The document discusses the role of maternal education in child health in China, noting that maternal education has been shown to positively impact child health outcomes. It aims to investigate the influence of mothers' education on the health status of children in China using data from the China Family Panel Studies. The results indicate that maternal education has a significant effect on child health, while household wealth, gender, and living area also influence child health to a lesser degree.
This document is a thesis submitted for a master's degree in development economics. It examines the role of maternal education in child health in China. The thesis uses data from the China Family Panel Studies, which includes information from 16,000 households across 25 Chinese provinces. The empirical analysis finds that maternal education has a significant positive effect on children's health, as measured by body mass index. Household wealth and gender also slightly impact child health, while living area effects are minor. Quantile regression is used to analyze the impacts of maternal education on child health under different quantiles of the child's BMI variable. The thesis contributes to understanding the determinants of child health in China and the role of maternal education.
Running Head: WORKING OUTLINE 1
WORKING OUTLINE 4
Working Outline
Taj Jones
Liberty University
The Importance of Presidential Administration Affects the Programs,
Funding and Services of Child Welfare
Thesis: Since the passage of legislation creates or amends the federally funded child welfare program, the congress retains power to introduce bill to and the president is a signatory to any idea proposed to that effect giving the administrations powers to influence child welfare in the country.
1. Fy2017 had the input of the president in the case of funding of children programs
a. Title II-E of the Social Security Act allows the President to request for addition or reduction of the funds allocated to the child welfare (Stoltzfus, 2017).
i) Foster care increase in funding after FY2018 president’s request to $5,542
ii) Kinship assistance
iii) Kinship guardianship assistance
b. Chafee foster care independence program (Children's Bureau, 2015).
i) General program which is capped mandatory
ii) Education and training vouchers, which is discretionary
2. The Child Bureau disburses funds to the different programs and services as guided by Federal Legislation (Stoltzfus, 2017).
a. The president’s administration have a right to change different legislation
b. Obama administration made budget proposals for child care in 2016 (CWLA, n.d.).
i. New initiatives for pre-kindergarten and Head Start
ii. Child care initiatives
c. Current Presidential administration is proposing extension of Children’s Health Insurance Program to be extended at $ 14 billion by 2019.
3. Impact of changes in presidential administrations (Hess, Orthmann, & Wright, 2012).
a. Different administrations have differed proposals
b. Obama and the increase in child care and Home Care proposals
c. Changes in Executive Orders on countries
4. Conclusion
Running head: ANNOTATED BLIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BLIBLIOGRAPHY 6
Annotated Bibliography
Taj Jones
Liberty University
Annotated Bibliography
Barker, B., Kerr, T., Gerald, A., Michelle, F., Nguyen, P., Wood, E., & DeBeck, K. (2014). High prevalence of exposure to the child welfare system among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting: implications for policy and practice. BioMed Central Ltd.
This article talks about the life of street children and youth who experience adverse events and trauma in childhood. It mentions that little is known concerning the child welfare system among the vulnerable street children. The study aimed to find out more about the child welfare of the street-involved children in Vancouver Canada. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2012 and at least 937 street children aged 10-22 took part. The findings shows that children and youths who are not under the care of the government ...
Effect of Mothers Working and Non Working Status on the Nutritional Status of...YogeshIJTSRD
Health and nutritional status are two crucial and interlinked aspects of human development, which in to interact with demographic variables Malnutrition a condition that occurs due to intake of inadequate amount of nutrients leading to insufficient nourishment continues to be a problem of considerable magnitude in most of the developing countries in the world. Preschool children are one of the most nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population. Nutrition during the first 5 years has not only an impact on growth and morbidity during childhood, but also acts as a determinant of nutritional status in adolescent and adult life. Global comparative data indicate that contrary to common perception, prevalence of under nutrition is highest in South Asian children. India has the highest occurrence of childhood malnutrition in the world. Malnutrition is responsible for 55 percent of all deaths of children younger than 5 years of age globally. Malnutrition makes a child susceptible to infections and delayed recovery, thus increasing mortality and morbidity. It is therefore logical to direct attention to the quality of life of the survivors Bose and Das, 2010 . Joyeeta Bhattacharyya "Effect of Mothers Working and Non-Working Status on the Nutritional Status of Pre School Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41167.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhome-science/food-and-nutrition/41167/effect-of-mothers-working-and-nonworking-status-on-the-nutritional-status-of-pre-school-children/joyeeta-bhattacharyya
This document summarizes research conducted as part of the Population and Poverty (PopPov) initiative, which aimed to strengthen evidence on how population and reproductive health affect economic outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. It outlines key findings from macro-level studies that examined relationships between demographic changes, economic growth, and policy impacts. It also describes results from micro-level studies that evaluated how specific health programs and interventions affected outcomes for women and children. Overall, the research generated evidence that family planning programs can facilitate economic development and that improved access to reproductive healthcare provides benefits. Going forward, PopPov studies have made progress addressing the initial research agenda, but more work is still needed.
Background: Childhood stunting is the most widely prevalent among under-five children in Ethiopia. Despite the
individual-level factors of childhood stunting are well documented, community-level factors have not been given
much attention in the country. This study aimed to identify individual- and community-level factors associated with
stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia.
Methods: Cross-sectional data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was used. A total of 8855
under-five children and 640 community clusters were included in the current analysis. A multilevel logistic
regression model was used at 5% level of significance to determine the individual- and community-level factors
associated with childhood stunting.
ASEFSU23 Background Paper Child Obesity In IndiaNathan Mathis
This document discusses the growing crisis of childhood obesity in India, focusing on Delhi. It finds that childhood obesity levels are increasing, especially in urban areas and among affluent families. This is linked to factors of urbanization like reduced physical activity and increased access to unhealthy, calorie-dense foods. Children in Delhi are 5 times more likely to be overweight than rural children due to different diets and lifestyles. If left unaddressed, childhood obesity can lead to lifelong health issues and economic costs. The document calls for policy measures that consider the urban factors driving obesity and link urban development programs to addressing this issue.
