Consumerism aims to protect consumer interests from unfair business practices. It emerged alongside capitalism and the industrial revolution. Consumerism focuses on protecting consumers' rights to safety, information, choice, and redress. Consumer behavior is influenced by economic, social, psychological, and cultural factors. It involves how consumers select, purchase, use, and dispose of products and services. Understanding consumer profiles and segmentation helps businesses effectively market to different types of consumers.
3 module Marketing Management university of Mysore Dr UMA K
This document provides an overview of Module 3 which covers buyer behavior and influencing factors. It begins with definitions of key concepts like consumer, buyer behavior, and factors that influence consumer decisions. Cultural factors like values, beliefs and customs shape needs and wants. Social factors such as reference groups, family, and roles/status also impact consumer behavior. Understanding these internal and external factors is important for marketers to satisfy consumer needs through effective product offerings and marketing strategies. The document then discusses types of consumer behavior and the need to study consumer behavior to aid in business success.
This document provides an overview of buyer behavior and consumer behavior concepts. It defines consumer behavior as the study of how consumers select, buy, use, and dispose of goods and services. Understanding consumer behavior is important for businesses for several reasons, including shaping organizational fortunes, regulating consumption, developing marketing strategies, and formulating production policies. The document also discusses different types of consumer behaviors such as complex buying behavior, dissonance reduction behavior, variety seeking behavior, and habitual buying behavior. Overall, the key points are that consumer behavior research is important for marketing management and product development to understand customers' needs and provide satisfactory goods and services.
Unit 1 of the document provides an overview of consumer behavior including:
- Definitions of consumer behavior and how it involves how people purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services to meet needs.
- Consumers play various roles in the marketplace as information providers, users, payers, and disposers in the decision process.
- Characteristics of Indian consumers including a shift from need-based to want-based consumption and increased materialism, comfort with technology, and the rising influence of women.
- An introduction to consumerism in India, the rights of consumers including the rights to safety, being informed, choice, being heard, seeking redressal and education, and the responsibilities of consumers.
This document provides an overview of consumer behaviour concepts including definitions of consumer behaviour, differences between consumers and customers, factors influencing consumer behaviour in India, and the consumer movement and protection in India.
Some key points covered are: the meaning of consumer behaviour is defined as activities people undertake when purchasing goods for personal use; a consumer uses products while a customer purchases products; factors influencing Indian consumers include changing demographics, westernization and celebrity influence; the consumer movement originated due to issues like food shortages and adulteration and led to the establishment of consumer protection laws and agencies in India.
This document summarizes consumer behavior and the factors that influence it. It discusses that consumer behavior is the study of how individuals select, buy, use, and dispose of goods and services. It is influenced by cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. The major theories of consumer behavior are economic, psychological, psychoanalytical, and sociocultural theories. The document also examines the consumer buying process and models used to understand it.
Meaning and nature of buyer behavior, differences between consumer buying and organizational buying in terms of characteristics and process, Strategic use of consumer behavior knowledge in marketing and public policy decisions. Modern Consumerism and the global consumer movement
The document discusses consumer behavior, defining it as the study of how individuals make decisions to spend resources on consumption. Consumer behavior is influenced by internal factors like cognition, affect, and behavior as well as external environmental factors. It is a complex process that marketers must understand in order to effectively segment, target, position, and design products for consumers. The key is providing value to satisfy consumer needs and wants better than competitors. Studying consumer behavior helps marketers analyze opportunities and threats, implement marketing strategies, and improve standards of living through consumption.
Consumer Behaviour _E-Notes-1 (Introduction,Significance,Ethical Marketing,Co...Venkat. P
Introduction and overview to study of Consumer Behaviour – Definition of Consumer Behaviour – Significance – Development of the concept & The discipline of Consumer Behaviour – Marketing impact on Consumers – Marketing ethics and Social Responsibility – Understanding consumer and Market Segments.
3 module Marketing Management university of Mysore Dr UMA K
This document provides an overview of Module 3 which covers buyer behavior and influencing factors. It begins with definitions of key concepts like consumer, buyer behavior, and factors that influence consumer decisions. Cultural factors like values, beliefs and customs shape needs and wants. Social factors such as reference groups, family, and roles/status also impact consumer behavior. Understanding these internal and external factors is important for marketers to satisfy consumer needs through effective product offerings and marketing strategies. The document then discusses types of consumer behavior and the need to study consumer behavior to aid in business success.
This document provides an overview of buyer behavior and consumer behavior concepts. It defines consumer behavior as the study of how consumers select, buy, use, and dispose of goods and services. Understanding consumer behavior is important for businesses for several reasons, including shaping organizational fortunes, regulating consumption, developing marketing strategies, and formulating production policies. The document also discusses different types of consumer behaviors such as complex buying behavior, dissonance reduction behavior, variety seeking behavior, and habitual buying behavior. Overall, the key points are that consumer behavior research is important for marketing management and product development to understand customers' needs and provide satisfactory goods and services.
Unit 1 of the document provides an overview of consumer behavior including:
- Definitions of consumer behavior and how it involves how people purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services to meet needs.
- Consumers play various roles in the marketplace as information providers, users, payers, and disposers in the decision process.
- Characteristics of Indian consumers including a shift from need-based to want-based consumption and increased materialism, comfort with technology, and the rising influence of women.
- An introduction to consumerism in India, the rights of consumers including the rights to safety, being informed, choice, being heard, seeking redressal and education, and the responsibilities of consumers.
This document provides an overview of consumer behaviour concepts including definitions of consumer behaviour, differences between consumers and customers, factors influencing consumer behaviour in India, and the consumer movement and protection in India.
