the inability of
traditional methods of repair by replacing the failed elements.
Shortest Tree Routing With Security In Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
We propose STR to resolve the main reasons of overall network performance degradation of ZTR, which are the detour path problem and the traffic concentration problem. Second, we prove that the 1-hop neighbor nodes used by STR improve the routing path efficiency and alleviate the traffic load concentrated on tree links in ZTR. Third, we analyze the performance of ZTR, STR, and AODV by differentiating the network conditions such as network density, ZigBee network constraints, traffic types, and the network traffic. For modification security purpose we are also encrypting the data packets during transmission. So that the intermediate nodes are not able to view the data during transmission. For Encryption process, we are using RC4 Algorithm. Short cut tree routing is used for minimizing the routing path from source to destination.
Identification and Investigation of Solid Waste Dump in Salem DistrictIJERA Editor
Solid waste management is one of the most significant functions out by ULBs. However, the scarcity of suitable landfill sites is one of the constraints increasingly being faced by ULBs in the discharge of their functions. As a result, even several years after the issuance of the MSW Rules 2000, the state of MSW management systems in the country continues to raise serious public health concerns. Regional or inter-municipal solutions provide a viable option to redress this situation. Working together can be a practical and cost-effective way to discharge common tasks, share resources, and take advantage of the economies of scale that such arrangements would provide. This is applicable in the case of both large municipal bodies which experience scarcity of land resources, as well as smaller ones which may find technical and financial resources a challenge. Therefore, in public interest and with the aim of improving standards of public health and sanitation in the states, the Government of India has developed this Guidance Note on regional solid waste management to facilitate the creation of appropriate strategies by the states and ULBs. This note is the result of work done over a period of about 18 months, and aims to support decision making towards the implementation of regional arrangements for safe treatment and disposal of MSW. Regional approaches to MSW management are common in several countries, and have recently gained momentum in a few states in India. Studies undertaken attest to the importance of two factors in the successful implementation of regional initiatives: (a) an explicit policy, supporting the adoption of regional approaches; and (b) a robust institutional framework, underpinning development and implementation. In this respect, it is intended that this Guidance Note may form the basis for states to formulate and notify state- level policy directives to recognize regional initiatives, strategies to encourage their adoption, and tools to facilitate implementation. The Note also includes a few case studies illustrating frameworks and implementation strategies adopted in other jurisdictions and sectors. Frameworks observed include legislation supporting municipalities to priorities regional initiatives to effectively use available resources as well as options for Creation of regional solid waste management authorities or entities empowered by law to undertake waste management activities over a region or state; Creation of solid waste management „regions‟; and Municipalities jointly constituting a company, or common authority, to implement a regional waste management project. The present work aims at identifying, locating and quantifying the industrial and domestic waste dump sites located in and around Salem urban and rural districts of Salem, Tamilnadu state, India. In our project we identify the suitable location and investigation for dumping yard which is not affecting the environment.
A survey on RBF Neural Network for Intrusion Detection SystemIJERA Editor
Network security is a hot burning issue nowadays. With the help of technology advancement intruders or hackers are adopting new methods to create different attacks in order to harm network security. Intrusion detection system (IDS) is a kind of security software which inspects all incoming and outgoing network traffic and it will generate alerts if any attack or unusual behavior is found in a network. Various approaches are used for IDS such as data mining, neural network, genetic and statistical approach. Among this Neural Network is more suitable approach for IDS. This paper describes RBF neural network approach for Intrusion detection system. RBF is a feed forward and supervise technique of neural network.RBF approach has good classification ability but its performance depends on its parameters. Based on survey we find that RBF approach has some short comings. In order to overcome this we need to do proper optimization of RBF parameters.