This document discusses how economic shifts and natural disasters affect vulnerable populations in low and middle-income countries. While the proportion of people living in extreme poverty has declined globally, nearly 1 billion people still live in poverty. Extreme poverty is concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia and is worsened by slow employment growth, volatile commodity prices, and natural disasters. Research studies in India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Bangladesh found that economic downturns and natural disasters increase food insecurity, malnutrition, and lower educational attainment, especially for vulnerable groups. However, certain health, nutrition, and cash transfer programs were shown to help mitigate the effects of poverty and protect vulnerable populations.
Advancing Nursing Research to Address Global Health ChallengesRyan Michael Oducado
I this presentation, I will delve into the significance
of nursing research, some of the global health challenges that demand our attention,
the current state of nursing research, the vital role of studies conducted by nurses in
addressing these challenges, and how we can collectively advance the cause of
nursing research. We will also explore the challenges and the hurdles that often
accompany our research journey. Furthermore, we will discuss the power of
research, the strengths of collaboration, the availability of resources, and the
dissemination of research findings to create a positive, lasting impact.
This document is a thesis submitted for a master's degree in development economics. It examines the role of maternal education in child health in China. The thesis uses data from the China Family Panel Studies, which includes information from 16,000 households across 25 Chinese provinces. The empirical analysis finds that maternal education has a significant positive effect on children's health, as measured by body mass index. Household wealth and gender also slightly impact child health, while living area effects are minor. Quantile regression is used to analyze the impacts of maternal education on child health under different quantiles of the child's BMI variable. The thesis contributes to understanding the determinants of child health in China and the role of maternal education.
Running Head: WORKING OUTLINE 1
WORKING OUTLINE 4
Working Outline
Taj Jones
Liberty University
The Importance of Presidential Administration Affects the Programs,
Funding and Services of Child Welfare
Thesis: Since the passage of legislation creates or amends the federally funded child welfare program, the congress retains power to introduce bill to and the president is a signatory to any idea proposed to that effect giving the administrations powers to influence child welfare in the country.
1. Fy2017 had the input of the president in the case of funding of children programs
a. Title II-E of the Social Security Act allows the President to request for addition or reduction of the funds allocated to the child welfare (Stoltzfus, 2017).
i) Foster care increase in funding after FY2018 president’s request to $5,542
ii) Kinship assistance
iii) Kinship guardianship assistance
b. Chafee foster care independence program (Children's Bureau, 2015).
i) General program which is capped mandatory
ii) Education and training vouchers, which is discretionary
2. The Child Bureau disburses funds to the different programs and services as guided by Federal Legislation (Stoltzfus, 2017).
a. The president’s administration have a right to change different legislation
b. Obama administration made budget proposals for child care in 2016 (CWLA, n.d.).
i. New initiatives for pre-kindergarten and Head Start
ii. Child care initiatives
c. Current Presidential administration is proposing extension of Children’s Health Insurance Program to be extended at $ 14 billion by 2019.
3. Impact of changes in presidential administrations (Hess, Orthmann, & Wright, 2012).
a. Different administrations have differed proposals
b. Obama and the increase in child care and Home Care proposals
c. Changes in Executive Orders on countries
4. Conclusion
Running head: ANNOTATED BLIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BLIBLIOGRAPHY 6
Annotated Bibliography
Taj Jones
Liberty University
Annotated Bibliography
Barker, B., Kerr, T., Gerald, A., Michelle, F., Nguyen, P., Wood, E., & DeBeck, K. (2014). High prevalence of exposure to the child welfare system among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting: implications for policy and practice. BioMed Central Ltd.
This article talks about the life of street children and youth who experience adverse events and trauma in childhood. It mentions that little is known concerning the child welfare system among the vulnerable street children. The study aimed to find out more about the child welfare of the street-involved children in Vancouver Canada. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2012 and at least 937 street children aged 10-22 took part. The findings shows that children and youths who are not under the care of the government ...
Effect of Mothers Working and Non Working Status on the Nutritional Status of...YogeshIJTSRD
Health and nutritional status are two crucial and interlinked aspects of human development, which in to interact with demographic variables Malnutrition a condition that occurs due to intake of inadequate amount of nutrients leading to insufficient nourishment continues to be a problem of considerable magnitude in most of the developing countries in the world. Preschool children are one of the most nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population. Nutrition during the first 5 years has not only an impact on growth and morbidity during childhood, but also acts as a determinant of nutritional status in adolescent and adult life. Global comparative data indicate that contrary to common perception, prevalence of under nutrition is highest in South Asian children. India has the highest occurrence of childhood malnutrition in the world. Malnutrition is responsible for 55 percent of all deaths of children younger than 5 years of age globally. Malnutrition makes a child susceptible to infections and delayed recovery, thus increasing mortality and morbidity. It is therefore logical to direct attention to the quality of life of the survivors Bose and Das, 2010 . Joyeeta Bhattacharyya "Effect of Mothers Working and Non-Working Status on the Nutritional Status of Pre School Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41167.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhome-science/food-and-nutrition/41167/effect-of-mothers-working-and-nonworking-status-on-the-nutritional-status-of-pre-school-children/joyeeta-bhattacharyya
This document summarizes research conducted as part of the Population and Poverty (PopPov) initiative, which aimed to strengthen evidence on how population and reproductive health affect economic outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. It outlines key findings from macro-level studies that examined relationships between demographic changes, economic growth, and policy impacts. It also describes results from micro-level studies that evaluated how specific health programs and interventions affected outcomes for women and children. Overall, the research generated evidence that family planning programs can facilitate economic development and that improved access to reproductive healthcare provides benefits. Going forward, PopPov studies have made progress addressing the initial research agenda, but more work is still needed.