Some key points covered are: the meaning of consumer behaviour is defined as activities people undertake when purchasing goods for personal use; a consumer uses products while a customer purchases products; factors influencing Indian consumers include changing demographics, westernization and celebrity influence; the consumer movement originated due to issues like food shortages and adulteration and led to the establishment of consumer protection laws and agencies in India.
This document summarizes consumer behavior and the factors that influence it. It discusses that consumer behavior is the study of how individuals select, buy, use, and dispose of goods and services. It is influenced by cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. The major theories of consumer behavior are economic, psychological, psychoanalytical, and sociocultural theories. The document also examines the consumer buying process and models used to understand it.
Meaning and nature of buyer behavior, differences between consumer buying and organizational buying in terms of characteristics and process, Strategic use of consumer behavior knowledge in marketing and public policy decisions. Modern Consumerism and the global consumer movement
The document discusses consumer behavior, defining it as the study of how individuals make decisions to spend resources on consumption. Consumer behavior is influenced by internal factors like cognition, affect, and behavior as well as external environmental factors. It is a complex process that marketers must understand in order to effectively segment, target, position, and design products for consumers. The key is providing value to satisfy consumer needs and wants better than competitors. Studying consumer behavior helps marketers analyze opportunities and threats, implement marketing strategies, and improve standards of living through consumption.
Consumer Behaviour _E-Notes-1 (Introduction,Significance,Ethical Marketing,Co...Venkat. P
Introduction and overview to study of Consumer Behaviour – Definition of Consumer Behaviour – Significance – Development of the concept & The discipline of Consumer Behaviour – Marketing impact on Consumers – Marketing ethics and Social Responsibility – Understanding consumer and Market Segments.
This document discusses consumer behavior and provides definitions, objectives, and the nature and scope of studying consumer behavior. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The objectives of studying consumer behavior are to understand internal and external influences on consumer behavior, identify stages of the buying process, and use consumer behavior insights for market segmentation and targeting.
2) Consumer behavior is influenced by various factors and differs across individuals, products, regions, and over time. Understanding consumer behavior is vital for marketers to make effective marketing decisions.
3) Studying consumer behavior has applications in analyzing market opportunities, selecting target markets, making marketing mix decisions, and designing strategies for non-profits and social causes.
Consumer Behavior_Unit 1- AS PER syallbus.pptxSumanMaurya43
This document provides an overview of a course on consumer behavior. It discusses key topics that will be covered in the course, including definitions of consumer behavior, differences between consumers and customers, factors that influence consumer behavior, applications of understanding consumer behavior, and the impact of the internet and e-commerce on consumer behavior. It also explains the importance and need for studying consumer behavior to help marketers better understand customers.
A consumer is the ultimate user of goods and services. Thus everyone is a consumer in one-way or the other. Every buyer may not be user of that product thus all buyer are consumer of something but all consumer are not necessarily buyer of that product.
Consumer behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use, and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants
Definition , nature , scope , applications of cbsaurabhmahajan54
INTRODUCTION: Consumer behavior is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society.
DEFINITION:1. According to Engel, Blackwell, and Mansard:-
‘Consumer behavior is the actions and decision processes of people who purchase goods and services for personal consumption’.
2.According to Louden and Bitta:-
‘Consumer behavior is the decision process and physical activity, which individuals engage in when evaluating, acquiring, using or disposing of goods and services’.
NATURE OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR :
1.PROCESS:-Consumer behavior is a systematic process relating to buying decisions of the customers. The buying process consists of the following steps:
a.Need identification to buy the product.
b.Information search relating to the product.
c.Listing of alternative brands.
d.Evaluating the alternative (cost-benefit analysis)
e.Purchase decision.
f. Post-purchase evaluation by the marketer.
This document provides an overview of consumer behavior. It defines consumer behavior and notes it is influenced by factors like culture, social class, psychology, and more. It discusses the different types of consumers like customers, buyers, and institutional buyers. The document also outlines the consumer decision process from obtaining a product to consuming and disposing of it. It explains how understanding consumer behavior can help with marketing by informing market analysis, target selection, and strategy. The document concludes that understanding consumer needs and wants is important for business success.
The document discusses various topics related to consumer behavior including the difference between consumer and organizational buying, factors that influence consumer behavior, and the importance of understanding consumer behavior for marketing and public policy decisions. It provides definitions of key terms, describes the consumer decision making process, and explains how knowledge of consumer behavior can benefit companies, regulators, and social marketing programs.
This document provides an overview of consumerism. It defines consumerism as activities designed to protect consumer rights, including those of government, businesses, and independent organizations. The document outlines the key objectives that will be covered, which include the origin of consumerism, consumer rights and movements, and the role of advertising. It also discusses consumer purchase decisions, characteristics of wise consumers, and examples of consumerism. The document notes that while consumerism spurs economic growth, it can also lead to neglect of the environment, overspending, and stress if desires are never satisfied.
Consumer behavior is the study of how and why people purchase products. It examines psychological and external factors that influence purchasing decisions. Key factors include marketing, psychological characteristics, cultural influences, social factors, and personal characteristics. Market segmentation divides the overall market into homogeneous subgroups to allow for targeted marketing strategies. Markets can be segmented based on geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral characteristics to better understand consumers.
The document discusses consumer behavior and organizational buying. It defines consumer behavior as how individuals make decisions to spend resources on consumption items. Organizational buying refers to the decision-making process formal organizations use to identify, evaluate and select products and suppliers. The document outlines factors that influence consumer behavior such as social, cultural, personal, psychological factors and marketing factors. It also discusses the different types of buying decisions and roles involved in organizational purchases.