Identifying Structures in Social Conversations in NSCLC Patients through the ...IJERA Editor
The exploration of social conversations for addressing patient’s needs is an important analytical task in which
many scholarly publications are contributing to fill the knowledge gap in this area. The main difficulty remains
the inability to turn such contributions into pragmatic processes the pharmaceutical industry can leverage in
order to generate insight from social media data, which can be considered as one of the most challenging source
of information available today due to its sheer volume and noise. This study is based on the work by Scott
Spangler and Jeffrey Kreulen and applies it to identify structure in social media through the extraction of a
topical taxonomy able to capture the latent knowledge in social conversations in health-related sites. The
mechanism for automatically identifying and generating a taxonomy from social conversations is developed and
pressured tested using public data from media sites focused on the needs of cancer patients and their families.
Moreover, a novel method for generating the category’s label and the determination of an optimal number of
categories is presented which extends Scott and Jeffrey’s research in a meaningful way. We assume the reader is
familiar with taxonomies, what they are and how they are used.
Evaluation of Energy Contribution for Additional Installed Turbine Flow in Hy...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the methodology for analysis of energy value of existing hydro power plant (HPP) comparing
with the same HPP upgraded with additional power. The additional power can be added with installed turbine
flows of existing unit(s) or with installing the new additional unit(s). The paper treated the energy evaluation of
the storage HPP Spilje which is under installed HPP comparing the technical parameters, water reservoir, turbine
discharge and water inflow. The analyses have been made based on the statistical analysis of the input
parameters of hydrology through a series of hydrological inflow data for a long period of years with monthly
distribution. The hydrological data (from 1970 until 2014) which covers extremely wet and extremely dry
hydrological periods, which is important in order to get statistics of expected values with appropriate
probabilities of occurrence – data from monthly inflow values [1]. The results from analysis can be applied in
determining the expected hydro production, or appropriate expected revenue of the electricity generated from the
HPP. The additional turbine flow in existing units or installing the new unit(s) can benefit with increased income
coming as the result of avoiding spilling water and generating additional peak energy instead of base one.
Analysis of soil arching effect with different cross-section anti-slide pileIJERA Editor
Although the knowledge of soil-arching effect of anti-slide pile become common, the analysis of soil-arching effect with different cross-section anti-slide pile is little. Therefore,this paper choose three typical cross-section piles (rectangular, square, circular), Then do some study about the Mechanism of mechanism, frictional arch and end bearing arch of three cross-section piles and the form of soil arch with different cross-section and the soil arch zone under same condition in order to define the best cross-section, The result show that rectangular section pile and square section pile are composed by frictional arch and end bearing arch, while circular section pile is made up by united arch, finally rectangular section pile has a more effective retaining effect than square section pile and circular section pile through compared soil arch zone with three type section piles.
A Wind driven PV- FC Hybrid System and its Power Management Strategies in a GridIJERA Editor
This paper shows the work done on the method to operate a Wind driven grid connected hybrid system which is composed of a Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell . A wind system provides with an opportunity to harness the abundantly available renewable resource. With the proton exchange membrane the hybrid system output power becomes controllable. Here the system uses two operation modes, the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode. This papers discusses the coordination of two control modes, the coordination of the PV array and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in hybrid system and the way in which the reference parameters are determined.
Laboratory Performance Of Evaporative Cooler Using Jute Fiber Ropes As Coolin...IJERA Editor
Evaporative coolers use a variety of cooling media like wood wool, cellulose, aspen. This paper analyses the performance of jute fiber ropes as alternative cooling media. They are capable of retaining high moisture and have a large wetted surface area. Hot and dry air is allowed to flow over the wet jute rope bank tightly held between two plates which are integral part of two tanks. The inlet conditions of air varied from 30.5 0C dry bulb temperature and 52 % relative humidity to 34.5 0C dry bulb temperature and 32 % relative humidity. Outlet temperature of air is measured and saturation efficiency and cooling capacity are calculated. The outlet dry bulb temperature is obtained between 25.8 0C and 26.2 0C.The saturation efficiencies range from 69 % to 59 % and the cooling capacity is obtained between 6173 kJ/h and 11979 kJ/h. Thus jute fiber ropes prove to be a good alternative cooling media in evaporative cooler.
