The solar system

-Introduction
-The Sun
-Inner Planets (Terrestrial Planet)
a) Mercury
b) Venus
c) Earth
d) Mars
- Asteroids Belt
-Outer Planets (Jovian Planets)
a) Jupiter
b) Saturn
c) Uranus
d) Neptune
- Dwarf Planet
-Comets
-Al-Quran Verse About The Universe

Introduction
-Contains the sun as a center and the
planets like
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.
-include the satellite of the planets,
numerous comets, asteroid and meteoroids.
-They are bound to the sun because of the
gravity attracted by the sun.
-Most of the satellite of the planets and the
asteroids revolve around the sun in the
same direction.

 The list of planets and the distance the
planet to the sun in our solar
system are as follows: -

57.9 million miles to Mercury,
108.2 million miles to Venus,
149.6 million miles from Earth,
227.9 million miles to Mars,
778.3 million miles from Jupiter,
1,427.0 million miles to Saturn,
2,871.0 million miles to Uranus,
4,497.0 million miles from Neptune
5,913.5 million miles to Pluto.

Below is a list based on the mass distribution of
planets in our solar system.
Sun: 99.85%
Planets: 0.135%
Comets: 0.01%
Satellites: 0.00005%
Minor Planets: 0.0000002%
Meteoroids: 0.0000001%
Interplanetary Medium: 0.0000001%

The Sun
-Closest star to us with the
average distance 149,680,000
km.
-diameter 1,391,980 km with a
surface temperature of 5.500 ° C
and core temperature of 15
million ° C.
-classified as a dwarf star type G.
-Light from the sun takes 8
minutes to reach Earth.
-mass of about 2 x 1030 kg.
-The sun rotates every 25.04
Earth days rotation and has 27.9
times the gravity of the earth
gravity.
-

Inner Planet
-Its call terrestrial planet, telluric
planet or rocky planet.
-a planet that is primarily composed
of silicate rocks and/or metals.
-The closest to the Sun.
-Terrestrial planets all have roughly the
same structure.
-Terrestrial planets possess secondary
atmospheres — atmospheres
generated through internal volcanism
or comet impacts, as opposed to the
gas giants, which possess primary
The terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and
atmospheres — atmospheres captured dwarf planet Ceres. Sizes to scale.
directly from the original solar nebula.
-Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
-Theoretically, there are two types of
terrestrial or rocky planets, one
dominated by silicon compounds and
another dominated by carbon
compounds, like carbonaceous
chondrite asteroids.

Mercury
-closest planet to the sun, about
57.9 million kilometers and the
smallest planet in our solar
system.
-The diameter of Mercury is 40%
smaller than Earth's, and 40%
larger than the Moon.
-The surface of Mercury is
approximately equal to the
surface of the Moon craters such
as asteroids and tens of
kilometers of high cliffs.
-

Venus
-second closest planet to the
Sun, making one complete
revolution every 224.7 Earth days.
-considered a twin planet to the
Earth because of the
size, mass, volume and density similar to Ea
rth.
-no ocean, and
surrounded by atmospheric carbon dioxide
at higher percentages.
-Atmosphere of Venus has
no water vapor and its clouds
consist of droplets of sulfuric acid droplets.
-its atmosphere pressure 92 times
higher than Earth's atmosphere
pressure at sea level.
-Complete rotation of Venus on its
axis in 245 Earth days, and around its orbit
within 225 Earth days.
-rotates from east to west, unlike the
Earth, from west to east.
-

Orbital Characteristics Physical Characteristics Atmosphere
Aphelion -108,942,109 km Mean radius- 6,051.8 ± 1.0 km[3], 0.949 9 Surface pressure -
93 bar (9.3 MPa)
0.728 231 28 AU Earths Composition
Perihelion -107,476,259 km Flattening - 0 96.5% Carbon dioxide
3.5% Nitrogen
0.718 432 70 AU Surface area - 4.60×108 km2, 0.902 Earths 0.015% Sulfur dioxide
Semi-major axis -108,208,930 km, 0.723 Volume - 9.38×1011 km3, 0.857 Earths 0.007% Argon
0.002% Water vapor
332 AU Mass - 4.868 5×1024 kg , 0.815 Earths 0.001 7% Carbon monoxide
Eccentricity -0.006 8 Mean density - 5.204 g/cm3 0.001 2% Helium
0.000 7% Neon
Orbital period 224.700 69 day Equatorial surface gravity - 8.87 m/s2, 0.904 g trace Carbonyl sulfide
0.615 197 0 yr Escape velocity - 10.46 km/s trace Hydrogen chloride
trace Hydrogen fluoride
1.92 Venus solar day Sidereal rotation period, −243.018 5 day
Synodic period -583.92 days Equatorial rotation velocity - 6.52 km/h (1.81
Average orbital speed -35.02 km/s m/s)
Mean anomaly -50.44675° Axial tilt - 177.3°[1]
Inclination 3.394 71° to Ecliptic North pole right ascension - 18 h 11 min 2 s,
3.86° to Sun’s equator 272.76°[4]
2.19° to Invariable plane[2] North pole declination - 67.16°
Longitude of ascending node -76.670 69° Albedo - 0.67 (geometric)[5], 0.90 (Bond)[5]
Argument of perihelion -54.852 29° Surface temp.
Satellites -None Kelvin - 735 K
Celsius - 460 °C