Consumer behaviour is the study of how consumers make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption-related items. It examines how emotions, attitudes and preferences affect buying behavior. Understanding consumer behaviour is important for marketers to design effective strategies. The document discusses the consumer decision process, factors that influence consumer behaviour like culture and marketing activities, and how segmentation and targeting are used to develop marketing strategies tailored for specific consumer groups.
This document discusses consumer behavior and the factors that influence it. It defines consumer behavior as how individuals make decisions to spend resources on consumer goods and services. Consumer behavior is influenced by internal factors like personal characteristics, psychology, and external factors like culture and society. The document outlines the consumer decision making process and categories it includes routine, limited, and extensive decision making. It explores how motivation, beliefs, attitudes, perception, and learning impact consumer psychology. Social factors like reference groups, family, and status also influence behavior as do cultural influences like culture, subcultures, and social class. Understanding consumer behavior is important for industries like textiles to focus on what consumers buy, where they shop, how they learn about products, and socio
This document provides an introduction to consumer behaviour. It discusses that consumer behaviour involves how consumers acquire, consume and dispose of products based on internal and external factors. It outlines the consumer decision making process which involves problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and post-purchase evaluation. It also discusses how marketers analyze consumer behaviour through understanding the consumer, competition, company and market conditions in order to segment markets and develop effective marketing strategies.
This document discusses consumer behavior and factors that influence it. It defines key terms like consumer, buyer, and customer. It describes the consumer decision making process which involves need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post-purchase behavior. It also outlines 4 types of consumer behaviors and discusses psychological, social, cultural, personal, economic, and environmental factors that influence consumer decisions.
The document discusses the concept of buyer behavior and the factors that influence it, including cultural factors like culture and subculture, social factors like reference groups and family, and personal factors like age, occupation, and lifestyle. It also examines psychological factors affecting buyer behavior such as perception, motivation, beliefs, and attitudes. Understanding these influences on buyer behavior is important for marketers to better target customers and develop effective marketing strategies.
Consumer behaviour notes full @ mab marketing Babasab Patil
The document discusses various topics related to consumer behaviour, including the positivist and interpretivist approaches to studying consumer behaviour, the difference between consumers, buyers and customers, factors that influence consumer behaviour, and approaches to market segmentation such as demographic, psychographic, and benefit segmentation. It also covers topics like developing new products, the total product concept, diffusion of innovations, and the product lifecycle.
The document discusses key aspects of consumer behavior that are important for marketers to understand. It defines consumer behavior as the study of how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources on consumption-related items. Understanding consumer behavior allows marketers to determine what products are needed in the market, how best to present goods to consumers, and influences on consumer decision making from groups. The study of consumer behavior is vital for companies to make effective production, pricing, distribution, and promotional decisions.
consumer behavior and utility maximization JosHua455569
1. The document discusses consumer behavior and the concept of utility maximization. It defines consumer behavior as how individuals, groups, and organizations select, buy, use, and dispose of goods and services to satisfy their needs and wants.
2. It also defines utility as the satisfaction gained from consuming goods and services. Utility maximization means making choices that provide the highest level of consumer satisfaction within a budget. Consumers maximize utility by determining which combination of goods provides the greatest benefit.
3. The document outlines factors that influence consumer behavior like culture, social factors, personal characteristics, and psychology. It emphasizes the importance of understanding consumer behavior for marketers in today's customer-oriented market.
The document provides an introduction to consumer behaviour, including definitions of key concepts and the 5-stage consumer decision process. It discusses the nature and scope of studying consumer behaviour, including understanding consumer needs, influences on them, and patterns of shopping behaviour. It also outlines some major worldwide trends in consumer behaviour, such as demographic shifts like an aging population and women in the workforce. Technological trends discussed include an increasingly interconnected world and more tech-savvy customers. The implications of these trends on the 3 roles of consumers are also mentioned.
This document provides information on the production technology of cucumbers and melons. It discusses the objectives and outcomes of learning about these crops. Key details include their botanical classification, origin in India, soil and climate needs, common varieties, and cultivation practices like sowing, irrigation, training and pruning, pest and disease management, and harvesting. The document is a lecture focused on educating students about the scientific methods of growing cucumbers and melons.
This document discusses consumer behavior and provides definitions, objectives, and the nature and scope of studying consumer behavior. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The objectives of studying consumer behavior are to understand internal and external influences on consumer behavior, identify stages of the buying process, and use consumer behavior insights for market segmentation and targeting.
2) Consumer behavior is influenced by various factors and differs across individuals, products, regions, and over time. Understanding consumer behavior is vital for marketers to make effective marketing decisions.
3) Studying consumer behavior has applications in analyzing market opportunities, selecting target markets, making marketing mix decisions, and designing strategies for non-profits and social causes.
Consumer Behavior_Unit 1- AS PER syallbus.pptxSumanMaurya43
This document provides an overview of a course on consumer behavior. It discusses key topics that will be covered in the course, including definitions of consumer behavior, differences between consumers and customers, factors that influence consumer behavior, applications of understanding consumer behavior, and the impact of the internet and e-commerce on consumer behavior. It also explains the importance and need for studying consumer behavior to help marketers better understand customers.
A consumer is the ultimate user of goods and services. Thus everyone is a consumer in one-way or the other. Every buyer may not be user of that product thus all buyer are consumer of something but all consumer are not necessarily buyer of that product.
Consumer behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use, and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants
Definition , nature , scope , applications of cbsaurabhmahajan54
INTRODUCTION: Consumer behavior is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society.