Background: Childhood stunting is the most widely prevalent among under-five children in Ethiopia. Despite the
individual-level factors of childhood stunting are well documented, community-level factors have not been given
much attention in the country. This study aimed to identify individual- and community-level factors associated with
stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia.
Methods: Cross-sectional data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was used. A total of 8855
under-five children and 640 community clusters were included in the current analysis. A multilevel logistic
regression model was used at 5% level of significance to determine the individual- and community-level factors
associated with childhood stunting.
ASEFSU23 Background Paper Child Obesity In IndiaNathan Mathis
This document discusses the growing crisis of childhood obesity in India, focusing on Delhi. It finds that childhood obesity levels are increasing, especially in urban areas and among affluent families. This is linked to factors of urbanization like reduced physical activity and increased access to unhealthy, calorie-dense foods. Children in Delhi are 5 times more likely to be overweight than rural children due to different diets and lifestyles. If left unaddressed, childhood obesity can lead to lifelong health issues and economic costs. The document calls for policy measures that consider the urban factors driving obesity and link urban development programs to addressing this issue.
This document discusses how economic shifts and natural disasters affect vulnerable populations in low and middle-income countries. While the proportion of people living in extreme poverty has declined globally, nearly 1 billion people still live in poverty. Extreme poverty is concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia and is worsened by slow employment growth, volatile commodity prices, and natural disasters. Research studies in India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Bangladesh found that economic downturns and natural disasters increase food insecurity, malnutrition, and lower educational attainment, especially for vulnerable groups. However, certain health, nutrition, and cash transfer programs were shown to help mitigate the effects of poverty and protect vulnerable populations.
Advancing Nursing Research to Address Global Health ChallengesRyan Michael Oducado
I this presentation, I will delve into the significance
of nursing research, some of the global health challenges that demand our attention,
the current state of nursing research, the vital role of studies conducted by nurses in
addressing these challenges, and how we can collectively advance the cause of
nursing research. We will also explore the challenges and the hurdles that often
accompany our research journey. Furthermore, we will discuss the power of
research, the strengths of collaboration, the availability of resources, and the
dissemination of research findings to create a positive, lasting impact.
Children tend to think of the last decades of life—when they think of such things at all—as a time of physical limitations rather than a time of active, vibrant and full participation in life. Yet as average longevity increases worldwide and medical progress enables longer healthy lives, a shift in that view is in order.
With this as background, The Economist Intelligence Unit, sponsored by Merck, undertook a study of five nations—representing both wealthy and middle-income countries—to determine the degree to which good health practices are being taught in schools and fostered in the home and in the community.
Where relevant, the research also considers whether health education is being provided in the context of the long-term benefits—that is, with the aim of achieving longer healthy life years. The five countries surveyed are Germany, South Africa, India, Brazil and Saudi Arabia.
Impact of awareness program on prevention of childhood obesityAlexander Decker
1. The study evaluated the impact of a school-based childhood obesity awareness program on the knowledge levels of 255 school children in Chennai, India.
2. There was a significant increase in knowledge about obesity, physical activity, and diet in normal and overweight children after the program, but not in obese children who had higher baseline knowledge.
3. The results suggest that while mass awareness programs are effective, obese children may require more targeted interventions like family-based programs to help change behaviors and BMI.
This document provides a toolkit for organizing a Petals & Pearls program to address the issue of adolescent pregnancy. The program is designed to involve mothers and daughters through activities focused on youth development, family involvement, and cultural relevance. The toolkit outlines the problem of adolescent pregnancy in the US and Tennessee, best practices for prevention programs, and steps for conducting a Petals & Pearls event, including forming a planning committee to oversee implementation.
Community Resources TemplateMental Health ProvidersH.docxmccormicknadine86
Community Resources Template
Mental Health Providers
Hospitals
Education Services
Rehabilitation Services
Pharmacies
DME Equipment Providers
Incontinence Service Providers
Parenteral Service Providers
Enteral Nutrition Providers
Social Services
Transition Services
https://courserooma.capella.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/NURS-…050/200100/Course_Files/cf_community_resources_template.docx 1/20/20, 8:07 PM
Page 1 of 2
Transportation Services
Skilled Nursing Services
Hourly Nursing Services
Respite Care Services
Hospice Care Providers
Community Services
1
https://courserooma.capella.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/NURS-…050/200100/Course_Files/cf_community_resources_template.docx 1/20/20, 8:07 PM
Page 2 of 2
Cameron, L., Erkal, N., Gangadharan, L., Meng, X. (2013). Little emperors: Behavioral impacts of China's one-child policy. Science, 339, 953-957. doi: 10.3886/ICPSR34521.v1.
This article investigated the effect of China’s one-child policy on different behaviors, comparing behavioral trends in people who were born in the years just before and just after the implementation of the one-child policy. One of the more notable results was that participants born under the one-child policy scored higher in neuroticism and lower in contentiousness in comparison with those born before the policy. The study concluded that the observed behavioral differences between those born just before and just after the one-child policy would greatly magnify as time went on, due to very limited extended family and living in a world of predominantly only children. This article provides valuable insight into the behavioral changes of the average person in China as a result of the one-child policy. The authors were able to use data that was actively generated for this article, rather than piecing together already-existing data like many other studies on the subject, which was very refreshing to see. This article would provide a solid resource to use as it presents a very data-based approach to this aspect of the one-child policy.
