Presentation to know how The Universe is. You can find information about The Solar System. A very useful resource for CLIL teachers looking for material for Secondary teaching.
The document provides an overview of the universe and some of its key components:
1. The universe originated from the Big Bang around 13.7 billion years ago and has been expanding and cooling ever since.
2. Galaxies form the basic building blocks of the universe and come in three main types: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Our galaxy is the Milky Way galaxy.
3. Stars are born in nebulae and come in different colors, temperatures, and magnitudes depending on their stage of life. When stars die, they may become black holes, neutron stars, or white dwarfs.
The document summarizes information about the planets in our solar system from Mercury to Pluto. It discusses key facts about each planet such as their composition, moons, and exploration by space probes. It also covers background on the formation of the solar system through the Big Bang theory and how the space race between the US and USSR led to manned missions to the moon.
Submanyan Chandrasekhar received the 1983 Nobel Prize for calculating the Chandrasekhar limit of 1.4 solar masses, above which a white dwarf will collapse into a neutron star or black hole. Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor Jr. received the 1993 Prize for discovering the first binary pulsar system, which provided evidence for gravitational waves. Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba received half of the 2002 Prize for detecting cosmic neutrinos from the Sun, helping solve the mystery of the missing neutrinos.
1. The document discusses several celestial bodies in our solar system including galaxies, comets, black holes, planets, and their characteristics.
2. It explains that galaxies are large systems containing billions of stars and other matter bound together by gravity, and that Edwin Hubble discovered other galaxies beyond the Milky Way.
3. Key facts are provided about planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune as well as other objects like comets and black holes. Their compositions, orbits, rotations, and other physical traits are summarized.
The document is a space-themed quiz containing 6 multiple choice questions. The questions ask about Giovanni Schiaparelli's observations of Mars, the largest asteroid in the solar system, the nearest star to Earth after the Sun, the planet associated with the Cassini division, and the name of the US space shuttle that crashed during take-off in 1986. The answers provided are "Canals", "Ceres", "Proxima Centauri", "Saturn", and "Challenger".
Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside Earth's atmosphere. It includes studying stars, planets, moons, nebulae, galaxies, and other astronomical objects as well as their evolution, physics, chemistry, and interactions. Related fields include cosmology, which studies the universe as a whole, and astrophysics which applies physics to astronomical objects and phenomena. Astronomy uses various methods of observation across the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to gamma rays. Some important astronomers mentioned include Galileo, who made early observations with telescopes and contributed to the scientific revolution, Hipparchus who created one of the first star catalogs, Edwin Hubble who discovered galaxies outside the Milky Way, and Johannes Kepler who explained the motions of planets
1. The document summarizes key events and discoveries in space exploration from 1961 to 2000, including the first American astronaut to land on the moon in 1969.
2. It also discusses theories about the origin of the universe such as the Big Bang theory and problems encountered in space exploration like airlessness and weightlessness.
3. Major space probes and their missions are outlined, such as Sputnik, Voyager, and Mars Pathfinder, which helped gather information about other planets and the solar system.
The document provides an overview of the universe and some of its key components:
1. The universe originated from the Big Bang around 13.7 billion years ago and has been expanding and cooling ever since.
2. Galaxies form the basic building blocks of the universe and come in three main types: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Our galaxy is the Milky Way galaxy.
3. Stars are born in nebulae and come in different colors, temperatures, and magnitudes depending on their stage of life. When stars die, they may become black holes, neutron stars, or white dwarfs.
The document summarizes information about the planets in our solar system from Mercury to Pluto. It discusses key facts about each planet such as their composition, moons, and exploration by space probes. It also covers background on the formation of the solar system through the Big Bang theory and how the space race between the US and USSR led to manned missions to the moon.
Submanyan Chandrasekhar received the 1983 Nobel Prize for calculating the Chandrasekhar limit of 1.4 solar masses, above which a white dwarf will collapse into a neutron star or black hole. Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor Jr. received the 1993 Prize for discovering the first binary pulsar system, which provided evidence for gravitational waves. Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba received half of the 2002 Prize for detecting cosmic neutrinos from the Sun, helping solve the mystery of the missing neutrinos.
1. The document discusses several celestial bodies in our solar system including galaxies, comets, black holes, planets, and their characteristics.
2. It explains that galaxies are large systems containing billions of stars and other matter bound together by gravity, and that Edwin Hubble discovered other galaxies beyond the Milky Way.
3. Key facts are provided about planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune as well as other objects like comets and black holes. Their compositions, orbits, rotations, and other physical traits are summarized.
The document is a space-themed quiz containing 6 multiple choice questions. The questions ask about Giovanni Schiaparelli's observations of Mars, the largest asteroid in the solar system, the nearest star to Earth after the Sun, the planet associated with the Cassini division, and the name of the US space shuttle that crashed during take-off in 1986. The answers provided are "Canals", "Ceres", "Proxima Centauri", "Saturn", and "Challenger".
Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside Earth's atmosphere. It includes studying stars, planets, moons, nebulae, galaxies, and other astronomical objects as well as their evolution, physics, chemistry, and interactions. Related fields include cosmology, which studies the universe as a whole, and astrophysics which applies physics to astronomical objects and phenomena. Astronomy uses various methods of observation across the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to gamma rays. Some important astronomers mentioned include Galileo, who made early observations with telescopes and contributed to the scientific revolution, Hipparchus who created one of the first star catalogs, Edwin Hubble who discovered galaxies outside the Milky Way, and Johannes Kepler who explained the motions of planets
1. The document summarizes key events and discoveries in space exploration from 1961 to 2000, including the first American astronaut to land on the moon in 1969.
2. It also discusses theories about the origin of the universe such as the Big Bang theory and problems encountered in space exploration like airlessness and weightlessness.
3. Major space probes and their missions are outlined, such as Sputnik, Voyager, and Mars Pathfinder, which helped gather information about other planets and the solar system.
New discoveries in the field of space ms pp 2010 versionBALJINDER563
This document contains summaries of several new discoveries in space exploration:
- Kepler-452b, an exoplanet discovered in 2015, is described as Earth's cousin due to its similarities. Exoplanets raise the possibility of life existing elsewhere.
- Pluto has blue skies created by small particles and patches of frozen water have been mapped on its surface.
- Computer models suggest Saturn's icy moons and rings formed after dinosaurs, being no more than 100 million years old.