DEFINITION:1. According to Engel, Blackwell, and Mansard:-
‘Consumer behavior is the actions and decision processes of people who purchase goods and services for personal consumption’.
2.According to Louden and Bitta:-
‘Consumer behavior is the decision process and physical activity, which individuals engage in when evaluating, acquiring, using or disposing of goods and services’.
NATURE OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR :
1.PROCESS:-Consumer behavior is a systematic process relating to buying decisions of the customers. The buying process consists of the following steps:
a.Need identification to buy the product.
b.Information search relating to the product.
c.Listing of alternative brands.
d.Evaluating the alternative (cost-benefit analysis)
e.Purchase decision.
f. Post-purchase evaluation by the marketer.
This document provides an overview of consumer behavior. It defines consumer behavior and notes it is influenced by factors like culture, social class, psychology, and more. It discusses the different types of consumers like customers, buyers, and institutional buyers. The document also outlines the consumer decision process from obtaining a product to consuming and disposing of it. It explains how understanding consumer behavior can help with marketing by informing market analysis, target selection, and strategy. The document concludes that understanding consumer needs and wants is important for business success.
The document discusses various topics related to consumer behavior including the difference between consumer and organizational buying, factors that influence consumer behavior, and the importance of understanding consumer behavior for marketing and public policy decisions. It provides definitions of key terms, describes the consumer decision making process, and explains how knowledge of consumer behavior can benefit companies, regulators, and social marketing programs.
This document provides an overview of consumerism. It defines consumerism as activities designed to protect consumer rights, including those of government, businesses, and independent organizations. The document outlines the key objectives that will be covered, which include the origin of consumerism, consumer rights and movements, and the role of advertising. It also discusses consumer purchase decisions, characteristics of wise consumers, and examples of consumerism. The document notes that while consumerism spurs economic growth, it can also lead to neglect of the environment, overspending, and stress if desires are never satisfied.
Consumer behavior is the study of how and why people purchase products. It examines psychological and external factors that influence purchasing decisions. Key factors include marketing, psychological characteristics, cultural influences, social factors, and personal characteristics. Market segmentation divides the overall market into homogeneous subgroups to allow for targeted marketing strategies. Markets can be segmented based on geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral characteristics to better understand consumers.
The document discusses consumer behavior and organizational buying. It defines consumer behavior as how individuals make decisions to spend resources on consumption items. Organizational buying refers to the decision-making process formal organizations use to identify, evaluate and select products and suppliers. The document outlines factors that influence consumer behavior such as social, cultural, personal, psychological factors and marketing factors. It also discusses the different types of buying decisions and roles involved in organizational purchases.
Consumer behaviour is the study of how consumers make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption-related items. It examines how emotions, attitudes and preferences affect buying behavior. Understanding consumer behaviour is important for marketers to design effective strategies. The document discusses the consumer decision process, factors that influence consumer behaviour like culture and marketing activities, and how segmentation and targeting are used to develop marketing strategies tailored for specific consumer groups.
This document discusses consumer behavior and the factors that influence it. It defines consumer behavior as how individuals make decisions to spend resources on consumer goods and services. Consumer behavior is influenced by internal factors like personal characteristics, psychology, and external factors like culture and society. The document outlines the consumer decision making process and categories it includes routine, limited, and extensive decision making. It explores how motivation, beliefs, attitudes, perception, and learning impact consumer psychology. Social factors like reference groups, family, and status also influence behavior as do cultural influences like culture, subcultures, and social class. Understanding consumer behavior is important for industries like textiles to focus on what consumers buy, where they shop, how they learn about products, and socio
This document provides an introduction to consumer behaviour. It discusses that consumer behaviour involves how consumers acquire, consume and dispose of products based on internal and external factors. It outlines the consumer decision making process which involves problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and post-purchase evaluation. It also discusses how marketers analyze consumer behaviour through understanding the consumer, competition, company and market conditions in order to segment markets and develop effective marketing strategies.
This document discusses consumer behavior and factors that influence it. It defines key terms like consumer, buyer, and customer. It describes the consumer decision making process which involves need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post-purchase behavior. It also outlines 4 types of consumer behaviors and discusses psychological, social, cultural, personal, economic, and environmental factors that influence consumer decisions.
The document discusses the concept of buyer behavior and the factors that influence it, including cultural factors like culture and subculture, social factors like reference groups and family, and personal factors like age, occupation, and lifestyle. It also examines psychological factors affecting buyer behavior such as perception, motivation, beliefs, and attitudes. Understanding these influences on buyer behavior is important for marketers to better target customers and develop effective marketing strategies.
Consumer behaviour notes full @ mab marketing Babasab Patil
The document discusses various topics related to consumer behaviour, including the positivist and interpretivist approaches to studying consumer behaviour, the difference between consumers, buyers and customers, factors that influence consumer behaviour, and approaches to market segmentation such as demographic, psychographic, and benefit segmentation. It also covers topics like developing new products, the total product concept, diffusion of innovations, and the product lifecycle.
The document discusses key aspects of consumer behavior that are important for marketers to understand. It defines consumer behavior as the study of how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources on consumption-related items. Understanding consumer behavior allows marketers to determine what products are needed in the market, how best to present goods to consumers, and influences on consumer decision making from groups. The study of consumer behavior is vital for companies to make effective production, pricing, distribution, and promotional decisions.
consumer behavior and utility maximization JosHua455569
1. The document discusses consumer behavior and the concept of utility maximization. It defines consumer behavior as how individuals, groups, and organizations select, buy, use, and dispose of goods and services to satisfy their needs and wants.