Study of Effecting Factors on Housing Price by Hedonic Model A Case Study of ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, an investigation of the housing price in ninth district of Mashhad was presented. We applied a descriptive and analytical method for calculations. That is called Hedonic Model. We used 10 variables that covered the physical factors and access position. The results of 516 cases by software Eviews in version 3.1 indicated that 7 of 10 variable coefficients had a significant error about 5%. Also, the 3 variables of ground area and the distance of shopping centers and number of bedroom are no statistically significant, so these are not used in the final estimate. The structural that used for estimate of housing prices by Hedonic model with a logarithmic function. The researches indicate that the area of infrastructure in housing units and the number of floors are important factors for increasing housing price in Mashhad, so that for increasing in each 1% for the area infrastructure and number of bedrooms changed the housing prices about 0.9 and 0.0083 respectively. The factors of decreasing in housing price included age of construction, number of floors, distance of training center, parks and etc.
Hypothesis on Different Data Mining AlgorithmsIJERA Editor
In this paper, different classification algorithms for data mining are discussed. Data Mining is about
explaining the past & predicting the future by means of data analysis. Classification is a task of data mining,
which categories data based on numerical or categorical variables. To classify the data many algorithms are
proposed, out of them five algorithms are comparatively studied for data mining through classification. There are
four different classification approaches namely Frequency Table, Covariance Matrix, Similarity Functions &
Others. As work for research on classification methods, algorithms like Naive Bayesian, K Nearest Neighbors,
Decision Tree, Artificial Neural Network & Support Vector Machine are studied & examined using benchmark
datasets like Iris & Lung Cancer.
Simulation based approach for Fixing Optimum number of Stages for a MMCIJERA Editor
Modular multi level converters (MMC) are gaining importance day by day due to their inherent advantages of
bidirectional capability, reduced switching loss. MMCs have become one of the best choices for electric vehicles
(EV) and storage based electric vehicles as these converters have the ability of conduction in both the directions
with bidirectional switches. One of the major issues of concern of an EV is that the storage of energy, as these
vehicles battery storage with large capacity and these batteries required to be charged continuously. This feature
of EV makes usage of MMCs as an attractive solution. The output available across a MMC is stepped sine wave.
As the number of steps increases nearness of output voltage with a sine wave is increased, but this is not true.
The authors feel that it is not true in case of a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated Inverter. As the number of
levels are increased the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in a voltage waveform decreases to a minimum value
and then increases. MMC configuration proposed in [1] taken into consideration and simulation studies are
conducted using Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation control scheme with the help of MATLAB / SIMULINK.
The THD levels in the phase voltages and load currents are presented. With the help of simulation studies the
optimum number of an inverter are identified.
Phase Transformations and Thermodynamics in the System Fe2О3– V2О5 – MnО – Si...IJERA Editor
Thermodynamic characteristics in the system Fe2O3 – MnO – V2O5 –SiO2 have been investigated. Two mixtures
have been prepared. The first mixture was synthetic, prepared from pure oxides in proportion according to the
chemical composition of the waste catalyst and manganese concentrate. The second one contained the waste
vanadium catalyst and manganese concentrate. The synthetic mixture has been used as a standard in order to
establish the influence of impurities in the concentrate, and the waste catalyst on the thermodynamics of the
studied system.
Experiments carried out in the temperature up to 1473 K for the system containing waste vanadium catalyst and
manganese concentrate occur to formation of new phases formation as FeV2O4 and Iron Vanadium Oxide type
and Jacobsite types MnFe2O4 and (Mn6Fe4)(Mn4Fe1.6)O4. EMF method with difference reference electrode
(Ni/NiO, Mo/MoO2 and air) relationship of delta GoT = f(T) in the temperature range 1073 – 1173 К of mixtures
was obtained. The experimental data for the system show that the reference electrodes air and Ni/NiO are more
suitable than Mo/MoO2.
