The document discusses ancient Greek philosophers, including Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, and Stoics, highlighting their contributions to moral philosophy and ethics. It emphasizes the significance of virtue, happiness, and ethical theories like descriptive, normative, meta-ethics, and applied ethics. Moreover, it outlines the relationship between individual and social good, the nature of virtue, and the importance of moral education in guiding ethical behavior.

1. /;/
Glaiza Paez Alair
EDD 302: Moral Philosophy Applied in Education
First Year- EDD (Major in Educational Management
University of Southeasthern Philippines

2. Ancient Greek Philosophers
SOCRATES
PLATO
EPICURUS
ARISTOTLE
STOICS
SOPHISTS

3. The sophists were itinerant professional teachers and
intellectuals who frequented Athens and other Greek cities
in the second half of fifth century B. C. E. (Duke, n.d.).
SOPHISTS
Protagoras (480 B.C.) is best known for his claim
that, “Of all things the measure is Man, of the things
that are, that they are, and of the things that are not,
that they are not” (Mark, 2009).
Figure 1. Protagoras. Retrieved August
28, 2017,
from Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy Website:

4. Socrates (469-399 B.C.) claimed that the unexamined
life is not worth living, for human beings .
SOCRATES
For Socrates, to be happy, a person has to live a
virtuous life. Virtue is not something to be taught or
acquired through education, but rather, it is merely an
awakening of the seed of good deeds that lay dormant
in the mind and heart of a person (Ramos, 2016).
Figure 2. Socrates. Retrieved August 28, 2017, from
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Website:
http://www.iep.utm.edu/socrates/

5. PLATO
Plato (427-347 B.C.E.) maintains a virtue-based eudaemonistic
conception of ethics. That is to say, human well-being (eudaimonia)
is the highest aim of moral thought and conduct (Frede, 2013).
His middle to later works, including his famous work, the Republic,
are generally regarded as providing Plato’s own philosophy, where
the main character in effect speaks for Plato himself. These works
blend ethics, political philosophy, epistemology and metaphysics into
an interconnected and systematic philosophy (Brickhouse and
Smith, n. d.). In Plato’s Republic, there are four cardinal virtues:
wisdom, temperance, courage and justice.
Figure 3. Plato. Retrieved August 29, 2017, from
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Website:
http://www.iep.utm.edu/plato/

6. ARISTOTLE
Aristotle (384-322 B. C. E.) defines well-being as the
activity of the soul in accordance with the virtue during
the period of a complete life.
Figure 4. Aristotle. Retrieved August 29, 2017, from
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Website:
http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/
According to Kraut (2014) being Eudaimon is the
highest end and all subordinate goals are sought
because they are what well-being consists in.

7. EPICURUS
The philosophy of Epicurus (341-270 B.C.) according
to Konstan (2005), the goal of human life is
happiness, resulting from absence of physical pain
and mental disturbance. Reason teaches that
pleasure is good and that pain is bad, and that
pleasure and pain are the ultimate measures of good
and bad.
Figure 5. Epicurus. Retrieved August 29, 2017,
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Website:
http://www.iep.utm.edu/epicur/
True to his philosophy, Epicurus claimed to spend the
last few days of life in pleasure, despite all the
physical pain he was in.

8. STOICS
Stoicism is an ancient Greek philosophy (developed by
Zeno of Citium around 300 B.C.) which teaches the
development of self-control and fortitude as a means
of overcoming destructive emotions.
The Stoics taught that becoming a clear, unbiased and
self-disciplined thinker allows one to understand the
"logos" (the natural universal reason in all things).
Figure 6. Zeno. Retrieved September 1, 2017,
from Ancient History Encyclopedia Website:
http://www.ancient.eu/Zeno_of_Citium/

9. Ancient Greek
Era
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
EPICURUS
STOICS
Beginning of ethics (period of
roughly 1200 years ) under the
influence of stronger moral and
spiritual forces of Christianity
(Spade, 2016).
Medieval
Times
After Hobbes (1588-1679), English
and German schools of ethics have
been differentiated. These led to
English Intuitionists (naturalists)
followed by Utilitarians against
Kantian ethics.
Modern Times
SOPHISTS

10. MORAL PHILOSOPHY
 Ethics is the “philosophy of morality”. Generally, according
to Ramos (2016) ethics is a study of moral judgments.
 Branch of philosophy concerned with ethics.
 Based on Welukar, Chandra, and Harichandan (2012)
there are four branches of Ethics.
1. Descriptive Ethics
2. Normative Ethics
3. Meta-ethics
4. Applied Ethics

11. Branches of Ethics
1. Descriptive Ethics
• It is the study of people’s beliefs about morality.
2. Normative Ethics
• It is the study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act.
3. Meta-ethics
• It is the study of what ethical terms and theories actually refer to.
4. Applied ethics
• It deals with the problems confronted in our life. It attempts to apply
ethical theory to real life situations.

12.  The nature of “individual”
 The nature of “social” good
 The relationship between these
 The motives for the individual to pursue
“social good” or “morally right”
 The relationship between “pleasure” and “good”
 The nature of “virtue”
 Duty and moral obligation
 The “freedom of the will”
 The ethical worth of “Positive
Morality”
 The relationship between “pain” and “bad”
 Standards of morality

13.  Helps us to illuminate the content of our moral thinking, speaking and
acting;
 Since we are dealing with morality and moral teaching, Bauson (2012)
suggested that we must not overlooked the practical truth that is of greatest
moments in their regard: as to actual rightness of the will and human
conduct, knowledge and sound teaching are necessary. This is in order for
us to rightfully judge what to do in a particular case.
 It reminds of why study morality
because there are some many ways
to take and it can be very confusing.
By studying morality, we can help
ourselves make sure we take the
right path.

16. Reference
s
Duke, G. (n. d.).Sophists. Retrieved August 28, 2017, from Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy Website:
http://www.iep.utm.edu/sophists/
Spade, P. V. (2016).Medieval philosophy. Retrieved August 28, 2017, from The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy Website: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/medieval-philosophy/>.
Mark, J. J (2009).Protagoras. Retrieved August 29, 2017, from Ancient History Encyclopedia Website:
http://www.ancient.eu/protagoras/
Frede, D. (2013). Plato’s Ethics: An Overview. Retrieved August 29, 2017, from The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy Website: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/plato-ethics/>.
Brickhouse, T. & Smith, N. (n. d.). Plato. Retrieved August 29, 2017, from Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy
Website: http://www.iep.utm.edu/plato/
Konstan, D. (2005). Epicurus. Retrieved August 30, 2017, from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Website: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2005/entries/epicurus/
Ramos, C. C. R. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person (1st ed.) (pp. 8):Rex Bookstore, Inc.
(RBSI).
Welukar, R., Chandra, N. & Harichandan, D. (2012). Moral philosophy. Retrieved August 31, 2017 from Mumbai:
Professor cum Director Institute of Distance and Open Learning University of Mumbai Website:
http://archive.mu.ac.in/myweb_test/F.Y.B.A.%20-%20Optional%20English.pdf