2. It also defines utility as the satisfaction gained from consuming goods and services. Utility maximization means making choices that provide the highest level of consumer satisfaction within a budget. Consumers maximize utility by determining which combination of goods provides the greatest benefit.
3. The document outlines factors that influence consumer behavior like culture, social factors, personal characteristics, and psychology. It emphasizes the importance of understanding consumer behavior for marketers in today's customer-oriented market.
The document provides an introduction to consumer behaviour, including definitions of key concepts and the 5-stage consumer decision process. It discusses the nature and scope of studying consumer behaviour, including understanding consumer needs, influences on them, and patterns of shopping behaviour. It also outlines some major worldwide trends in consumer behaviour, such as demographic shifts like an aging population and women in the workforce. Technological trends discussed include an increasingly interconnected world and more tech-savvy customers. The implications of these trends on the 3 roles of consumers are also mentioned.
This document provides information on the production technology of cucumbers and melons. It discusses the objectives and outcomes of learning about these crops. Key details include their botanical classification, origin in India, soil and climate needs, common varieties, and cultivation practices like sowing, irrigation, training and pruning, pest and disease management, and harvesting. The document is a lecture focused on educating students about the scientific methods of growing cucumbers and melons.
This document discusses the benefits of kitchen gardening as a sustainable approach to address food insecurity and malnutrition in India. It notes that while India is a large food producer, many households still face food and nutrient deficiencies. Kitchen gardens can help meet families' nutritional needs by growing a variety of vegetables throughout the year. They describe different layout options for kitchen gardens, including food forests with trees and creepers, hugelkultur beds that use decaying wood for nutrients, and container gardens for small spaces. The benefits are increasing physical activity, reusing waste, improving soil health, providing extra income, and greater self-sufficiency and food security.
A lecture was organized on October 4th, 2023 in Room No. C 305 of the C-Block by Dr. Ambika Bhandari from the School of Agricultural Sciences. The document provides basic information about a scheduled lecture but does not include any details on the topic or content of the lecture.
The document discusses sexual harassment, the objectives of the Internal Complaints Committee (ICC), and guidelines for dealing with sexual harassment complaints in universities.
It defines sexual harassment as any unwelcome sexually determined behavior that violates a person's fundamental rights and dignity. Examples of harassment include quid pro quo demands and creating a hostile work environment.
Universities have an obligation to provide a safe environment, display sexual harassment policies, and ensure zero tolerance. The ICC aims to address complaints quickly and enable victims to continue their education without impediments.
The document describes two party games:
1. The Farmer, Chicken, Grain and Wolf problem where the goal is to transport the chicken across the river without letting the wolf eat the chicken or grain. The solution involves making multiple trips back and forth.
2. Two Truths and a Lie where each person shares three personal statements but one is a lie, and the others must guess which statement is false. This game allows people to learn new things about each other while having fun and building problem-solving skills.
This document discusses the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in horticulture. It begins with definitions of GIS and describes its key components including hardware, software, data, people, and methods. The document outlines how GIS can be used for precision farming, production prediction, spatial distribution mapping, site suitability analysis, soil classification, land use planning, habitat identification, biodiversity conservation, and stress monitoring in horticulture. Several case studies are presented on using GIS for crop suitability modeling, risk mapping, and predicting the distribution of plant species. The document concludes that GIS along with technologies like GPS and remote sensing will be important for improving farm practices and decision making in agriculture.
Direct and indirect methods are used to measure soil moisture. Direct methods involve directly measuring the moisture content in soil samples through gravimetric, volumetric, or alcohol methods. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including gypsum blocks, tensiometers, neutron probes, and pressure plates. Gypsum blocks measure resistance related to moisture content, while tensiometers measure tension as soil dries. Neutron probes use radioactive materials to detect hydrogen and measure moisture from a large soil volume without disturbing soil. Pressure plates determine moisture at different pressures.
This document discusses consumer dynamics and factors that influence changes in consumer attitudes. It defines consumer dynamics as the study of forces that determine consumer responses to their economic, social, and cultural environments. Consumer attitudes are learned and influence their behavior, but can change based on internal factors like needs and external factors like their environment. Marketers aim to change consumer attitudes by altering the motivational functions of products, associating products with influential groups or events, addressing conflicting attitudes, modifying brand components, and challenging beliefs about competitors' brands. Reference groups like friends and celebrities also impact consumer attitudes and drive conformity. Many inherent and external factors can bring about changes in consumer attitudes over time.
This document discusses the establishment of a seed testing laboratory. It provides information on the objectives of seed testing which are to determine seed quality, identify problems, and check if seeds meet standards. It outlines the procedures for quality assessment in a seed testing laboratory, which include receiving samples, conducting moisture tests, preparing working samples, routine tests for germination and purity, and storing records. The document emphasizes the importance of efficiency and completing tests quickly while maintaining accuracy.
This document provides an overview of different types of insurance. It defines insurance as an arrangement where a company provides compensation for specified losses in exchange for premium payments. General insurance covers non-life risks like property and health, while life insurance reimburses for death or critical illness. The document outlines various insurance types like life, general, motor, fire, health and marine insurance. It provides details on what is covered under policies for life, fire, health and marine insurance.
1. Seed development involves pollination, fertilization, and growth of the fertilized ovule. The ovule develops into an embryo surrounded by stored food and protective coats.
2. Monocot and dicot seeds differ in that monocots have one cotyledon while dicots have two. Their structures also vary, with monocots generally having a bulky endosperm and dicots often having fleshy cotyledons.
3. Seed development is influenced by environmental factors like soil fertility, water, temperature, and light. Adequate levels of these factors, especially during seed filling, promote larger seed size, while deficits can negatively impact seed growth and quality.