Huang, W., Lei, X., Zhao, Y. (2016). One-child policy and the rise of man-made twins. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(3), 467-476. doi: 10.1162/REST_a_00567
The authors of this study examined the correlation between China’s one-child policy and China’s sharp increase of reported twin births. The authors found that although China’s fertility rate was already decreasing before the advent of the policy, the number of reported twins had increased by one third in the last 30 years, sharply rising in 1979 when the one-child policy was fully implemented. The data suggested that there was a strong correlation between reported twin births and areas of China with higher fines for having more children than allowed. One of the key indicators used by the authors to determine fake twins was height differences between the children. Some of the limitations of this study included that the evidence for fake twins was merely s ...
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Review Of Research On The Effects Of Early Childhood Education And Care (EC...Scott Faria
This document reviews international research on the impact of early childhood education and care (ECEC) on child development. It finds that high-quality ECEC is associated with benefits for children's development, especially for those from disadvantaged backgrounds. However, low-quality care can sometimes have negative effects. While research on preschool-aged children is consistent, evidence for younger children is more mixed, with some studies finding positive effects and others finding negative or null effects, depending on factors like quality of care and family background. The document provides a comprehensive overview of research from different countries and programs, finding both individual and societal benefits from high-quality ECEC.
Influence of Mothers’ Participation in Intra-Household Decision Making on Nut...Hudu Zakaria
The purpose of this paper is to investigate effects of mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making on the nutritional status of their children. The paper relied solely on analysis of data for Northern Region of Ghana, collected as part of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Feed the Future population baseline survey conducted in 2012. Multiple Linear Regression Model was used in examining mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making on children’s weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height which were used as proxies for children’s nutritional status. Results of the analysis revealed that, the Region is still far from achieving the MDG 1 target of attaining 1.8% malnutrition prevalence rate, as stunting, underweight and wasting prevalence rates among children in the region were found to be 27%, 25% and 13% respectively. The analysis also found mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making, ownership and control of household resources as significant in influencing positively children’s nutritional status. Increasing participation and power of women in intra-household decision making process are imperative in improving children nutritional status and reducing malnutrition prevalence among children under five years. It is therefore recommended that programmes and projects aimed at promoting sustainable nutritional wellbeing among children should consider empowering mothers of children so as to promote their status and barging power in intra-household decision making process.
Tia Palermo's presentation on cash transfers and violence against women and children to UN Women's regional office and Promundo's Learning Dialogue Series in June 2020.
Determinants of adolescent pregnancy and abortion among secondary school girl...Gabriel Ken
This document appears to be the introduction chapter of a research project on determinants of adolescent pregnancy and abortion among secondary school girls in Nigeria. It provides background on issues like adolescent sexuality, risks of early pregnancy, lack of sexual education. It notes that over 20% of secondary school girls in Nigeria are sexually active and 50% of adolescent pregnancies occur within 6 months of first sex. The problem statement indicates adolescent pregnancy and abortion has been a concern in developing countries. The objectives are to study pregnancy and abortion rates among senior secondary school girls in Oye Local Government Area of Nigeria.
This article summarizes a study that examined the associations between perinatal risk factors (such as prenatal substance exposure, prematurity, and low birthweight) and developmental outcomes in approximately 100 infants adopted from foster care. The study found that perinatal risks like low birthweight correlated with poorer cognitive outcomes, while adoption helped improve developmental outcomes over time, especially for children placed before age 1. The results suggest adoption can help buffer the impact of prenatal risks on infant development.
This document summarizes key findings from roundtable discussions with over 130 stakeholders across India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Malawi regarding strategies for reaching lower socioeconomic groups with maternal and newborn health interventions. The discussions identified several barriers to accessing healthcare for the poor, including poor public health facilities, lack of access due to distance, and social/cultural norms. Strategies that were reported to work well included identifying the most vulnerable communities through tools like vulnerability scores, engaging communities throughout the intervention process, and programs like India's Sahiyya movement which trains local women to provide community-based healthcare.
Economic Determinants of Malnutrition among School Children in Sri Lanka: Wit...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:Better health is extremely associated with proper nutritional intake. Malnutrition among children
is closely associated with their individual health, brain development, future labor productivity and finally with
the social and economic development. Child malnutrition is lasting as one of the serious issues affecting
economic development in Sri Lanka. Therefore, identifying the prevalence and the determinants of child
malnutrition is essential in the first stage of exploring the phenomena of child malnutrition. Many factors
determine child malnutrition. Among these, economic determinants are crucial. The objective of this study is to
investigate the economic determinants of malnutrition among school children in Sri Lanka based on the
Nuwara-Eliya district. The study used primary data collected through a structured questionnaire. The stratified
random sampling technique was employed to draw the sample of 378 school children. The main analysis
technique was logistic regression. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, t-test and chi-square
test were applied as supplementary techniques. The logistic regression model disclosed a significant impact of
income, poverty and mother’s employment on child malnutrition. The odds ratio between income and child
malnutrition shows a negative effect. The probability of being malnourished for the poor is higher than for the
non-poor. The highest malnutrition is recorded for the children of mothers employed in the private sector. The
study suggests implementing supportive strategies to increase the income of households, alleviate poverty and
introduce proper mechanisms to take care of children of employed mothers to reduce child malnutrition.
KEYWORDS: Economic determinants, Income, Logistic regression, Malnutrition, School children
Adolescence is the most vulnerable period to reproductive health problems.
These problems include early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, sexually
infections transmitted (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), sexual abuse. Access for sexuality education and reproductive health
services to comprehensive and youth-friendly was limited. This study aims
to determine the effectiveness of peer educators and guidance and
counselling teachers in adolescent reproductive health level of knowledge.
This is a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control
group design with treatment groups using peer educators and teacher as
control groups. The sample size was 70 respondents. Data was collected by
questionnaire that already had validity and reliability test. Data analysis used
univariate, t-test and logistic regression. The results of this study showed
that the provision of information was more effective through guidance
conselling teachers (p=0.000, exp B=14.5). This study recommends that
improve adolescents’ reproductive knowledge need to optimize the role of
guidance and counseling teachers in providing information.