- Observations of Enceladus' geysers found its strongest eruptions occur when farthest from Saturn, pointing to mysteries in its plumbing.
- Evidence was found of a huge 20-30km asteroid that broke in
The document provides information about astronomy and the solar system. It begins by defining astronomy and describing early astronomers like Copernicus and Galileo. It then discusses concepts like the universe, galaxies, and the Milky Way galaxy. The bulk of the document is focused on defining and describing components of the solar system, including the sun, planets like Earth, Venus, and Mercury, and units like light years and astronomical units. It provides details on concepts like planetary orbits, rotations, and transits. The summary concludes with an overview of the key topics covered.
This lesson plan teaches students about the Solar System through an engaging interactive activity. Students will represent different planets and stand in a large outdoor area to demonstrate the vast scale of the Solar System. The activity uses objects like balls and nuts to represent planets from the Sun to Pluto. Students will learn interesting facts about each planet as they place their object in order. The hands-on approach allows students to experience the inconceivable distances between planets in our Solar System.
- The document discusses the history of planetary classification and discovery in our solar system. It describes how ancient cultures knew of 5 planets and how more were discovered over time, growing the solar system to 8 planets.
- In 2006, the IAU defined criteria for what qualifies as a planet, reclassifying Pluto as a "dwarf planet" since it did not meet the criteria of "clearing its orbit". This controversial move demoted Pluto from the 9th planet.
- The definition added two new dwarf planets, Ceres and Eris, and the solar system was now said to have 8 planets and 3 dwarf planets.
This document provides information about the planet Saturn. It discusses Saturn's distance from the sun, diameter, temperature, rotation period, number of moons, composition and other key facts. It specifically mentions that Saturn is known for its prominent ring system, which was discovered by Christian Huygens in 1665 and that the Cassini Division, a gap within the rings, is named after Giovani Cassini who discovered it. The rings extend from 6,630 km to 120,700 km from Saturn's equator and are composed primarily of ice particles.
The document provides information about various celestial bodies in our solar system including planets, stars, galaxies, and other astronomical phenomena. It discusses the composition and characteristics of objects like Venus, Pluto, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, comets, and black holes. The document is written in a simple, straightforward style to describe these objects for educational purposes.
The universe contains everything that exists, including stars, planets, and all life and matter within them. It is impossible to comprehend the universe's immense size. Our solar system contains eight planets that orbit our star, the Sun. The planets differ in their composition, with gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, and terrestrial planets like Earth, Venus, and Mars made up of rock and metals. Beyond our solar system exist phenomena like asteroids, comets, and other celestial objects that have formed over billions of years since the theorized Big Bang event that created the known universe.
NASA has a long legacy of space exploration including landing rovers on Mars, exploring planets like Jupiter and Saturn, and landing humans on the Moon. Some of NASA's most notable missions include Pioneer 10/11 which were the first to visit Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 1/2 which made flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, and WMAP which provided a more precise estimate of the age and composition of the universe. Other landmark missions include Spirit and Opportunity on Mars, Cassini-Huygens at Saturn, Chandra observing the universe in X-rays, Viking as the first successful Mars lander, and Hubble which has changed our understanding of the cosmos through its iconic images.
Three new circumbinary planets have been discovered orbiting binary star systems, rather than single stars. This establishes a new class of planets and shows that circumbinary planets are not rare, with an estimated frequency of at least 1% for short-period binary systems, implying millions exist in the Milky Way. While the three discovered planets are too hot or cold to support life, circumbinary planets could potentially be habitable.
This document provides an overview of exoplanets and their discovery. It discusses how the first exoplanet was discovered in 1995 using the radial velocity method by detecting wobbles in a star's movement. The Kepler Space Telescope, launched in 2009, significantly advanced exoplanet discovery through the transit method of detecting dips in starlight as planets pass in front. To date over 3,000 exoplanets have been confirmed across the galaxy, with an estimated trillion planets in the Milky Way alone, showing that small, Earth-sized planets are very common. Current telescopes continue working to find and characterize more exoplanets and their atmospheres.
The universe is approximately 13.7 billion years old, the solar system is approximately 4.5 billion years old, stars shine in different colors depending on their temperature with blue stars being the hottest and red stars being the coolest, a planet is a celestial body that orbits a star and can clear its orbit of other objects, stars are formed when cold gas and dust clouds are gravitationally disturbed or radiated, and precious elements in jewelry are formed when the largest stars explode at the end of their life cycles. The moon always shows the same face to Earth because its rotation has become tidally locked to match Earth's rotation over time.
Hi !
I have made this presentation for you so that you know what is space and what is space technology.The one who will download it will be the one who has got 95% knowledge of space and
FOR MORE KNOWLEDGE JUST EMAIL ME ON THIS EMAIL ADDRESS
workplaceid154@gmail.com
Thanks for your downloading
(please spread this presentation to all schools and all institute so that the students or people can get to know about space)
NOTE:THIS IS MICROSOFT 2013 PRESENTATION)
I WILL UPLOAD LOWER VERSIONS OF THIS FILE
THANKS (MADE BY IRTAZA ZAFAR AND
HASEEB AHMED FROM THE CITY SCHOOL CHENAB CAMPUS FSD
- The Galileo probe explored Jupiter and its moons from 1995-2003, discovering evidence of subsurface oceans on Europa and volcanic activity on Io. It was the first spacecraft to fly by an asteroid and discover a moon orbiting an asteroid.
- Col. Eileen Collins was the first female shuttle commander, commanding missions STS-93 in 1999 and STS-114 in 2005. She has logged over 872 hours in space.
- The Mars Pathfinder mission in 1997 proved that a rover could be placed on Mars cheaply, sending back over 17,000 photos and 15 chemical analyses before ending in 1997.
Pesquisa mostra que as exoluas podem ser os corpos mais comuns no universo onde se pode encontrar vida. As exoluar aumentam o número de corpos presentes na chamada zona habitável dos exoplanetas.
Astronomy and the invention of TelescopeJerome Bigael
Before telescopes, ancient civilizations observed astronomical phenomena like star clusters and used constellations for agriculture and navigation. The Greeks developed geocentric models to mathematically describe planetary motions, prioritizing mathematical accuracy over physical reality. In the early 1600s, Hans Lippershey invented the telescope and Galileo was the first to use it for astronomy, discovering lunar craters, Jupiter's moons, Venusian phases, and sunspots, challenging existing paradigms.