The document provides an overview of different types of insurance. It defines insurance and key principles such as utmost good faith, insurable interest, indemnity, subrogation, contribution and proximate cause. It describes different types of general insurance including property insurance (fire, burglary), motor insurance, liability insurance, personal accident insurance and health insurance. It provides details on covers, extensions and features of specific insurance policies for fire, machinery breakdown, contractors all risk, contractors plant and machinery, boiler and pressure plant, and electronic equipment. It also discusses motor insurance covers, features of package policy and no claim bonus.
Agriculture is defined as the science, art and business of cultivating soil, producing crops and raising livestock. It provides essentials like food, clothing and shelter. Agriculture is an important sector in India's economy, with the country producing over 220 million tons of food grains annually through initiatives like the Green Revolution. It is made up of several branches like crop production, horticulture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries. Agriculture contributes to key industries by providing raw materials and helps maintain environmental balance by producing oxygen through photosynthesis. It is a major source of employment and revenue for many countries including India.
Credit refers to the ability to borrow money or access goods/services with the agreement to pay later. Agricultural credit can be classified in several ways:
1. By purpose - such as development/investment credit for assets, production credit for inputs, marketing credit, and consumption credit.
2. By repayment period - such as short term (<18 months), medium term (2-5 years), and long term (>5 years).
3. By security - such as farm mortgage credit secured by land, collateral credit secured by livestock/crops, and personal credit based on character.
This document discusses seed dormancy, including its types and causes. It begins by defining dormancy and seed dormancy. There are five main types of seed dormancy: physiological, morphological, morpho-physiological, physical, and combinational. Seed dormancy can be caused by an impermeable seed coat, an underdeveloped or inhibited embryo, specific light or temperature requirements, or natural germination inhibitors within the seed or fruit.
This document summarizes the stages of seed development, including pollination and fertilization, seed coat development, endosperm development, embryo development, seed growth and maturation. It discusses the key stages and processes in the development of monocot and dicot seeds, including pro-embryo formation, suspensor and embryo development, endosperm formation types, physiological and biochemical changes during seed maturation, and environmental factors that influence development. Physiological maturity is defined as the stage of maximum dry weight accumulation when there is no further increase in seed dry weight.
The document discusses the process of seed germination. It states that germination requires certain external factors like water, temperature, oxygen and sometimes light or darkness. It also requires internal factors within the seed like seed vitality and dormancy. The optimal temperatures for germination of many vegetable seeds are listed in a table. Proper equipment, handling of materials, and laboratory procedures are outlined for conducting germination tests on seeds using paper or sand substrates. The tests are used to assess seed viability and predict field performance.
Consumers have rights that are protected under consumer protection laws. These laws aim to create a fair and honest marketplace by prohibiting deceptive business practices and providing remedies for consumers who have been harmed. Consumer protection laws address a wide range of issues including product safety, fraud, and unfair business practices.
Microfinance provides small loans, savings, insurance, and money transfer services to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking services. Muhammad Yunus pioneered microfinance through Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1983. Key elements of microfinance include microcredit, microsavings, microinsurance, and remittances. While microfinance provides financial opportunities for the impoverished, some argue it can take advantage through high interest rates and may not improve recipients' incomes.
A Guide to a Winning Interview June 2024Bruce Bennett
This webinar is an in-depth review of the interview process. Preparation is a key element to acing an interview. Learn the best approaches from the initial phone screen to the face-to-face meeting with the hiring manager. You will hear great answers to several standard questions, including the dreaded “Tell Me About Yourself”.
5 Common Mistakes to Avoid During the Job Application Process.pdfAlliance Jobs
The journey toward landing your dream job can be both exhilarating and nerve-wracking. As you navigate through the intricate web of job applications, interviews, and follow-ups, it’s crucial to steer clear of common pitfalls that could hinder your chances. Let’s delve into some of the most frequent mistakes applicants make during the job application process and explore how you can sidestep them. Plus, we’ll highlight how Alliance Job Search can enhance your local job hunt.
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2. CONSUMER
What is Consumer
A consumer is the one who purchases the product for his/her own
need and uses or consumes it. A consumer cannot resell the good,
product or service but can consume it to earn his/her livelihood and
self-employment.
Definition of consumer
The consumer is the one who is the end-user of any goods or
services. Any person, other than the buyer who buys the product or
services and consumes the product by taking his/her permission is
categorized as a consumer. Any single or group of people, other than
the buyer who buys the product or services, consumes the product
by seeking his/her permission falls under the category of a
consumer. In simpler words, the consumer can be termed as the
end-user of the goods or services.
3. CONSUMER PROFILE: DEFINING THE IDEAL
CUSTOMER
Definition
A consumer profile is a description of a customer, or a set of customers, based on the characteristics that they have in common.
Before marketing a product to potential customers, you will need to define your target customer based on their:
• Lifestyle
• Age
• Location
• Income
• Interests
• Buying patterns
• Purchasing preferences
• Stage of life
Why Consumer profiling is required
Every business should invest time and resources in creating consumer profiles of their ideal customers.
These profiles describe consumers based on different categories mentioned above so they can be grouped for marketing
and advertising purposes. By targeting advertising to a specific market segment, companies and marketers can find more
success in selling a particular product and increase profits.
4. DIFFERENT
METHODS/APPROACH
USED FOR CUSTOMERS
PROFILING
1) The Psychographic Approach
• The psychographic approach takes a look at customers’ lifestyles to
define market segments. Many components play a role in using the
psychographic approach, such as activities, interests, values, and social
class.