Child-health practitioners in Iowa must find better ways to address family, neighborhood and economic factors that shape children' health and well being, according to CFPC executive director Charles Bruner and Debra Waldron, director and chief medical officer of the Child Health Specialty Clinics at the University of Iowa. They presented at the Iowa Governor's Conference on Public Health in Ames on April 5.
The Impact of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program ppt.pptxYmil1
The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) provides cash grants to the poorest families in the Philippines to improve children's health, nutrition, and education. It gives a monthly health grant of 500 pesos per household and an education grant of 300 pesos per child per month for up to three children per household. The program aims to reduce poverty, achieve universal primary education, and improve child health in line with the Millennium Development Goals.
The document discusses early childhood inclusion in the United Kingdom. It provides background on the development of policies and services to support early intervention and inclusion of children with special educational needs. Key policies and initiatives over the last 20 years aimed to provide universal early childhood services alongside targeted support for children with disabilities or delays. Recent reforms place families at the center of planning and emphasize coordinated support across education, health and care services from birth to age 5. The document also describes current early childhood inclusion practices in the diverse range of settings in the UK.
This document discusses child health and inequality. It notes that the odds of a child being healthy, happy, and successful in school increase with higher social class. Income inequality is also associated with higher rates of bullying in school-aged children. While factors influencing child health inequalities are known, questions remain about how increasing inequality impacts child health. Improving access to health services for vulnerable groups could help address national health inequalities, but tackling structural social determinants may be needed to reduce inequality at a global level.
This document discusses the economic benefits of investing in early childhood care and education. It summarizes research showing investments in children's early years have higher rates of return than later investments due to the rapid development of skills like self-control in early childhood. Quality early education improves educational and employment outcomes. It enhances children's cognitive and non-cognitive skills, leading to higher earnings. Early education also reduces child poverty by supporting child development and enabling parental employment. The document argues the economic case for increased government investment in early childhood is compelling based on its long-term benefits.
This document contains an appendix from a systematic review on social inequalities in early child health and development in Europe. The appendix reports the results of the review, which identified 183 studies from 31 European countries. The review found that neighbourhood deprivation, lower parental income/wealth, educational attainment, occupational social class, parental job strain/physical demands, lack of housing tenure, and material household deprivation were the main social factors associated with adverse child health and developmental outcomes. Understanding the social determinants driving inequalities is important for developing more effective interventions to improve equity from the start.
Children tend to think of the last decades of life—when they think of such things at all—as a time of physical limitations rather than a time of active, vibrant and full participation in life. Yet as average longevity increases worldwide and medical progress enables longer healthy lives, a shift in that view is in order.
With this as background, The Economist Intelligence Unit, sponsored by Merck, undertook a study of five nations—representing both wealthy and middle-income countries—to determine the degree to which good health practices are being taught in schools and fostered in the home and in the community.
Where relevant, the research also considers whether health education is being provided in the context of the long-term benefits—that is, with the aim of achieving longer healthy life years. The five countries surveyed are Germany, South Africa, India, Brazil and Saudi Arabia.
Impact of awareness program on prevention of childhood obesityAlexander Decker
1. The study evaluated the impact of a school-based childhood obesity awareness program on the knowledge levels of 255 school children in Chennai, India.
2. There was a significant increase in knowledge about obesity, physical activity, and diet in normal and overweight children after the program, but not in obese children who had higher baseline knowledge.
3. The results suggest that while mass awareness programs are effective, obese children may require more targeted interventions like family-based programs to help change behaviors and BMI.
This document provides a toolkit for organizing a Petals & Pearls program to address the issue of adolescent pregnancy. The program is designed to involve mothers and daughters through activities focused on youth development, family involvement, and cultural relevance. The toolkit outlines the problem of adolescent pregnancy in the US and Tennessee, best practices for prevention programs, and steps for conducting a Petals & Pearls event, including forming a planning committee to oversee implementation.
Community Resources TemplateMental Health ProvidersH.docxmccormicknadine86
Community Resources Template
Mental Health Providers
Hospitals
Education Services
Rehabilitation Services
Pharmacies
DME Equipment Providers
Incontinence Service Providers
Parenteral Service Providers
Enteral Nutrition Providers
Social Services
Transition Services
https://courserooma.capella.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/NURS-…050/200100/Course_Files/cf_community_resources_template.docx 1/20/20, 8:07 PM
Page 1 of 2
Transportation Services
Skilled Nursing Services
Hourly Nursing Services
Respite Care Services
Hospice Care Providers
Community Services
1
https://courserooma.capella.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/NURS-…050/200100/Course_Files/cf_community_resources_template.docx 1/20/20, 8:07 PM
Page 2 of 2
Cameron, L., Erkal, N., Gangadharan, L., Meng, X. (2013). Little emperors: Behavioral impacts of China's one-child policy. Science, 339, 953-957. doi: 10.3886/ICPSR34521.v1.
This article investigated the effect of China’s one-child policy on different behaviors, comparing behavioral trends in people who were born in the years just before and just after the implementation of the one-child policy. One of the more notable results was that participants born under the one-child policy scored higher in neuroticism and lower in contentiousness in comparison with those born before the policy. The study concluded that the observed behavioral differences between those born just before and just after the one-child policy would greatly magnify as time went on, due to very limited extended family and living in a world of predominantly only children. This article provides valuable insight into the behavioral changes of the average person in China as a result of the one-child policy. The authors were able to use data that was actively generated for this article, rather than piecing together already-existing data like many other studies on the subject, which was very refreshing to see. This article would provide a solid resource to use as it presents a very data-based approach to this aspect of the one-child policy.