The obtained results will be used as an investigations base to the production of complex iron vanadium
manganese alloy using the waste materials.
Modal analysis of a 2-cylinder crankshaft using ANSYSIJERA Editor
Crankshaft is a relevant component in an I.C. engine which transforms the reciprocating motion into rotational
motion. This makes the crankshaft liable to vibrations due to different types of stresses and loads. Modal analysis
when performed on crankshaft, gives the behavior of its structure through different mode shapes at different
frequencies. It also helps to determine resonance frequencies. Modal analysis is the primary stage of many useful
analysis like harmonic analysis and transient dynamic analysis, which give the dynamic behavior of the
crankshaft.
A Noise Tolerant and Low Power Dynamic Logic Circuit Using Finfet TechnologyIJERA Editor
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The way forward for Mineral Beneficiation in Pakistan
1. Asghar, Zeeshanet al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 3) January 2016, pp.19-24
www.ijera.com 19|P a g e
The way forward for Mineral Beneficiation in Pakistan
Asghar, Zeeshana
and Oshokoya, Praise Oluwatomisinb
a
Lecturer and corresponding author. The National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Telephone: +923345152530.
b
Lecturer. School of Mining Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Telephone: +27734721562.
Abstract
Pakistan is blessed with a vast variety and volume of minerals but has been unable to receive due benefits in the
upgrading of its economy and growth. The mining sector currently contributes less than 1% in total GDP of the
country. Pakistan can extract full benefits from the primary development and beneficiation of minerals, by
avoiding Dutch disease and Resource curse.
This paper presents the scenario for charting a way forward for beneficiation of mineral resources in Pakistan.
The methodology focuses on the top challenges faced by the country, which serve as impediments for the sound
formulation of a strategy for beneficiation of its minerals. However, there is still room for improvement in the
development and beneficiation of Pakistan's mineral resources. By addressing the challenges discussed in the
paper, it would be highlighted that Pakistan would be able to use the primary development and beneficiation of
its mineral resources to improve the state of its declining economic growth.
Keywords: Economic Growth, Thar Coal, Beneficiation Strategy, Challenges, Mining in Pakistan.
I. Introduction
Mineral beneficiation is the process of adding
value to minerals with the aim of improving the
quality of minerals in order to allow for better usage
and trading, by removing the impurities. Starting
from the exploration, extraction of mineral resource
to marketing the final fabricated good, all stages of
beneficiation hold a specific value for each
commodity. The price of commodities or minerals
rises with increase in its value or forward movement
along the value chain (Mtegha, 2014).
Despite Pakistan being richly endowed with
diversified mineral resources, the mineral sector has
not made the desired impact and the reasons for this
low growth need to be investigated. The total Natural
Resource rent of Pakistan is 3.7% of GDP (2012),
which was 0.7% less than the previous year (World
Bank, 2014). Of the natural resource rent, mineral
resources portion contributed less than 1% in GDP
(2012). The complete mineral profile of the country
is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Major mineral deposits in Pakistan.
Source: Geological Survey of Pakistan (2013).
With the availability of these vast mineral reserves in
Pakistan, the level of beneficiation of minerals in the
country has remained very low, which is indicated by
the percentage share of mineral industry in GDP of
the country. The output value of the mineral industry
was recorded as 2.5% of GDP in 2012 (USGS, 2011).