Apparent magnitude brightest −4.9*6+*7+
(crescent),−3.8*8+ (full) Back
Angular diameter 9.7"–66.0"

Earth
-the third planet from the sun.
-Home to millions of
species, including humans, Earth
is the only place in the universe
where life is known to exist.
-Scientific evidence shows that
the planet was formed about
4:54 billion years ago, and life
appeared on its surface within a
billion years.

-

Orbital characteristics Physical characteristics Atmosphere
Aphelion Mean radius 6,371.0 km Surface pressure
152,098,232 km 101.325 kPa (MSL)
1.01671388 AU
Perihelion 147,098,290 km Equatorial radius 6,378.1 km Composition
0.98329134 AU 78.08% nitrogen (N2)[3]
20.95% oxygen (O2)
Semi-major axis Polar radius 6,356.8 km
0.93% argon
149,598,261 km
0.038% carbon dioxide
1.00000261 AU[1]
About 1% water vapor (varies with
Eccentricity 0.01671123 Flattening 0.0033528[9
climate)
Orbital period 365.256363004 days Circumference 40,075.017 km (equatorial)
1.000017421 yr 40,008.00 km (meridional)

2
Average orbital speed 29.78 km/s Surface area 510,072,000 km
107,200 km/h 148,940,000 km2 land (29.2 %)
361,132,000 km2 water (70.8 %)
Mean anomaly 357.51716°
3
Volume 1.08321×1012 km
Inclination 7.155° to Sun's equator
1.57869°[4] to invariable plane. Mass 5.9736×1024 kg
Longitude of ascending node
3
348.73936° Mean density 5.515 g/cm
2
Argument of perihelion 114.20783° Equatorial surface gravity 9.780327 m/s
0.99732 g
Satellites 1 (the Moon) Escape velocity 11.186 km/s
Sidereal rotation
period 0.99726968 d
5
23h 56m 4.100
Equatorial rotation velocity1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s)

Axial tilt 23°26'21".4119 Back
Albedo 0.367 (geometric), 0.306 (Bond)

Surface temp.
min mean max
Kelvin 184 K[16] 287.2 K[17] 331 K[18]
° ° °

Mars
-the fourth planet from the sun in the
solar system .
-named after the Roman
Civilization War Lord (Lord of War's
equivalent Greek Civilization: Ares)
-amazing the people of Earth as a
mystery filled with red color. Mars has
only 25% of Earth's surface area and
only 10% of the mass of the Earth
(Earth's land area, however, is whether
the land area of Mars).
-Atmosphere- is 95% carbon dioxide, 3%
nitrogen, 1.6% argon with very little
oxygen and water.
-Topographical conditions of Mars:
desert in the north of the lava which
spread out the high ground is different
with the South, which filled the crater.

Orbital characteristics Physical characteristics Atmosphere
Equatorial radius 3,396.2 ± 0.1 km[a] Surface pressure 0.636 (0.4–
Aphelion 249,209,300 km,1.665 861 AU 0.533 Earths 0.87) kPa
Perihelion 206,669,000 km Composition (mole fractions)
1.381 497 AU Polar radius 3,376.2 ± 0.1 km[a] 95.32% carbon dioxide
0.531 Earths 2.7% nitrogen
Semi-major axis 227,939,100 1.6% argon
km 1.523 679 AU Flattening 0.005 89 ± 0.000 15 0.13% oxygen
Eccentricity 0.093 315 Surface area 144,798,500 km2 0.08% carbon monoxide
0.284 Earths 210 ppm water vapor
100 ppm nitric oxide
Orbital period 686.971 days Volume 1.6318×1011 km3 15 ppm molecular hydrogen
1.8808 Julian years 0.151 Earths 2.5 ppm Neon
668.5991 sols 850 ppb HDO
Synodic period 779.96 days Mass 6.4185×1023 kg 300 ppb Krypton
2.135 Julian years 0.107 Earths 130 ppb formaldehyde
80 ppb xenon
Average orbital speed 24.077 km/s Mean density 3.9335 ± 0.0004[4] g/cm³
30 ppb ozone[citation needed]
Inclination 1.850° to ecliptic Equatorial surface gravity 3.711 m/s² 18 ppb hydrogen peroxide
5.65° to Sun's equator 0.376 g 10 ppb methane
1.67° to invariable plane.
Longitude of ascending node Escape velocity 5.027 km/s
49.562°
Argument of perihelion 286.537° Sidereal rotation
period 1.025 957 day24.622 9 h Back
Satellites 2 Equatorial rotation velocity 868.22 km/h (241.17 m/s)