Huang, W., Lei, X., Zhao, Y. (2016). One-child policy and the rise of man-made twins. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(3), 467-476. doi: 10.1162/REST_a_00567
The authors of this study examined the correlation between China’s one-child policy and China’s sharp increase of reported twin births. The authors found that although China’s fertility rate was already decreasing before the advent of the policy, the number of reported twins had increased by one third in the last 30 years, sharply rising in 1979 when the one-child policy was fully implemented. The data suggested that there was a strong correlation between reported twin births and areas of China with higher fines for having more children than allowed. One of the key indicators used by the authors to determine fake twins was height differences between the children. Some of the limitations of this study included that the evidence for fake twins was merely s ...
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Review Of Research On The Effects Of Early Childhood Education And Care (EC...Scott Faria
This document reviews international research on the impact of early childhood education and care (ECEC) on child development. It finds that high-quality ECEC is associated with benefits for children's development, especially for those from disadvantaged backgrounds. However, low-quality care can sometimes have negative effects. While research on preschool-aged children is consistent, evidence for younger children is more mixed, with some studies finding positive effects and others finding negative or null effects, depending on factors like quality of care and family background. The document provides a comprehensive overview of research from different countries and programs, finding both individual and societal benefits from high-quality ECEC.
Influence of Mothers’ Participation in Intra-Household Decision Making on Nut...Hudu Zakaria
The purpose of this paper is to investigate effects of mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making on the nutritional status of their children. The paper relied solely on analysis of data for Northern Region of Ghana, collected as part of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Feed the Future population baseline survey conducted in 2012. Multiple Linear Regression Model was used in examining mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making on children’s weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height which were used as proxies for children’s nutritional status. Results of the analysis revealed that, the Region is still far from achieving the MDG 1 target of attaining 1.8% malnutrition prevalence rate, as stunting, underweight and wasting prevalence rates among children in the region were found to be 27%, 25% and 13% respectively. The analysis also found mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making, ownership and control of household resources as significant in influencing positively children’s nutritional status. Increasing participation and power of women in intra-household decision making process are imperative in improving children nutritional status and reducing malnutrition prevalence among children under five years. It is therefore recommended that programmes and projects aimed at promoting sustainable nutritional wellbeing among children should consider empowering mothers of children so as to promote their status and barging power in intra-household decision making process.
Tia Palermo's presentation on cash transfers and violence against women and children to UN Women's regional office and Promundo's Learning Dialogue Series in June 2020.
Determinants of adolescent pregnancy and abortion among secondary school girl...Gabriel Ken
This document appears to be the introduction chapter of a research project on determinants of adolescent pregnancy and abortion among secondary school girls in Nigeria. It provides background on issues like adolescent sexuality, risks of early pregnancy, lack of sexual education. It notes that over 20% of secondary school girls in Nigeria are sexually active and 50% of adolescent pregnancies occur within 6 months of first sex. The problem statement indicates adolescent pregnancy and abortion has been a concern in developing countries. The objectives are to study pregnancy and abortion rates among senior secondary school girls in Oye Local Government Area of Nigeria.
This article summarizes a study that examined the associations between perinatal risk factors (such as prenatal substance exposure, prematurity, and low birthweight) and developmental outcomes in approximately 100 infants adopted from foster care. The study found that perinatal risks like low birthweight correlated with poorer cognitive outcomes, while adoption helped improve developmental outcomes over time, especially for children placed before age 1. The results suggest adoption can help buffer the impact of prenatal risks on infant development.
This document summarizes key findings from roundtable discussions with over 130 stakeholders across India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Malawi regarding strategies for reaching lower socioeconomic groups with maternal and newborn health interventions. The discussions identified several barriers to accessing healthcare for the poor, including poor public health facilities, lack of access due to distance, and social/cultural norms. Strategies that were reported to work well included identifying the most vulnerable communities through tools like vulnerability scores, engaging communities throughout the intervention process, and programs like India's Sahiyya movement which trains local women to provide community-based healthcare.
Economic Determinants of Malnutrition among School Children in Sri Lanka: Wit...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:Better health is extremely associated with proper nutritional intake. Malnutrition among children
is closely associated with their individual health, brain development, future labor productivity and finally with
the social and economic development. Child malnutrition is lasting as one of the serious issues affecting
economic development in Sri Lanka. Therefore, identifying the prevalence and the determinants of child
malnutrition is essential in the first stage of exploring the phenomena of child malnutrition. Many factors
determine child malnutrition. Among these, economic determinants are crucial. The objective of this study is to
investigate the economic determinants of malnutrition among school children in Sri Lanka based on the
Nuwara-Eliya district. The study used primary data collected through a structured questionnaire. The stratified
random sampling technique was employed to draw the sample of 378 school children. The main analysis
technique was logistic regression. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, t-test and chi-square
test were applied as supplementary techniques. The logistic regression model disclosed a significant impact of
income, poverty and mother’s employment on child malnutrition. The odds ratio between income and child
malnutrition shows a negative effect. The probability of being malnourished for the poor is higher than for the
non-poor. The highest malnutrition is recorded for the children of mothers employed in the private sector. The
study suggests implementing supportive strategies to increase the income of households, alleviate poverty and
introduce proper mechanisms to take care of children of employed mothers to reduce child malnutrition.
KEYWORDS: Economic determinants, Income, Logistic regression, Malnutrition, School children
Adolescence is the most vulnerable period to reproductive health problems.
These problems include early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, sexually
infections transmitted (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), sexual abuse. Access for sexuality education and reproductive health
services to comprehensive and youth-friendly was limited. This study aims
to determine the effectiveness of peer educators and guidance and
counselling teachers in adolescent reproductive health level of knowledge.
This is a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control
group design with treatment groups using peer educators and teacher as
control groups. The sample size was 70 respondents. Data was collected by
questionnaire that already had validity and reliability test. Data analysis used
univariate, t-test and logistic regression. The results of this study showed
that the provision of information was more effective through guidance
conselling teachers (p=0.000, exp B=14.5). This study recommends that
improve adolescents’ reproductive knowledge need to optimize the role of
guidance and counseling teachers in providing information.