However, mining and quarrying sectors of Pakistan
showed a positive growth of 7.6% against the
estimated figure of 4.6% in only extraction regime in
2012 – 2013 (GOP, 2014a). With the extraction of
minerals being at an increasing trend in the country,
even in adverse political and security conditions
Mineral Location Deposits (Approximately)
Gold Riko Diq sandak, Quetta, 1.656 Billion Tonnes
Copper Riko Diq, Sandak, Quetta, Chaghai 6 Billion Tonnes
Iron Diband, Fata, Balochistan, Kala Bagh, Chitral, Khuzdar, Chulgari 1.4 Billion Tonnes
Coal Thar, Sind, Badin, Quetta, Machh, Zhoab, Salt Ranges in Kohistan 186 Billon Tonnes
Silver Baluchistan, NWFP 618 Million Tonnes
Lead Zinc Lasbela-Khuzdar region holds great promise for further exploration
of deposit
23.72 Million Tonnes
Manganese NWFP and Baluchistan 0.597 Million Tonnes
Chromites Zhob District in Baluchistan, specifically
in Muslimbagh, Khanozai, Nisai and Gwal
2.527 Million Tonnes
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Asghar, Zeeshanet al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 3) January 2016, pp.19-24
www.ijera.com 20|P a g e
(GOP, 2014b), the country is still at a losing end for
beneficiation (see Table 2).
Table 2: Minerals and extractions in Pakistan
Minerals Unit of
Quantity
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 %
Change
Coal M.T 3,291,617 3,178,986 3,079,176 -3.1
Natural gas MMCFT 1,471,590 1,558,959 1,525,866 -2.1
Crude oil JSB (000) 24,041 24,573 28,462 15.8
Chromite M.T 148,034 179,203 161,045 -10.1
Magnesite M.T 4,908 5,444 5,949 9.3
Dolomite M.T 240,111 198,392 449,034 126.3
Gypsum M.T 885,368 1,260,021 1,297,020 2.9
Limestone M.T 32,020,996 35,016,411 38,756,783 10.7
Rock Salt M.T 1,953,711 2,135,760 2,104,986 -1.4
Sulphur M.T 27,645 25,560 18,162 -28.9
Barytes M.T 31,836 48,510 259,941 435.9
Bauxite M.T 9,033 30,223 48,958 62.0
Calcite M.T 607 170 370 117.7
Soap stone M.T 47,561 55,515 90,817 63.6
Marble M.T 1,132,900 1,750,578 3,219,834 83.9
Copper M.T 15,672 17,931 15,758 -12.1
Phosphate M.T 30,950 69,400 58,204 -16.1
Source: Khan (2003).
Due to the presence of impurities, all the
minerals mined in the country are not suitable for use
in the country. They either have to be beneficiated in
the country locally or exported. With Pakistan being
weak in both forward and backward linkages along
its mine value chain, all the minerals produced are
not beneficiated within the country. Only a small
portion of petroleum oil lubricants are processed in
the country. With this, Pakistan imports mineral-
based chemicals and finished goods, despite having a
vast mineral base (Khan, 2003) (see Table 3).
Pakistan is facing certain domestic and international
challenges to the formulation of a beneficiation plan
applicable to its local environment.
Table 3: Importation of mineral-based chemicals up until 2013.
Commodity Tons
(000)
Rs
(Mil)
Tons
(000)
Rs
(Mil)
Tons
(000)
Rs
(Mil)
Tons
(000)
Rs
(Mil)
Tons
(000)
Rs
(Mil)
Zinc Oxide 1.1 16.7 0.9 15.1 1.1 17.3 0.6 10.7 0.6 13.6
Manganese Oxide 0.8 9.5 0.3 3.4 0.2 3.6 0.4 6.5 0.3 6.4
Iron Oxide 3.4 24.5 2.0 24.1 3.4 38.5 3.4 30.7 2.5 40.0
Titanium Oxide 3.6 139.4 1.8 88.8 0.1 76.3 1.2 64.0 1.1 61.4
Litharge 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2
Lead Oxide - - 0.1 1.4 0.1 2.2 0.1 2.0
Red Lead 0.5 9.8 0.2 4.7 02 4.7 0.3 6.7 0.5 10.5
NaOH (Caustic Soda) 4.6 49.8 2.9 33.0 11.6 133.8 17.2 175.7 20.9 162.4
NaOH (aqueous Soln) - - 0.1 0.1 - - 0.5 0.5 2.0
Potassium Hydroxide 0.2 3.4 0.3 5.1 0.1 2.6 0.4 7.3 0.3 6.2
Mag. Hydroxide 0.1 3.0 0.1 1.7 0.1 3.5 0.1 3.1 0.1 2.1
Al. Hydroxide 1.8 21.9 2.4 29.4 3.0 30.7 2.8 30.1 4.5 43.5