Axial tilt 25.19°

North pole right ascension 21 h 10 min 44 s
317.681 43°
North pole declination 52.886 50°

Albedo 0.170 (geometric) 0.25 (Bond)

Asteroid Belt
-. Asteroids in the inner orbit of Jupiter and it consists of
rock.
-In 1801, astronomers, Sicily Guiseppe Piazzi discovered
an object that is not known, and then consider moving in
the sky as part of our Solar System.
-Popular hypothesis about the cause of the formation of
asteroid-asteroid explosions were the result of a planet
between Mars and Jupiter are leaving the rest of the
asteroid-shaped asteroid. This idea has been
abandoned, mainly due to the total mass of the
asteroid, the asteroid is not sufficient to form a planet
because of its extremely small size and its diameter is
half the diameter of the Moon.
-Experts prefer to refer to the astronomical theory of
asteroid-asteroid which is small bodies that fail to
assemble to form a planet due to Jupiter's gravitational
influence. One indication of this theory is the existence
of holes in the distribution of asteroid orbits
circle. Indeed, the orbits have the same long-time
rotation of half or one third or a long-time rotation of
Jupiter was found empty without occupants.

Jovian Planet
-Jovian planets are also known as gas giants. There are
four Jovian planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune.
-The term Jovian came from Jupiter, describing the
other gas giants in our Solar System as Jupiter-like.
-Despite common belief, gas giants are not composed
entirely of gas. A rocky core exists somewhere within
these balls of gas, but it is difficult if not impossible as
of yet, to determine where this center is.
-Because of the intense high temperatures in the middle
of these planets, the rocky core of a gas giant is actually
believed to be liquid heavy compounds, such as nickel.
Thus, it is sometimes misleading when astronomers
refer to the rocky core of these planets. The Jovian
planets are larger than the other planets of the Solar
System and have dozens of moons.
Jovian Planet :
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Jupiter
-located at a distance 5.2 AU from the Sun.
-At the equator it has a line-center of 143 000 km,
which is 11 times line-center of the Earth.
-a mass of nearly 320 times mass of Earth, Jupiter
has a mass of 2 times the total mass of all the
planets in the Solar System.
-Density is approximately 1.3 times density of
water, which is modest compared to the density of
Earth's 5.5 times density of water. The size of this
low density was detected starting in 1930 as the
benefits of the lightest two elements, namely
hydrogen and helium.
-There are 63 satellites rotating in its own orbit
around Jupiter. 4 of them the largest discovered by
Galileo in 1610.

Saturn
-Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the
second largest planet in the Solar System,
after Jupiter.
-Saturn, along with Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune, is
classified as a gas giant.
- The interior of Saturn is probably composed of a
core of iron, nickel, silicon and oxygen compounds,
surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen, an
intermediate layer of liquid hydrogen and liquid
helium and finally, an outer gaseous layer.
-Saturn is probably best known for its system
of planetary rings, which makes it the most visually
remarkable object in the solar system.
-The rings extend from 6,630 km to 120,700 km
above Saturn's equator, average approximately
20 meters in thickness and are composed of 93%
water ice with a smattering of tholin impurities and
7% amorphous carbon.
-Saturn has at least 62 moons. Titan, the largest,
comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit
around Saturn, including the rings.

Uranus
-the seventh planet from the Sun.
-the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest
planetary mass in the Solar System.
-Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and
both are of different chemical composition than the
larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn.
-Uranus's atmosphere, while similar to Jupiter and
Saturn's in its primary composition
of hydrogen and helium, contains more "ices" such as
water, ammonia and methane, along with traces
of hydrocarbons.
-Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a ring
system, a magnetosphere, and numerous moons.
-Uranus revolves around the Sun once every 84 Earth
years. Its average distance from the Sun is roughly
3 billion km (about 20 AU).
-Uranus has an axial tilt of 97.77 degrees, so its axis
of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of
the Solar System.
-Uranus has 27 known natural satellites.[110] The
names for these satellites are chosen from characters
from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope.

Neptune
-the eighth and farthest planet from
the Sun in our Solar System.
-Neptune is 17 times the mass
of Earth and is slightly more massive
than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15
Earth masses and not as dense.
-On average, Neptune orbits the Sun at
a distance of 30.1 AU, approximately 30
times the Earth-Sun distance.
Its astronomical symbol is ♆, a stylized
version of the god Neptune's trident
-At high altitudes, Neptune's
atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and
19% helium.[17] A trace amount of
methane is also present.
-Neptune has a planetary ring system,
though one much less substantial than
that of Saturn.