Child-health practitioners in Iowa must find better ways to address family, neighborhood and economic factors that shape children' health and well being, according to CFPC executive director Charles Bruner and Debra Waldron, director and chief medical officer of the Child Health Specialty Clinics at the University of Iowa. They presented at the Iowa Governor's Conference on Public Health in Ames on April 5.
The Impact of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program ppt.pptxYmil1
The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) provides cash grants to the poorest families in the Philippines to improve children's health, nutrition, and education. It gives a monthly health grant of 500 pesos per household and an education grant of 300 pesos per child per month for up to three children per household. The program aims to reduce poverty, achieve universal primary education, and improve child health in line with the Millennium Development Goals.
The document discusses early childhood inclusion in the United Kingdom. It provides background on the development of policies and services to support early intervention and inclusion of children with special educational needs. Key policies and initiatives over the last 20 years aimed to provide universal early childhood services alongside targeted support for children with disabilities or delays. Recent reforms place families at the center of planning and emphasize coordinated support across education, health and care services from birth to age 5. The document also describes current early childhood inclusion practices in the diverse range of settings in the UK.
This document discusses child health and inequality. It notes that the odds of a child being healthy, happy, and successful in school increase with higher social class. Income inequality is also associated with higher rates of bullying in school-aged children. While factors influencing child health inequalities are known, questions remain about how increasing inequality impacts child health. Improving access to health services for vulnerable groups could help address national health inequalities, but tackling structural social determinants may be needed to reduce inequality at a global level.
This document discusses the economic benefits of investing in early childhood care and education. It summarizes research showing investments in children's early years have higher rates of return than later investments due to the rapid development of skills like self-control in early childhood. Quality early education improves educational and employment outcomes. It enhances children's cognitive and non-cognitive skills, leading to higher earnings. Early education also reduces child poverty by supporting child development and enabling parental employment. The document argues the economic case for increased government investment in early childhood is compelling based on its long-term benefits.
This document contains an appendix from a systematic review on social inequalities in early child health and development in Europe. The appendix reports the results of the review, which identified 183 studies from 31 European countries. The review found that neighbourhood deprivation, lower parental income/wealth, educational attainment, occupational social class, parental job strain/physical demands, lack of housing tenure, and material household deprivation were the main social factors associated with adverse child health and developmental outcomes. Understanding the social determinants driving inequalities is important for developing more effective interventions to improve equity from the start.
Similar to The role of maternal education in child health - evidence from China.pdf (20)
THE LINKAGE BETWEEN CORRUPTION AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION - EVIDENCE FROM AS...HanaTiti
The document examines the relationship between corruption and carbon dioxide emissions in Asian countries. It reviews previous literature on the linkages between corruption and economic growth, economic growth and the environment, and corruption and the environment. The study aims to estimate the direct and indirect effects of corruption on carbon dioxide emissions using a three-stage least squares model on data from 42 Asian countries.
The impact of education on unemployment incidence - micro evidence from Vietn...HanaTiti
This document summarizes a thesis submitted by Le Thi Yen Thanh for the degree of Master of Arts in Development Economics at the University of Economics in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The thesis examines the impact of education on unemployment incidence using microdata from the 2008 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey. It aims to investigate the relationship between educational attainment and unemployment probability, and whether gender affects unemployment differently at each education level. The analysis controls for factors like age, marital status, health, region, and household economic conditions. The results provide evidence on how education reduces unemployment and inform policy recommendations to address unemployment and improve Vietnam's educational system.
Deteminants of brand loyalty in the Vietnamese neer industry.pdfHanaTiti
This document appears to be a thesis submitted by Ngo Hoang Thi Quynh Oanh to the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City to earn a Master of Business degree in 2012. The thesis examines the determinants of brand loyalty in the Vietnamese beer industry. It includes an introduction outlining the background and objectives of the study, a literature review on relevant concepts such as brand, brand equity, and brand loyalty. It also presents a proposed research model and hypotheses. The methodology chapter describes the research process, measurement scales, sampling, data collection and analysis methods. The findings and implications are discussed in subsequent chapters.
An Investigation into the Effect of Matching Exercises on the 10th form Stude...HanaTiti
An Investigation into the Effect of Matching Exercises on the 10th form Students’ Vocabulary Improvements at Dinh Tien Hoang High School in Ninh Binh City.pdf
ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND REAL GDP IN ASEAN.pdfHanaTiti
This paper examines the relationship between real GDP and energy consumption in ASEAN countries from 1974 to 2014 using panel data. Panel unit root tests, panel cointegration tests, and VECM Granger causality tests find a long-run causality from real GDP to energy consumption and short-run unidirectional causality from real GDP to energy consumption. The results also show positive effects of energy consumption, imports, capital, and human capital on real GDP, and negative effects of CO2 emissions and exports.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
The role of maternal education in child health - evidence from China.pdf
1. VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS
PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
THE ROLE OF MATERNAL EDUCATION IN
CHILD HEALTH: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA
BY
NGUYEN THI HONG CAM
MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
HO CHI MINH CITY, December 2017
UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS
HO CHI MINH CITY
VIETNAM
ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM
INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES
THE NETHERLANDS
2. UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS
HO CHI MINH CITY
VIETNAM
INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES
THE HAGUE
THE NETHERLANDS
VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS
PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
THE ROLE OF MATERNAL EDUCATION IN
CHILD HEALTH: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA
A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
By
NGUYEN THI HONG CAM
Academic Supervisor:
VO TAT THANG
HO CHI MINH CITY, December 2017
3. i
DECLARATION
“I certify the content of this dissertation has not already been submitted for any degree
and is not being currently submitted for any other degrees. I certify that, to the best of my
knowledge, any help received in preparing this dissertation and all source used, have been
acknowledged in this dissertation.”