Artificial Corundum 0.1 1.6 0.1 2.5 0.2 4.2 0.1 2.5 0.1 3.2
Hydrogen peroxide 8.4 94.3 8.7 98.5 9.6 117.2 12.3 154.9 13.6 189.1
Sod. Dichromate 1.7 20.8 0.7 14.3 0.8 20.2 1.3 28.9 0.8 19.6
Pot. Dichromate 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 1.1 0.2 2.4 0.1 1.1
Calcium Carbonate 3.3 21.1 3.0 20.8 5.2 35.0 3.1 24.1 2.3 23.7
Sodium Sulphide 9.1 47.1 9.4 61.9 9.3 62.2 11.9 77.4 9.9 61.6
Total 464.1 404.0 552.3 627.9 648.4
Source: Khan (2003)
3. Asghar, Zeeshanet al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 3) January 2016, pp.19-24
www.ijera.com 21|P a g e
II. Domestic Challenges
Pakistan is being faced with multifaceted
domestic challenges in its mining industry. One of
these challenges is that Pakistan has undergone
different epochs of political instability, since its
inception as an independent State. Due to the
continuous intervention of the armed forces in the
political cycle, policies and systems have not
received due attention (Fox, 2014). No mineral policy
for extraction and beneficiation of minerals in the
country was formulated till the 1990s. Pakistan’s
current legal framework for the mining sector
consists of three different documents.
The first document is the 1948 Act of Minerals
and oil gas Sector. Majority of the rules governing
the upstream petroleum sector were made pursuant to
section 2 of the 1948 Act. Another main purpose of
the 1948 Act was to provide the basis for the
legislation of the mineral resource industry, thus,
providing the guidelines for many sectors in Pakistan.
(Harianawala, 2014). The second document is the
National Mineral Policy (NMP) 1995. Due to the
growing interest of international mining companies in
its mineral potential, it was imperative to legislate the
mining and beneficiation activities. Some of the
international projects in the mining sector were
bogged-down due to inland legal disputes and weak
contracting owing to non-implementation and
absence of a solid policy framework. The neglect of
the mining sector can be judged by the non-
involvement of provincial ministers, chief ministers
and prime ministers in the biannual meetings, which
were specified by the National Mineral Policy 1995
as being mandatory (Dawn, 2012). The third
document is the National Mineral Policy 2012, which
was drafted and implemented in 2012 through a joint
inter-provincial coordinated effort. The results are
still awaited but there was no inclusion of
beneficiation in this policy as well.
Infrastructure provides a pivot around which
mineral extraction and beneficiation activities
revolve. The provision of efficient and reliable
infrastructure e.g. transport, road network,
communication facilities and utility provisions, create
an enabling environment for a successful growth
process (Sajjad, 2012). So far, Pakistan does not have
such supportive infrastructure to undergo capital-
intensive ventures like Smelting, Solvent Extraction
and Electro-Winning (SXEW) or Matting etc. See
Table 4.
Table 4: Global Infrastructure Ranking.
Source: Adapted from Global Competitiveness Report (2014).
Furthermore, Pakistan does not have a dedicated
Mining University for the production of skilled
labour for the mining sector. However, The National
University of Sciences and Technology took the
initiative for capacity-building by starting a
programme in collaboration with the University of
the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 7
students for Master in Science and Doctor of
Philosophy were sent between 2012 – 2013 for
necessary skill development, in order to start a
mining school dedicated to mining and beneficiation
of minerals in Pakistan.