The document summarizes key aspects of how scientists believe the universe began and evolved based on two major theories - the Big Bang theory and the Solar Nebula theory. It provides details on each theory, including that the Big Bang occurred approximately 13.75 billion years ago and resulted in the rapid expansion and cooling of an extremely hot and dense early universe. The Solar Nebula theory proposes that our solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust that gave rise to the sun and orbiting bodies.
The document discusses the discovery of the Milky Way galaxy. It describes how in the early 20th century, Shapley and Curtis debated whether spiral nebulae were inside or outside our galaxy. Hubble later proved with Cepheid variables that they were actually other galaxies. The Milky Way is now understood to be a barred spiral galaxy about 30,000 light years wide, with a bulge, disk containing spiral arms, and halo of globular clusters. It formed from a cloud of gas that contracted under gravity and began rotating to form the spiral structure seen today.
- Sundials use the sun's position to tell time and can only be used outdoors during daylight hours without cloud cover. Ancient examples were placed in prominent locations to indicate solstices and equinoxes.
- Stonehenges were used as celestial calendars, burial sites, sacrificial altars, and defensive structures in ancient times.
- Telescopes allow viewing of distant celestial objects like stars, planets, and galaxies. The Hubble Space Telescope is the most advanced telescope currently in use.
When it comes to planetarium shows, “questions and answers” is our absolutely favourite time. But last week one primary school visitors took Q&A to the next level. They came to their Wonderdome Astronomy lesson with questions already prepared and written down! More questions came up during the show, so some of the prepared questions we didn’t have time to go through. There was only one thing we could do!
New Media Buys offers a turnkey advertising solution that includes producing TV and radio commercials, syndicating content across hundreds of outlets nationwide, and providing additional services like email marketing, website development, and promotions on daytime TV shows. Their solution aims to effectively promote clients' products through targeted advertising while only charging commissions based on success. The company covers over 200 markets across the US and provides various production, distribution, and promotional services to help clients maximize their marketing efforts.
The document appears to be the lyrics from several songs related to the theme of space exploration. It references the Starship Enterprise and Captain Kirk from Star Trek, lists the planets in the solar system, and includes songs about reaching for the stars and following your dreams. The lyrics celebrate discovery, adventure, and pushing boundaries beyond what is known.
This document discusses different aspects of stars, including:
- What stars are composed of, both on their surfaces and interiors. Most are made of hydrogen and helium, but also contain heavier elements.
- How stars are born from collapsing clouds of gas and dust, and how they spend most of their lives fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores.
- The two types of deaths stars can experience - smaller stars like our Sun become white dwarfs, while larger stars end as supernovae.
- The different categories of stars including main sequence, red giants, and more exotic objects like neutron stars and black holes.
- Additional facts about stars like their variety of sizes, numbers in our galaxy
New discoveries in the field of space ms pp 2010 versionBALJINDER563
This document contains summaries of several new discoveries in space exploration:
- Kepler-452b, an exoplanet discovered in 2015, is described as Earth's cousin due to its similarities. Exoplanets raise the possibility of life existing elsewhere.
- Pluto has blue skies created by small particles and patches of frozen water have been mapped on its surface.
- Computer models suggest Saturn's icy moons and rings formed after dinosaurs, being no more than 100 million years old.
- Observations of Enceladus' geysers found its strongest eruptions occur when farthest from Saturn, pointing to mysteries in its plumbing.
- Evidence was found of a huge 20-30km asteroid that broke in
The document provides information about astronomy and the solar system. It begins by defining astronomy and describing early astronomers like Copernicus and Galileo. It then discusses concepts like the universe, galaxies, and the Milky Way galaxy. The bulk of the document is focused on defining and describing components of the solar system, including the sun, planets like Earth, Venus, and Mercury, and units like light years and astronomical units. It provides details on concepts like planetary orbits, rotations, and transits. The summary concludes with an overview of the key topics covered.
This lesson plan teaches students about the Solar System through an engaging interactive activity. Students will represent different planets and stand in a large outdoor area to demonstrate the vast scale of the Solar System. The activity uses objects like balls and nuts to represent planets from the Sun to Pluto. Students will learn interesting facts about each planet as they place their object in order. The hands-on approach allows students to experience the inconceivable distances between planets in our Solar System.
- The document discusses the history of planetary classification and discovery in our solar system. It describes how ancient cultures knew of 5 planets and how more were discovered over time, growing the solar system to 8 planets.
- In 2006, the IAU defined criteria for what qualifies as a planet, reclassifying Pluto as a "dwarf planet" since it did not meet the criteria of "clearing its orbit". This controversial move demoted Pluto from the 9th planet.
- The definition added two new dwarf planets, Ceres and Eris, and the solar system was now said to have 8 planets and 3 dwarf planets.
This document provides information about the planet Saturn. It discusses Saturn's distance from the sun, diameter, temperature, rotation period, number of moons, composition and other key facts. It specifically mentions that Saturn is known for its prominent ring system, which was discovered by Christian Huygens in 1665 and that the Cassini Division, a gap within the rings, is named after Giovani Cassini who discovered it. The rings extend from 6,630 km to 120,700 km from Saturn's equator and are composed primarily of ice particles.
The document provides information about various celestial bodies in our solar system including planets, stars, galaxies, and other astronomical phenomena. It discusses the composition and characteristics of objects like Venus, Pluto, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, comets, and black holes. The document is written in a simple, straightforward style to describe these objects for educational purposes.
The universe contains everything that exists, including stars, planets, and all life and matter within them. It is impossible to comprehend the universe's immense size. Our solar system contains eight planets that orbit our star, the Sun. The planets differ in their composition, with gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, and terrestrial planets like Earth, Venus, and Mars made up of rock and metals. Beyond our solar system exist phenomena like asteroids, comets, and other celestial objects that have formed over billions of years since the theorized Big Bang event that created the known universe.
NASA has a long legacy of space exploration including landing rovers on Mars, exploring planets like Jupiter and Saturn, and landing humans on the Moon. Some of NASA's most notable missions include Pioneer 10/11 which were the first to visit Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 1/2 which made flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, and WMAP which provided a more precise estimate of the age and composition of the universe. Other landmark missions include Spirit and Opportunity on Mars, Cassini-Huygens at Saturn, Chandra observing the universe in X-rays, Viking as the first successful Mars lander, and Hubble which has changed our understanding of the cosmos through its iconic images.