• Lifestyle and demographics are factors that include age, location, and
gender. For example, a customer’s lifestyle determines how your
product will fit into the needs of school-going, college-going, and office-
going customers’ buying habits respectively.
• Activities, interests, and opinions are a subset of lifestyle, focusing on
your customers’ activities, interests, and opinions. It’s not a problem if
customer A enjoys books while customer B prefers novels – both of
them are readers, and that is how you profile them.
• Values, attitudes, and social class pertain to how people were brought
up. These affect how they spend their money and what they choose to
spend their money on. Social class is especially important, as their
income determines their buying power.
5. 2) The Consumer Typology Approach
• The customer typology approach segregates consumers based on their
motivations, their mindsets, and how to engage them. There are usually four
types of consumers: loyal consumers, discount consumers, impulsive
consumers, and need-based consumers.
• Loyal consumers are rare, but valuable. They tend to remain loyal to a
brand and promote these brands through word-of-mouth.
• Discount consumers, on the other hand, don’t prefer one brand over
another. They will only make a purchase if there is a discount or a sale.
• Impulsive consumers do not shop with anything specific in mind. Unlike
either loyal or discount consumers, they aren’t looking for a product, service,
or brand, and spend their money capriciously. They are more emotionally
driven rather than logically driven when making decisions.
• Need-based consumers are the opposite of impulsive ones, as they will only
purchase a product or service to fulfill a need. They are the type who would
enter a store quickly, make a purchase, then leave.
6. The Consumer Characteristics Approach
• The consumer characteristics approach asks what traits influence buying
decisions. There are a variety of consumer characteristics, but there are three
common ones that define modern consumers.
• Convenience-driven is one trait that characterizes a modern consumer.
These are the customers who may not have much time on their hands, so
they order products or services online so these arrive faster. For them,
everything should be fast, simple, and easy to use.
• Connectivity-driven consumers want to feel part of a community; they feel
connected to someone else if both purchase the same product. Connectivity-
driven consumers also tend to listen to other people for their opinion on
products, services, and brands. If one person says the product is good, then
these consumers would be more inclined to make the same purchase.
• Personalization-driven consumers would prefer a customer experience that
is customized for them specifically. These consumers value making the
choice of how a product will look, or how a service will be attuned to their
needs exactly.
7. DEFINITION OF CONSUMERISM
• Consumerism is defined as social force designed to protect consumer interests in the marketplace by
organising consumer pressures on business. Consumerism is a protest of consumers against unfair
business practices and business injustices.
• It aims to remove those injustices, and eliminate those unfair marketing practices, e.g., misbranding,
spurious products, unsafe products, planned obsolescence, adulteration, fictitious pricing, price
collusion, deceptive packaging, false and misleading advertisements, defective warranties, hoarding,
profiteering, black marketing, short weights and measures, etc.”
8. HISTORY OF
CONSUMERISM
Consumerism is an economic and societal way of viewing and understanding the
economy, which focuses on the idea of the consumption of a steady supply of goods
and services by the citizens of a given country. The consumption of goods and services
by individual consumers helps drive the economic engine of a consumerist society in
that it creates jobs for workers and wealth for businesses owners. While consumerism
as an ideology can be present in several different types of economic systems, it is most
often associated with capitalism. In particular, consumerism plays an important role in
modern democratic countries with mixed economies such as: the United States,
England, France, Canada, etc. Furthermore, consumerism is an important component
of the concept of supply and demand because it involves the supply of goods and
services and the demand (consumption) of goods and services by individual
consumers. To fully understand the significance of consumerism as an ideology it’s
also important to understand its development throughout history.
While people across many different civilizations and time periods have always
purchased and consumed goods, the modern concept of consumerism is best
understood to have begun in the late 1600s in Europe. From that point, consumerism
intensified throughout the 1700s and 1800s and became a major societal phenomenon
in which the consumption of products became a vitally important task for most people in
society. As stated above, consumerism is generally associated with the economic
system of capitalism. As such, consumerism as an ideology emerged alongside
capitalism and spread throughout Europe, North America and the rest of the world as
capitalism became the dominant economic system on the planet. During the early
years of the development of consumerism, two major historical events came to play an
important role, which included: Industrial Revolution and the Age of Imperialism.
9. What is Consumerism?
• Consumer is regarded as the king in modern marketing. In
a market economy, the concept of consumer is given the
highest priority, and every effort is made to encourage
consumer satisfaction.
• However, there might be instances where consumers are
generally ignored and sometimes they are being exploited
as well. Therefore, consumers come together for protecting
their individual interests. It is a peaceful and democratic
movement for self-protection against their exploitation.
Consumer movement is also referred as consumerism.
10. FEATURES OF
CONSUMERIS
M
Highlighted here are some of the notable features of consumerism −
• Protection of Rights − Consumerism helps in building business
communities and institutions to protect their rights from unfair
practices.
• Prevention of Malpractices − Consumerism prevents unfair practices
within the business community, such as hoarding, adulteration, black
marketing, profiteering, etc.
• Unity among Consumers − Consumerism aims at creating knowledge
and harmony among consumers and to take group measures on issues
like consumer laws, supply of information about marketing malpractices,
misleading and restrictive trade practices.
• Enforcing Consumer Rights − Consumerism aims at applying the four
basic rights of consumers which are Right to Safety, Right to be
Informed, Right to Choose, and Right to Redress.
11. INTRODUCTION TO CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
Consumer Behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use,
and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants. It refers to the actions of the
consumers in the marketplace and the underlying motives for those actions. The study of consumer
Behaviour assumes that the consumers are actors in the marketplace. The perspective of role theory
assumes that consumers play various roles in the marketplace. Starting from the information provider,
from the user to the payer and to the disposer, consumers play these roles in the decision process.