Additionally, power shortage has been
documented as being one of the most critical
challenges to mineral beneficiation in the country,
which appears to shave off 2% of Pakistan's annual
GDP (Kazmi, 2013). Currently, Pakistan’s installed
capacity is 22,500MW but it is producing only
15,500MW. There are two main hubs of power
generation in the country. One is hydro-electric,
which is producing 6,500MW and the other is that of
the IPPs (Independent Power Producers) producing
almost the same capacity. The gap in power is due to
the outdated power plants in the hydro-electric sector
and the inability to buy the furnace oils on time,
which interrupts the generation of full capacity of
IPPs. Current deficiency in power generation is
10,000MW in peak summer season which has forced
the power-generation companies to call for 12 – 16
hours load-shedding (Hasnain, 2014).
III. International Challenges
Pakistan is an ally to the international
communities in the war on terrorism but at the same
time, it is facing the terrorism the most. Pakistan is
currently ranked 2nd
after Somalia in terrorism
Country Transport
(Rank)
Electricity and
Telephony (Rank)
ICT
(Rank)
Education
(Rank)
Health
(Rank)
Security
(Rank)
Public Institutions
(Rank)
Malaysia 14 48 57 91 52 48 32
China 29 69 74 93 71 68 46
India 35 116 117 109 109 89 72
Sri Lanka 52 79 100 89 61 59 49
Pakistan 80 126 111 126 111 137 111
Philippine 104 101 93 83 97 117 112
Benin 115 118 120 123 120 95 91
Bangladesh 117 137 132 118 107 103 112
4. Asghar, Zeeshanet al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 3) January 2016, pp.19-24
www.ijera.com 22|P a g e
globally (Tribune, 2014). Kidnapping of foreign
persons is another issue which has put Pakistan on 5th
rank globally (Red, 2012).
Due to the security situation in Pakistan, foreign
investors are reluctant to invest in the country.
Unfortunately, all the minerals are located in the
areas where the security situation is the most
significant. Pakistan has suffered about 43,000
casualties since 2003 and loss of about US$ 85Billion
till 2014 (Strachan, 2012). This loss does not include
the potential foreign investments, which could have
occurred if the situation in the country was peaceful.
Additionally, with International laws not being
encouraging for the beneficiation of minerals in the
developing countries, this has posed further
challenges to Pakistan. As progress is made in the
value chain towards beneficiation, the charge of
constant nominal tariffs impose a bias against less
developed countries (in that sector) (Yeats, 1981).
Imposition of the tax on exports of scrap metals such
as Copper and Zinc will further add to the
unattractiveness of Pakistan’s mineral industry.
Hereto, Pakistan has to face the international market
forces in order to plan for efficient beneficiation
within the country for local consumption. With
Pakistan having the fastest urbanization rate in Asia,
in order to facilitate local consumption and support
the urbanization, it has to look forward to address
these challenges.
IV. The way forward for beneficiation in
Pakistan
It has been mentioned previously that Pakistan is
blessed with diversified mineral base coupled with
supporting energy minerals. Despite this, the Country
has been facing acute shortage of power generation
since 2006, which is significantly needed for the
extraction and beneficiation of its minerals, amongst
other things (Kazmi, 2013).
World Bank has reiterated that the critical dearth
of water, power and transport infrastructure has
prevented Pakistan from extracting any minerals in
large scale (Ahmad, 2013). This has placed Pakistan
in a struggle to overcome the infrastructural issues
faced by the country. Since 1996, the road
infrastructure has improved by 13% to distance
coverage of 259,618 kilometers, out of which
179,290 kilometers is of high grade. The national
highways and motorways in Pakistan constitute 4.2%
of total network and carry 85% of the country's
traffic. The National highway Authority has recently
increased its toll charge by 36% to make provision
for increased maintenance. 30 new projects bringing
an increase of a 1,000 kilometer road network would
be added (Ahmad, 2013). Pakistan is also improving
its rail infrastructure with route coverage of 8,775
kilometers. This will significantly enhance the
dependency of mineral- based beneficiation on
reliable and swift transportation of finished products.