Three new circumbinary planets have been discovered orbiting binary star systems, rather than single stars. This establishes a new class of planets and shows that circumbinary planets are not rare, with an estimated frequency of at least 1% for short-period binary systems, implying millions exist in the Milky Way. While the three discovered planets are too hot or cold to support life, circumbinary planets could potentially be habitable.
This document provides an overview of exoplanets and their discovery. It discusses how the first exoplanet was discovered in 1995 using the radial velocity method by detecting wobbles in a star's movement. The Kepler Space Telescope, launched in 2009, significantly advanced exoplanet discovery through the transit method of detecting dips in starlight as planets pass in front. To date over 3,000 exoplanets have been confirmed across the galaxy, with an estimated trillion planets in the Milky Way alone, showing that small, Earth-sized planets are very common. Current telescopes continue working to find and characterize more exoplanets and their atmospheres.
The universe is approximately 13.7 billion years old, the solar system is approximately 4.5 billion years old, stars shine in different colors depending on their temperature with blue stars being the hottest and red stars being the coolest, a planet is a celestial body that orbits a star and can clear its orbit of other objects, stars are formed when cold gas and dust clouds are gravitationally disturbed or radiated, and precious elements in jewelry are formed when the largest stars explode at the end of their life cycles. The moon always shows the same face to Earth because its rotation has become tidally locked to match Earth's rotation over time.
Hi !
I have made this presentation for you so that you know what is space and what is space technology.The one who will download it will be the one who has got 95% knowledge of space and
FOR MORE KNOWLEDGE JUST EMAIL ME ON THIS EMAIL ADDRESS
workplaceid154@gmail.com
Thanks for your downloading
(please spread this presentation to all schools and all institute so that the students or people can get to know about space)
NOTE:THIS IS MICROSOFT 2013 PRESENTATION)
I WILL UPLOAD LOWER VERSIONS OF THIS FILE
THANKS (MADE BY IRTAZA ZAFAR AND
HASEEB AHMED FROM THE CITY SCHOOL CHENAB CAMPUS FSD
- The Galileo probe explored Jupiter and its moons from 1995-2003, discovering evidence of subsurface oceans on Europa and volcanic activity on Io. It was the first spacecraft to fly by an asteroid and discover a moon orbiting an asteroid.
- Col. Eileen Collins was the first female shuttle commander, commanding missions STS-93 in 1999 and STS-114 in 2005. She has logged over 872 hours in space.
- The Mars Pathfinder mission in 1997 proved that a rover could be placed on Mars cheaply, sending back over 17,000 photos and 15 chemical analyses before ending in 1997.
Pesquisa mostra que as exoluas podem ser os corpos mais comuns no universo onde se pode encontrar vida. As exoluar aumentam o número de corpos presentes na chamada zona habitável dos exoplanetas.
Astronomy and the invention of TelescopeJerome Bigael
Before telescopes, ancient civilizations observed astronomical phenomena like star clusters and used constellations for agriculture and navigation. The Greeks developed geocentric models to mathematically describe planetary motions, prioritizing mathematical accuracy over physical reality. In the early 1600s, Hans Lippershey invented the telescope and Galileo was the first to use it for astronomy, discovering lunar craters, Jupiter's moons, Venusian phases, and sunspots, challenging existing paradigms.
The document summarizes key aspects of how scientists believe the universe began and evolved based on two major theories - the Big Bang theory and the Solar Nebula theory. It provides details on each theory, including that the Big Bang occurred approximately 13.75 billion years ago and resulted in the rapid expansion and cooling of an extremely hot and dense early universe. The Solar Nebula theory proposes that our solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust that gave rise to the sun and orbiting bodies.
The document discusses the discovery of the Milky Way galaxy. It describes how in the early 20th century, Shapley and Curtis debated whether spiral nebulae were inside or outside our galaxy. Hubble later proved with Cepheid variables that they were actually other galaxies. The Milky Way is now understood to be a barred spiral galaxy about 30,000 light years wide, with a bulge, disk containing spiral arms, and halo of globular clusters. It formed from a cloud of gas that contracted under gravity and began rotating to form the spiral structure seen today.
- Sundials use the sun's position to tell time and can only be used outdoors during daylight hours without cloud cover. Ancient examples were placed in prominent locations to indicate solstices and equinoxes.
- Stonehenges were used as celestial calendars, burial sites, sacrificial altars, and defensive structures in ancient times.
- Telescopes allow viewing of distant celestial objects like stars, planets, and galaxies. The Hubble Space Telescope is the most advanced telescope currently in use.
When it comes to planetarium shows, “questions and answers” is our absolutely favourite time. But last week one primary school visitors took Q&A to the next level. They came to their Wonderdome Astronomy lesson with questions already prepared and written down! More questions came up during the show, so some of the prepared questions we didn’t have time to go through. There was only one thing we could do!
New Media Buys offers a turnkey advertising solution that includes producing TV and radio commercials, syndicating content across hundreds of outlets nationwide, and providing additional services like email marketing, website development, and promotions on daytime TV shows. Their solution aims to effectively promote clients' products through targeted advertising while only charging commissions based on success. The company covers over 200 markets across the US and provides various production, distribution, and promotional services to help clients maximize their marketing efforts.
The document appears to be the lyrics from several songs related to the theme of space exploration. It references the Starship Enterprise and Captain Kirk from Star Trek, lists the planets in the solar system, and includes songs about reaching for the stars and following your dreams. The lyrics celebrate discovery, adventure, and pushing boundaries beyond what is known.
This document discusses different aspects of stars, including:
- What stars are composed of, both on their surfaces and interiors. Most are made of hydrogen and helium, but also contain heavier elements.
- How stars are born from collapsing clouds of gas and dust, and how they spend most of their lives fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores.
- The two types of deaths stars can experience - smaller stars like our Sun become white dwarfs, while larger stars end as supernovae.
- The different categories of stars including main sequence, red giants, and more exotic objects like neutron stars and black holes.
- Additional facts about stars like their variety of sizes, numbers in our galaxy
This document provides an overview of stars and galaxies. It discusses how stars are born from dense clouds of gas and dust called globules, and how their appearance is determined by temperature, with hotter stars appearing blue and cooler stars appearing red. The document notes that stars die when they run out of gas, with small stars fading away and large stars expanding into red giants. It then gives a brief introduction to galaxies, stating they are composed of stars, gas and dust, and that the Milky Way galaxy contains around 100 billion stars. The document concludes by mentioning there are different types of galaxies and thanking the reader.