Dwarf Planet
A dwarf planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), is a celestial
body orbiting the Sun[1] that is massive enough to be spherical as a result of its
own gravity but has notcleared its neighboring region of planetesimals and is not
a satellite. The term dwarf planet was adopted in 2006 as part of a three-way
categorization of bodies orbiting the Sun,[1] brought about by an increase in discoveries
of trans-Neptunian objects that rivaled Pluto in size, and finally precipitated by the
discovery of an even more massive object, Eris. The IAU currently recognizes five dwarf
planets—Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.[7] However, only two of these bodies,
Ceres and Pluto, have been observed in enough detail to demonstrate that they fit the
definition. Eris has been accepted as a dwarf planet because it is more massive than Pluto.
The IAU subsequently decided that unnamed trans-Neptunian objects with an absolute
magnitude brighter than +1 (and hence a mathematically delimited minimum diameter of
838 km[8]) are to be named under the assumption that they are dwarf planets. The only
two such objects known at the time, Makemake and Haumea, went through this naming
procedure and were declared to be dwarf planets.

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Comets
A comet is an icy small Solar System body that, when close enough to the Sun, displays a visible coma (a
thin, fuzzy, temporary atmosphere) and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are both due to the effects
of solar radiation and the solar wind upon the nucleus of the comet. Comet nuclei are themselves loose
collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles, ranging from a few hundred meters to tens
of kilometers across. Comets have been observed since ancient times and have historically been considered
bad omens. Comets have a wide range of orbital periods, ranging from a few years to hundreds of thousands
of years. Short-period comets originate in the Kuiper belt, or its associated scattered disc,[1] which lie beyond
the orbit of Neptune. Longer-period comets are thought to originate in the Oort Cloud, a spherical cloud of
icy bodies in the outer Solar System. Long-period comets plunge towards the Sun from the Oort Cloud
because of gravitational perturbations caused by either the massive outer planets of the Solar System
(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), or passing stars. Rare hyperbolic comets pass once through the inner
Solar System before being thrown out into interstellar space along hyperbolic trajectories. Comets are
distinguished from asteroids by the presence of a coma or a tail. However, extinct comets that have passed
close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their volatile ices and dust and may come to resemble
small asteroids.[2] Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the
orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System.[3][4] The discovery of main-belt comets and
active centaurs has blurred the distinction between asteroids and comets.
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The Quran Verse About The Universe
Big-bang Theory: Day And Night:
“Do those who are disbelievers not see In the Creation of the heavens and the earth, and the
that the heavens and the earth were alternation of night and day, there are Signs for people
sewn together and then We unstitched with intelligence: those who remember
them and that We made from water Allah, standing, sitting and lying on their sides, and
every living thing? So will they not have reflect on the Creation of the heavens and the earth:
faith? (Surat al-Anbiya': 30) ‘Our Lord, You have not created this for nothing. Glory
to You!" (Surah Al 'Imran: 190-191)
“It is We Who have built the universe
with (Our creative) power, and, verily, it is Allah is He Who created the heavens and the earth and
We Who are steadily expanding it. (Surat sends down water from the sky and by it brings forth
adh-Dhariyat: 47) fruits as provision for you. He has made the ships
subservient to you to run upon the sea by His
command, and He has made the rivers subservient to
you, and He has made the Sun and Moon subservient
to you holding steady to their courses, and He has
made the night and day subservient to you. He has
given you everything you have asked Him for. If you
tried to number Allah's blessings, you could never
count them. Man is indeed wrongdoing, ungrateful.
(Surah Ibrahim: 32-34)
www.harunyahya.com

The Quran Verse About The Universe
Orbit:
“Also ponder how the sun is moving unhampered in its course. All this
is happening according to measures determined and set by the One
Who is Almighty and all-knowing. All His Laws are based on knowledge.
Yasin- verse 38

And see the moon for which We have determined various stages. (It
appears like a beautiful crescent and then gradually becomes the full
moon, after which it starts waning till it becomes like an old date stalk,
dried up and curved.) Yasin-verse 39

All these huge heavenly bodies are not static in space, but are in
continuous motion. However, all their movements are according to a
discipline based on set measures and calculations. It can never happen
that the sun, by speeding up, can overtake the moon; or that the night
lingers on beyond the point where the day had to start (meaning that
the sun rises little after the appointed time). No, this never happens.
Each and every one of them keeps moving through space, in its own
orbit, according to the speed and course set for it (21:33). Yasin-verse
40

The solar system

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