Also, due to the lack of a transparent, equitable
and efficient mineral policy, mega extractive and
beneficiation projects have not yet started.
Antofagasta-Barrick Gold debacle was the clear
indication of a lack of clear policy and
implementation (Jawwad, 2012). As per the terms of
agreement, the government of Baluchistan (a
Province of Pakistan) was expected to take 25% of
the total agreed revenues while the company was to
take away 75% of revenues. However, after the deal
was signed, the government refused to permit the
company to carry out its operation. After the
Antofagasta-Barrick Gold debacle, Pakistan has been
taking a serious look at forging a way forward for
mineral beneficiation in the country.
At the moment, in order to address the non-
readiness of Pakistan for mining and beneficiation, it
is currently at phase 1 and 2, where formulation and
implementation of sector policies is top priority. By
developing infrastructure such as communication,
transport etc. within the province, this would further
enhance the opportunities for beneficiation (see
Figure 2). After 1990, the process of policy-making
has been at a faster pace. So far, the 2nd
National
Mineral Policy was made and implemented in 2012.
Its aim was to address all the issues faced by the
country in policy matters.
To address the power shortage problem, Pakistan
has undertaken the UCG (underground coal
gasification) project and the first UCG power plant
was to start its production by December 2014 (Jabri,
2013). The expectation is that it will partially resolve
the power issues that the country has been facing.
Similar projects are expected to be undertaken at
Thar coal project.
In developing an efficient beneficiation strategy
for Pakistan, a model has been made to determine the
3 levels of beneficiation tactics that the country can
adopt so as to benefit from its minerals (see Figure
2).
5. Asghar, Zeeshanet al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 3) January 2016, pp.19-24
www.ijera.com 23|P a g e
Industry based
Objective based
Economy based
Industrialization
Urbanization
FDI attraction
GDP Growth
Poverty Alleviation
Unemployment
Inequality
International Challenges
Domestic Challenges
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Figure 2: Beneficiation strategy model for Pakistan. Source: Asghar (2014).
Presently, Pakistan is showing eagerness towards
realizing beneficiation of its minerals by addressing
its phase 1 and 2 challenges (i.e. government policies
and domestic challenges). In light of this, Pakistan’s
first mining school under the umbrella of National
University of Sciences and Technology is expected to
start functioning from 2015, with an average intake
of 200 undergraduate students and 30 – 40
postgraduate students. It will not only address the
skill shortage challenge, but also open the avenues
for the research in mining industry.
V. Conclusion and Recommendations
Pakistan’s numerous minerals can be extracted
and beneficiated with sound planning and
foresightedness. After the Barrack Gold debacle, the
country has been showing eagerness in working
towards realizing the beneficiation of its minerals.
The Country is achieving preparedness of its mineral
industry including beneficiation, by addressing the
domestic challenges before planning of its
beneficiation strategy. By developing infrastructure
such as communication, transportation etc. the
country will enhance the opportunities for
beneficiation. Also, Pakistan should address the
international challenges by adopting the level 1 and 2
strategies.
A Development corridor is essential for the
beneficiation process to operate and Pakistan has a
development corridor for Central Asian Republics
(CARs) (Samange, 2014). Additionally, Pakistan has
a natural harbor (Gawadar), which is close to the
mineral deposits. By being strategically located
around China, Russia, India and Central Asian
Republics, Pakistan should explore the regional
markets close to its origin. By this way, it can control
the prices of inputs as well.
The development of its beneficiation sector can
turn Pakistan's economic instability to economic
strength. The Country is already diversified in
manufacturing and agricultural sectors, therefore, its
mining and beneficiation industry will have limited
chances to result in to resource curse or Dutch
disease. Pakistan should promote regional integration
as part of its beneficiation strategy. By addressing all
the local and international challenges we can adopt
the beneficiation road which will lead to economic
and social growth.
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