Stars eventually die when they exhaust their nuclear fuel. Small stars cool and shrink into white dwarfs, while larger stars that become red giants either shed their outer layers leaving behind dense neutron stars or explode in gigantic supernovae. The oldest stars are around 13.7 billion years old, formed shortly after the Big Bang, while big bright stars only live for around 10 million years and stars like the Sun will live for approximately 10 billion years.
1. Stars are born through nuclear fusion and spend most of their life fusing hydrogen into helium as a main sequence star.
2. When stars exhaust their hydrogen fuel, low mass stars become red giants and high mass stars explode as supernovae.
3. The remnants of dead stars are white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes depending on the original star's mass.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of human species in the universe. It covers topics like the Ptolemaic and heliocentric models of the universe, the formation of the solar system, discoveries of exoplanets, the Milky Way galaxy, expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law, and the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. The document provides information on these topics through questions, descriptions, images, and discussions of the scientific evidence supporting modern cosmological theories.
The document is about the Earth, Sun and Moon. It provides information about the structure of the universe including galaxies, stars and nebulae. It then discusses the Solar System and provides details about the Sun, planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. It also mentions asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets. For each planet, it discusses their physical characteristics and origins of their names in Greek and Roman mythology.
1. Over 4.5 billion years ago, a large cloud of gas and dust collapsed under gravity to form the solar nebula from which the Sun and planets eventually formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, the solar nebula flattened into a disk with the young Sun at the center, and the planets coalesced from clumps of dust and gas within this disk.
3. Earth formed from metallic and rocky fragments approximately 4.5 billion years ago and has since developed distinct geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere systems that interact with one another.
The document discusses astronomy and the study of space. It describes some key discoveries and models in astronomy's history, including that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular. It also summarizes ancient and modern views of the structure of the universe, from geocentric to heliocentric models. Additionally, it outlines the life cycles of stars and describes objects in our solar system like planets, asteroids, comets, and eclipses.
The document provides information about celestial bodies like stars, constellations, and planets in our solar system. It discusses how ancient people used constellations like Ursa Major to determine directions. It describes the nine planets in our solar system, with Mercury being the closest to the sun and Pluto being the farthest, along with other objects like asteroids and meteoroids. The sun and these celestial bodies form our solar system. It also briefly mentions Neil Armstrong being the first person to walk on the moon.
Here is a three paragraph, 453-word essay arguing that Pluto should still be considered a planet:
Pluto has been an iconic part of our solar system since its discovery in 1930. However, in 2006 the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet, demoting its status. While Pluto is smaller than our other planets, I believe it still deserves to keep its status as the ninth planet.
It is true that Pluto's orbit is highly elliptical and takes it inside Neptune's orbit at times. However, the other planets' orbits are also not perfectly circular. Pluto also clears its orbital path of other objects, just as the other planets do. For billions of years since its
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The document provides information about stars and constellations, including defining what a star is, explaining the brightness and temperature of stars, and how stars are grouped into constellations. Key details covered include the two characteristics that define brightness, the relationship between surface temperature and color, different sizes and masses of stars, and how stars are born from nebulae. The document aims to teach readers about various properties and life cycles of stars.
The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient to modern times. It begins by explaining how early civilizations used the movement of stars, planets and the moon to tell time before modern clocks. It then discusses key figures like Ptolemy who proposed an Earth-centered model, Copernicus who proposed a Sun-centered model, Galileo who used a telescope to observe moons orbiting Jupiter which supported Copernicus, and Kepler who formulated laws of planetary motion. The document also discusses constellations, stars, and life cycles of stars of different masses.
1) The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory that the universe was created between 10-20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter in all directions.
2) A black hole is a region of space with immense gravity that prevents anything, even light, from escaping.
3) The Milky Way galaxy is home to over 400 billion stars and contains the solar system, including Earth and the sun.
1) The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory that the universe was created between 10-20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter in all directions.
2) A black hole is a region of space with immense gravity that prevents anything, even light, from escaping.
3) The Milky Way galaxy is home to over 400 billion stars and contains the solar system, including Earth and the sun.
The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory that the universe was created approximately 13.8 billion years ago from the explosion of a single point that hurled matter in all directions. After the initial expansion and cooling, the universe continued to expand and cool, forming stars, galaxies, and everything in the observable universe. A black hole is a region of space where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape, while a wormhole is a theoretical connection between two distant points in spacetime. The Milky Way galaxy is home to over 200 billion stars and contains three main components: the halo, bulge, and disk. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon, famously saying "That's
The document provides an outline of topics related to the solar system, including the birth of the solar system, geocentric and heliocentric theories, an overview of the solar system components, and more detailed information about planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and other celestial bodies. It describes the terrestrial and Jovian planets, important moons like Jupiter's Galilean moons and Saturn's rings, the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, dwarf planets like Pluto and Eris, and defines asteroids, meteoroids, meteors, meteorites, and comets. The document aims to inform about the key components, structures, and theories regarding our solar system.
In our solar system, the differences between planets and other objects mostly occur because of their formation at the birth of our solar system. Although it is very difficult to tell, most scientists believe that our solar system formed from a small chunk of an interstellar gas cloud. If true, the composition of the gas cloud would have caused the composition of our sun as well as that of other objects in our solar system. Once the sun formed, that influenced the formation of the planets. Since it was much warmer closer to the sun, only denser, metallic elements were able to condense. This warmer region is now home to the terrestrial planets, which include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
Professor’s Questions Set 5Provide comprehensive answers to th.docxwkyra78
Professor’s Questions Set 5
Provide comprehensive answers to the following questions. Remember to support your arguments where necessary by websites and pictures.
Chapter 7 and 8 Readings
1. Why is Jupiter so much richer in hydrogen and helium than Earth?
2. Why do astronomers conclude that none of the Jovian planets’ rings can be left over from the formation of the planets?