Meaning and Definition:
Consumer Behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use,
and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants. It refers to the actions of the
consumers in the marketplace and the underlying motives for those actions. In the words of Engel,
Blackwell, and Mansard, “consumer Behaviour is the actions and decision processes of people who
purchase goods and services for personal consumption”
12. NATURE OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR:
1. Influenced by various factors:
i. Marketing factors such as product design, price, promotion, packaging, positioning and
distribution.
ii. Personal factors such as age, gender, education and income level.
iii. Psychological factors such as buying motives, perception of the product and attitudes
towards the product.
iv. Situational factors such as physical surroundings at the time of purchase, social
surroundings and time factor
v. Social factors such as social status, reference groups and family
i. Cultural factors, such as religion, social class—caste and sub-castes.
13. CONTD…..
2. Undergoes a constant change: Consumer Behaviour is not static. It undergoes a change over a period of time
depending on the nature of products.
3. Varies from consumer to consumer: All consumers do not behave in the same manner. Different consumers behave
differently. The differences in consumer Behaviour are due to individual factors such as the nature of the consumers,
lifestyle and culture.
4. Varies from region to region and country to county: The consumer Behaviour varies across states, regions and
countries. It may differ depending on the upbringing, lifestyles and level of development.
5. Information on consumer Behaviour is important to the marketers: Marketers need to have a good knowledge of
the consumer Behaviour. They need to study the various factors that influence the consumer Behaviour of their target
customers. i.e. Product design/model, pricing, packaging, positioning, promotion of product etc…
6. Leads to purchase decision: A positive consumer Behaviour leads to a purchase decision. A consumer may take the
decision of buying a product on the basis of different buying motives. The purchase decision leads to higher demand,
and the sales of the marketers increase.
14. CONTD….
7. Varies from product to product: Consumer Behaviour is different for different products. There
are some consumers who may buy more quantity of certain items and very low or no quantity of
other items.
8. Improves standard of living: The buying Behaviour of the consumers may lead to higher
standard of living. The more a person buys the goods and services, the higher is the standard of
living. But if a person spends less on goods and services, despite having a good income, they
deprives themselves of higher standard of living.
9. Reflects status: The consumer Behaviour is not only influenced by the status of a consumer, but
it also reflects it. The consumers who own luxury products like luxury car, watches and other items
are considered belonging to a higher status. The luxury items also give a sense of pride to the
owners
15. CONSUMERISM IN INDIA – CONSUMER PROTECTION
• The idea of consumer supremacy and consumer sovereignty is definitely fallacious in a free market
economy. In reality, consumer is not a king or queen. The manufacturer or the seller is dominant and
his voice is all powerful. His interests normally prevail over the welfare of the consumer.
• The root-cause of consumer movement or consumerism is ‘consumer dissonance’, as it has been so
nicely termed. Dissonance means after purchase doubts, dissatisfaction, disillusion, disappointment.
These are the sentiments of all dethroned sovereigns. But the consumer protection (the core of
consumerism) is essential for a healthy economy.
• Basically, consumers are demanding four ‘rights’ from the company-
1. Safety of products,
2. full and accurate information about products and services (without which some articles may not be usable and
may produce sales-resistance)
3. a choice
4. voice (redress).
16. FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR:
The behaviour of consumer is dependent on a number of factors which may be economic or non-
economic factors and are dependent upon economic factors such as income, price, psychology,
sociology, anthropology, culture and climate. The study of consumer behaviour has proved that following
are the main factors which influence the behaviour:
1. Economic Factors: Price, Income, Distribution of Income, Competition with substitute , utility and
Consumer preferences are the factors categorised as Economic factors .
2. Social Factors: Culture, Attitude of society, social values, Life-style, personality, Size of family,
Education, health standards are the factors catagorised as Social factors.
3. Psychology : It decides the personality, taste, attitudes of individuals or groups, life style, preferences
especially on occasions like marriage. The demonstration influence is also dependent upon psychology
of an individual.
17. CONTD….
4. Anthropology & Geography: Climate, region, history all effect, consumer
behaviour. In hot countries like India certain products which keep us cool like
squashes, sarbatas, are demanded but they have no demand in cold regions.
Culture is also influenced by climate.
5. Technology: In case of equipment’s whether for consumer use or industrial use is
affected by technological innovations and features. Even in case of perishable
goods the shelf life etc are determined by technological developments. Innovations
and introduction of new product also depends upon technological development.
6. Others: Knowledge-technical or otherwise and information. Government
decisions, laws, distribution policies, production policies have also big affect on
consumer behaviour
18. CONSUMERISM IN INDIA – NEED FOR CONSUMER PROTECTION
• Consumer choice is influenced by mass advertising using highly developed arts of persuasion. The consumer typically
cannot know whether drug preparations meet minimum standards of safety, quality and efficacy. He usually does not
know whether one prepared food has more nutritional value than others; whether the performance of a product will
in fact meet his needs and expectations; or whether the “large economy size” is really a bargain. Hence, we need
consumer protection.
• 1. Physical protection of the consumer, for instance, protection against products that are unsafe or endanger health
and welfare of consumer.
• 2. Protection of the consumer against deceptive and unfair trade practices. Consumer must have adequate rights and
means of redress against business malpractices and frauds.
• 3. Ecological and environmental effects of chemical, fertiliser or refinery complexes will have to be seriously
considered because they pollute water, air and food and endanger human life. Consumer wants due protection
against all types of pollution; he wants enriched quality of life — a beautiful, healthy, and peaceful environment free
from pollution.