3. How can Jupiter have a liquid interior and not have a definite liquid surface?
4. Why are Uranus and Neptune respectively green-blue and blue?
5. What evidence indicates that catastrophic impacts have occurred in the solar system’s past?
6. Why do astronomers refer to carbonaceous chondrites as unmodified or “primitive” materials?
7. What evidence indicates that the asteroids are mostly fragments of larger bodies?
8. What is the difference between condensation and accretion?
9. Why does the solar nebula theory predict that planetary systems are common?
10. Why is the evidence of “hot Jupiters” puzzling? What is the current hypothesis of how they formed?
Michael Seeds
Dana Backman
Chapter 8
Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets
*
The solar system is our home in the universe. As humans are an intelligent species, we have the right and the responsibility to wonder what we are. Our kind has inhabited this solar system for at least a million years. However, only within the last hundred years have we begun to understand what a solar system is.
*
You are linked through a great chain of origins that leads backward through time to the first instant when the universe began 13.7 billion years ago.The gradual discovery of the links in that chain is one of the most exciting adventures of the human intellect.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
Earlier, you have studied some of that story:Origin of the universe in the big bangFormation of galaxiesOrigin of starsProduction of the chemical elementsHere, you will explore further and consider the origin of planets.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
By the time the universe was three minutes old, the protons, neutrons, and electrons in your body had come into existence. You are made of very old matter.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although those particles formed quickly, they were not linked together to form the atoms that are common today.Most of the matter was hydrogen and about
25 percent was helium. Very few of the heavier atoms were made in
the big bang.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although your body does not contain helium, it does contain many of those ancient hydrogen atoms that have remained unchanged since the universe began.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
During the first few hundred million years after the big bang, matter collected to form galaxies containing billions of stars. You have learned how nuclear reactions inside stars combine low-mass atoms, su ...
1) The Solar System consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 9 planets.
2) The planets follow elliptical orbits around the Sun due to the balance between gravitational pull and inertia.
3) There are several theories for how the Solar System formed, with the most widely accepted being the Nebular Hypothesis where a large cloud collapsed and spun to form a disk that condensed into planets.
The document contains instructions and explanations for several science experiments involving chemical reactions:
1) A foam experiment uses yeast to produce oxygen bubbles from hydrogen peroxide, creating lots of foam.
2) A fizz inflator experiment uses the reaction between baking soda and vinegar to produce carbon dioxide gas, inflating a balloon.
3) Other experiments look at how acetone dissolves polystyrene foam, a non-Newtonian cornstarch and water mixture called "oobleck", and how oil and colored water separate in a bottle but can be mixed with tablet reactions.
The document outlines a lesson plan for a chemistry unit on chemical reactions. It will cover:
1) Introduction to chemical reactions, including signs of chemical reactions and chemical equations.
2) Types of chemical reactions.
3) Gas laws including Boyle's, Charles, Gay-Lussac's and Avogadro's laws.
4) Stoichiometry, including stoichiometry diagrams and problem solving.
The lesson plan describes the objectives, topics, activities, and assessment methods for the unit. Students will learn about chemical equations, the mole concept, gas laws, and stoichiometry through activities, group work, experiments and a final project.
The document outlines a lesson plan on chemical bonding. It will cover three main topics: 1) an introduction to chemical bonds, 2) the different types of chemical bonds including ionic, covalent and metallic bonds, and 3) the nomenclature of inorganic chemistry according to IUPAC recommendations. The lesson aims to explain how atoms bond to form molecules or compounds through electron sharing or transfer. It will also describe the various bond types and properties that distinguish ionic, covalent and metallic substances. Activities are included to reinforce key concepts.
Great science experiments with instructions that you can do right at home or at school. In order for your science experiment to be safe and successful, be sure to:
Get your parent’s or teacher’s permission, and their help
Follow the directions as written
The document outlines the scientific method and measurement units taught in a high school physics and chemistry course. It discusses key topics like what scientific method entails, making measurements, errors in measurements, and the metric system. The scientific method involves observing, questioning, hypothesizing, experimenting, analyzing results, and concluding. Measurements have units and can be precise but imprecise. The metric system was developed to standardize measurement units internationally and is now the predominant system used worldwide.
The document outlines the evolution of atomic structure models from early ideas to modern understanding. It discusses early thinkers like Democritus who proposed atoms as fundamental units of matter. John Dalton later proposed his atomic theory which stated that atoms are indivisible and cannot be created or destroyed. J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron through deflection experiments in a cathode ray tube provided evidence that atoms contain smaller subatomic particles, contradicting Dalton's ideas. This led to proposals of early atomic structure models like the plum pudding model.
This document outlines a lesson plan on matter for a 3rd year secondary education science course. The lesson plan covers the following key topics:
1. Defining what matter is.
2. Exploring the properties of matter including mass, volume, density, and states of matter.
3. Examining gas laws and how scientists classify different types of matter.
4. Introducing concepts like kinetic molecular theory, solutions, and solubility.
The lesson plan provides learning objectives, detailed content sections, assessment strategies, and a methodology for an active, participatory class focused on both individual and group learning. It aims to help students understand fundamental scientific concepts about matter through explanations, activities,
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
1. THE UNIVERSE
THE UNIVERSE
1. The history of knowledge of the universe.
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
3. Dimensions and distances in Astronomy.
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
4.2. The galaxies.
4.2.1. Our galaxy: The Milky Way.
5. The Solar System.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
2. THE UNIVERSE
THE UNIVERSE
1. The history of knowledge of the universe.
SECOND CENTURY
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
Ptolomy suggested a GEOCENTRIC ASTRONOMIC MODEL
The Sun, the moon and the five known planets ( Mercury, Venus,
Mars, Jupiter and Saturn ) all revolved around the Earth
They were well-known in ancient times because they can be easily seen with
the naked eye and their movements are easily differentiated from stars which are in a
fixed position.
3. THE UNIVERSE
1. The history of knowledge of the universe.
1543 Published his HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
Copernicus
However, hundreds years before the
Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos
sugestted that the Earth revolved
around the Sun
The planets revolved
around the Sun
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
4. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
1. The history of knowledge of the universe.
17th CENTURY
In 1609 Galileo used a
telescope for the first
time to observe the
night sky. This was the
birth of modern
astronomy.
At the end of the same century, Isaac
Newton built the first telescope using
mirrors instead of lenses. Newton
published his book The Principles of
natural Philosophy in which he
explained the laws governing the
movement of the planets.
5. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
1. The history of knowledge of the universe.
A
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
CTIVITY ONE
Find some information
about the origin of the universe,
especially about The Big Bang
Theory.
Please, write a summary using
your own words.
REMEMBER: DO NOT COPY AND
PASTE.
6. THE UNIVERSE
THE UNIVERSE
1. The history of knowledge of the universe.
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
3. Dimensions and distances in Astronomy.
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
4.2. The galaxies.
4.2.1. Our galaxy: The MilkyWay.
5. The Solar System.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
7. THE UNIVERSE Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
The celestial
bodies in the
universe are very
diverse. The
properties of a
planet, for
example, are very
different to those
of a star, so the
temperature is
very high on a star
(millions of
degrees Celcius).
8. THE UNIVERSE
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
TYPES OF CELESTIALS
BODIES
PLANETS
COMETS
SATELLITES
ASTEROIDS
CLUSTER OF GALAXIES
STARS
GALAXIES
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
DWARF PLANETS
9. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
Like the Earth, which is the planet we live on.
PLANETS
The planets
shine by
reflecting
light from
the Sun.
10. THE UNIVERSE Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
DWARF PLANETS
What is a planet?
We've been asking that question at least since Greek
astronomers came up with the word to describe the bright points
of light that seemed to wander among fixed stars.
Many disagreed in 1930 when Pluto was added as our solar
system's ninth planet. The debate flared again in 2005 when Eris --
about the same size as Pluto -- was found deep in a zone beyond
Neptune called the Kuiper Belt. Was it the 10th planet? Or are Eris
and Pluto examples of an intriguing, new kind of world?
11. THE UNIVERSE Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
DWARF PLANETS
The International Astronomical Union decided in 2006 that a
new system of classification was needed to describe these new
worlds, which are more developed than asteroids, but different
than the known planets. Pluto, Eris and the asteroid Ceres became
the first dwarf planets. They are orbiting the sun in zones of similar
objects such as the asteroids.
Our solar system's planet count now stands at eight. But the
lively debate continues as we continue to explore and make new
discoveries.
12. THE UNIVERSE Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
DWARF PLANETS
13. THE UNIVERSE
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
Like the moon, which is the Earth’s only natural
satellite.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
SATELLITES
14. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
Which orbit around the Sun on a very long
trajectory.
COMETS
15. THE UNIVERSE Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
The comet Halley will COMETS
return in 1758
16. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
ASTEROIDS
Rocky bodies which are smaller than planets,
very often irregular in shape, and which orbit
around the Sun.
17. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
Like the Sun which continuously radiates energy
into the space around them
STARS
18. THE UNIVERSE
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
GALAXIES
Groups of tens or
hundreds of
thousands of stars. It
is thought that the
universe contains
approximately 100 000
galaxies.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
19. THE UNIVERSE
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
CLUSTER OF GALAXIES
Made up of many
different galaxies.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
20. THE UNIVERSE
THE UNIVERSE
1. The history of knowledge of the universe.
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
3. Dimensions and distances in Astronomy.
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
4.2. The galaxies.
4.2.1. Our galaxy: The MilkyWay.
5. The Solar System.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
21. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
3. Dimensions and distances in Astronomy.
The size of the celestial bodies is quite incredible as is the distance
between these ones too.
EXAMPLE
A space ship travelling at 40 000 km/h (usual speed)
would take 100 000 years to reach the nearest star
to the Sun.
This is why we use the term LIGHT YEARS when we want to talk
about astronomics distances.
LIGHT YEARS Distance covered by light in a year.
C = 300 000 km/s
22. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
3. Dimensions and distances in Astronomy.
Astronomer also use another unit
ASTRONOMICAL UNIT (A.U.)
Distance between the Sun and the Earth
1 A.U. = 150 000 000 km
23. THE UNIVERSE
THE UNIVERSE
1. The history of knowledge of the universe.
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
3. Dimensions and distances in Astronomy.
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
4.2. The galaxies.
4.2.1. Our galaxy: The MilkyWay.
5. The Solar System.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
24. THE UNIVERSE
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
If we look at the night sky on a clear night and well away
from the city light we can see hundreds of small lights which
seem to be twinkling.
STARS
Stars have differents characteristics
LIGHT
SIZE
COLOUR
BRIGHTNESS
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
25. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
COLOUR
Not all stars are white as they at first appear. More
careful inspection reveals that stars come in a wide
range of colours. Some are bluish, reddish, orange. The
Sun is a yellow star. The colour of a star depends on its
surface temperature, with the coolest stars being the
reddest and the hottest ones the bluest
26. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
SIZE
The stars come in a wide range of sizes. The largest
stars, known as giants and supergiants, are hundreds
of times the diameter of the Sun. In fact, the Sun is a
medium sized star. For example, Betelgeuse, a star in
the constellation of Orion is 600 times bigger than the
Sun. On the other hand, Sirius B in the constellation of
Canis Major is 100 times smaller than the Sun.
27. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
BRIGHTNESS
Star brightnesses are expressed in terms of
magnitudes. This system was started by the Greek
astronomer Hipparchus in the second century B.C. He
divided the stars into six categories of brightness, from
the brightest stars (first magnitude), to the faintest
stars that he could see (sixth magnitude). Nowadays
stars brightnesses are measured to the nearest
hundredth of a magnitude by sensitive instruments
known as photometers.
28. THE UNIVERSE
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
Some stars emits more light than others. Two stars
emitting the same amount of light will not be as bright
as each other if they are at different distances from
the Earth.
LIGHT
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
29. THE UNIVERSE
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
The sky is divided up into 88 areas, known as constellations,
which serve as a convenient way of locating the position of
objects in the sky.
CONSTELLATIONS
Constellations come in many different shapes and sizes. The
tradition of dividing the sky into constellations began
thousands of years ago when ancient people assigned certain
star patterns the names of their gods, heroes and fabled
animals.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
30. THE UNIVERSE
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
The brightest and biggest
stars are shown on a
PLANISPHERE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
31. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
A
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
CTIVITY TWO
Try to find the constellatios of
Orion, Leo, Cassiopeia, Ursa Major,
Ursa Minor, Polaris star and Lepus.
Can you find all the stars on
the planisphere by looking at the
night sky in your region?
Why do we need very dark
nights to be able to observe the star?
32. THE UNIVERSE
THE UNIVERSE
1. The history of knowledge of the universe.
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
3. Dimensions and distances in Astronomy.
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
4.2. The galaxies.
4.2.1. Our galaxy: The MilkyWay.
5. The Solar System.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
33. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.2. The galaxies.
Galaxies extend into space as far as the largest telescopes
can see. Each is a collection of millions or billions of stars held
together by the mutual attraction of gravity.
Galaxies are classified according to their shapes. There
are two main forms:
ELLIPTIC
SPIRAL
IRREGULAR
More or less spherical
A flat disc with several arms coming
out of the nucleus of the spiral
They have not specific shape
34. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.2. The galaxies.
4.2.1. Our galaxy: The MilkyWay.
All the stars visible to the naked eye are part of an
enormous system of at least 100 000 million stars known as The
Milky Way. Our Galaxy has a spiral shape. The entire Galaxy is
rotating; our Sun takes about 250 million years to complete one
orbit around the centre of the Galaxy.
The nearest galaxy to our own is Andromeda which is
more than two million light years away. This means that when
we look at this galaxy we are seeing it as it was more than two
million years ago.
35. THE UNIVERSE
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
4. The stars and the galaxies.
A
C
T
I
V
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Y
CTIVITY THREE
What type of galaxy is The
Milky Way ?
Are there more stars in the
swirls spiralling out from the centre
or near the nucleus ?
36. THE UNIVERSE
THE UNIVERSE
1. The history of knowledge of the universe.
2. The celestial bodies in the universe.
3. Dimensions and distances in Astronomy.
4. The stars and the galaxies.
4.1. The stars.
4.2. The galaxies.
4.2.1. Our galaxy: The MilkyWay.
5. The Solar System.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
37. THE UNIVERSE
5. The Solar System.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
Our planetary system is formed 5000 million of years ago
from nebulas’ gases and dust. The Sun is in his centre and it is
made up of two gases: Hydrogen and Helium. The planets,
satellites, comets and asteroids revolve around the Sun.
The comets and the asteroids are smaller bodies. Comets
show their spectacular tails when they come close to the Sun.
Many are concentrated in a region located between the orbits of
Mars and Jupiter known as the ASTEROID BELT.
38. THE UNIVERSE
5. The Solar System.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
The planets revolve around the Sun in eliptical orbits. The
planets which are farthest away revolve more slowly and take
longer to complete a full revolution.
The planets can be classified
TERRESTRIAL
PLANETS
(They have a solid
surface)
GAS GIANT PLANETS
(They do not have a
solid surface)
39. THE UNIVERSE
5. The Solar System.
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
The closest planet to the
Sun, only slightly larger than Earth’s
moon. Like the Moon, Mercury has
very little atmosphere to stop
impacts, and it is covered with
craters. Mercury's dayside is super-heated
by the Sun, but at night
temperatures drop hundreds of
degrees below freezing. Ice may even
exist in craters. Mercury's egg-shaped
orbit takes it around the sun
every 88 days.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
MERCURY
40. THE UNIVERSE Pepi Jaramillo Romero
5. The Solar System.
Dpto. Física y Química
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS VENUS
The brightest planet, Venus,
outshines every star in the sky. It is
frequently seen rising before the Sun
in the morning sky, when it is
popularly known as the morning star,
or setting in the evening twilight when
it is termed the evening star. Venus is
a dim world of intense heat and
volcanic activity. Similar in structure
and size to Earth, Venus' thick, toxic
atmosphere traps heat in a runaway
"greenhouse effect."
41. THE UNIVERSE
5. The Solar System.
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
Earth is an ocean
planet. Our home world's
abundance of water -- and life --
makes it unique in our solar
system. Other planets, plus a
few moons, have ice,
atmospheres, seasons and even
weather, but only on Earth does
the whole complicated mix
come together in a way that
encourages life -- and lots of it.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
EARTH
42. THE UNIVERSE
5. The Solar System.
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
MARS
Mars is a cold desert world.
It is half the diameter of Earth and
has the same amount of dry land.
Like Earth, Mars has seasons, polar
ice caps, volcanoes, canyons and
weather, but its atmosphere is too
thin for liquid water to exist for long
on the surface. There are signs of
ancient floods on Mars, but
evidence for water now exists
mainly in icy soil and thin clouds.
43. THE UNIVERSE
5. The Solar System.
GAS GIANT PLANETS
Jupiter, the most massive
planet in our solar system -- with
dozens of moons and an
enormous magnetic field -- forms
a kind of miniature solar system.
Jupiter does resemble a star in
composition, but it did not grow
big enough to ignite. The planet's
swirling cloud stripes are
punctuated by massive storms
such as the Great Red Spot, which
has raged for hundreds of years.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
JUPITER
44. THE UNIVERSE
5. The Solar System.
GAS GIANT PLANETS
Adorned with
thousands of beautiful
ringlets, Saturn is unique
among the planets. All four
gas giant planets have rings -
made of chunks of ice and
rock - but none are as
spectacular or as
complicated as Saturn's. Like
the other gas giants, Saturn
is mostly a massive ball of
hydrogen and helium.
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
SATURN
45. THE UNIVERSE
5. The Solar System.
GAS GIANT PLANETS
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
URANUS
Uranus is the only
giant planet whose equator is
nearly at right angles to its
orbit. A collision with an Earth-sized
object may explain
Uranus' unique tilt. Nearly a
twin in size to Neptune, Uranus
has more methane in its mainly
hydrogen and helium
atmosphere than Jupiter or
Saturn. Methane gives Uranus
its blue tint.
46. THE UNIVERSE
5. The Solar System.
GAS GIANT PLANETS
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
NEPTUNE
Dark, cold and
whipped by supersonic winds,
Neptune is the last of the
hydrogen and helium gas
giants in our solar system.
More than 30 times as far from
the sun as Earth, the planet
takes almost 165 Earth years to
orbit our sun. In 2011 Neptune
completed its first orbit since
its discovery in 1846.
47. THE UNIVERSE
5. The Solar System.
A
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
CTIVITY FOUR
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química
What do you think caused the
craters on the surface of Mercury ?
Why do the photograghs of
Pluto show very little detail?
Could we send a spaceship to
land on Jupiter or Saturn? Explain
your answer.
48. THE UNIVERSE
5. The Solar System.
A
C
T
I
V
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Y
CTIVITY FIVE
Which planets take the longest
in orbiting the Sun ?
Which planets have the longest
days and which planets have the
shortest days?
Which planets are a similar size
to the Earth?
Pepi Jaramillo Romero
Dpto. Física y Química