Signature
Nguyen Thi Hong Cam
Date: 1 January, 2018
4. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Vo
Tat Thang, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, sympathy, immense knowledge,
and for giving me valuable advice. His guidance helped me at all the time of research
and writing of this thesis.
In addition, I would like to thank Prof. Nguyen Trong Hoai, Dr. Pham Khanh
Nam and Dr. Nguyen Luu Bao Doan who have their expertise view with me, the
valuable experience in research, and Dr. Truong Dang Thuy who has provided the
practical econometric technique, a valuable knowledge in research.
Furthermore, I would also like to thank all lecturers and staff at the Vietnam
Netherlands Program who already supported me wholeheartedly during my studying
time in there.
In particular, I would like to express my gratitude and affection towards my
family for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement
throughout my years of study. My sincere thanks to all members in K22, who always
devotes all love and all the best interest for me. I am grateful for my best friends in
encouraging me to start the thesis, persevere with it and finally to complete it. They
always beside by me during difficult moment and sharing ups and downs with me and
making my burdens lighter.
Finally, I take this opportunity to express gratitude to Dr. Bach Nguyen. I am
extremely thankful and indebted to him for sharing expertise, and sincere and valuable
guidance and encouragement extended to me.
5. iii
ABSTRACT
Children healthcare and gender discrimination are a real challenge to China in the
process of achieving its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In this study, we
investigate the influence of mothers’ education on the health status of their children in the
context of China. The data are derived from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) which
comprises information from 16,000 households and individuals collected from 25 provinces
across China except for autonomous zones. The result shows that maternal education strength
affects children’s health, and household wealth as well as gender and living area slightly
impact on child health. The study is one of the first research to estimate the influence of
maternal education on child health by quantile regression while the historical papers used
OLS or fixed effect to research those influences. Quantile regression is employed to analyze
the impacts of mothers’ education on child health under different quantiles of the child’s
body index variable.
JEL classification: I14, I24
Keywords: Child health, maternal education, household wealth, BMI, China.
6. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRACT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 8
1.1. Research problem 8
1.2. Research objective 10
1.3. Scope of the study 11
1.4. Contributions 11
1.5. Thesis structure 11
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 12
2.1. Theoretical background 12
2.2. Empirical reviews 15
2.2.1. The impact of maternal education on child health 15
2.2.2. The role of household wealth 19
2.2.3. The effect of development economic on health 20
2.3. Summary 21
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY and DATA RESOURCES 22
3.1. Analytical framework 22
3.2. Econometric models 23
3.3. The constructed model 25
3.4. Data descriptions 28
3.4.1. The background of data set 28
3.4.2. Characteristics 28
3.4.3. Core module 29
7. v
3.4.4. Process 29
CHAPTER 4. EMPIRICAL RESULTS 31
4.1. Data description 31
4.2. Empirical results 33
4.2.1. Maternal education 33
4.2.2. Household wealth 34
4.2.3. Gender and living area 34
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 41
5.1. Conclusions 41
5.2. Policy implications 42
5.3. Limits of the study 42
REFERENCES 44
APPENDIX 47
List of variables using in data set 47
8. vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Descriptive variables 32
Table 2: Correlation within variables 35
Table 3: OLS estimates of determinants of child weight and height 37
Table 4: Quantile regression for Child Weight and Height 38
Table 5:Simultaneous quantile regression results of Child BMI 39
Table 6:Simultaneous quantile regression of child weight for age on all covariates 40
Table 7: Quantile regression for Child BMI 48
9. vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological systems theory 12
Figure 2: The linkage between maternal education and child health (UNICEF, 1998) 22
10. 8
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Research problem
Nowadays, improving women and children healthcare is the goal of
development for global economies. In assessing the level of children development, the
health of child is used as a major indicator for child development (WHO, 2004), thus
indirectly imposing child health as a key factor to determine the level of economic
development.
Women education plays an important role in child health, especially in
developing countries. Caldwell (1979) supported that maternal education is the most
crucial factor in different child health outcomes. The recent trend in governmental
policy making is to use resources (generated by economic development) to invest in
education. When the level of education is improved, parental care-giving is advanced
which shall indirectly lead to an improvement in child health.
However, education is not the only factor impacting parenting and child health.
Child health is affected by other determinants such as paternal education, health
service availability, and socioeconomic status (Trussell et al. 1983 and Edmonston et
al., 1983). (Dong et al., 2010) indicated that the relation between economic growth
and household wealth is positive, thus implying that the maternal health and parental
care-giving can be improved through resources and services. It can be concluded that
wealth production is the pathway through which economic development can leave
positive effect on parental care-giving and child health.
Developing countries tend to have a concave association between child health
and household wealth. Evidences from developing countries have shown that
household wealth and child health tend to have a concave association since the
diminishing returns to life expectancy is linked to the growth of income (Belli et al.,
2002). Both household wealth and maternal education are the pathways for economic
development process and child health benefits (Stewart et al., 2000). Furthermore,
many of these strategies are interdependent so researchers can analyze the influence of
11. 9
each variable on child health to find out the magnitude of each strategy toward child
health and women’s education policy within the host country.
On the other hand, many studies concerned about the effect of environment and
social contexts on child health. For example, local health environment has significant
contribution toward child health (Glewwe, 1999). However, the relation between
household wealth and child health was less evident by current research. In 2000,
Wagstaff estimated the levels of household consumption related with child mortality.
The result shows that three over nine developing countries have no relationship
between five levels of household exhaustion and mortality. In addition, political
context is another important factor that impacts child health. Based on evidence from
22 developing economies, the analysis concluded that the relationship between
maternal education and child height for age is significant in cross-national
discrepancies (Desai and Alva, 1998).
However, developing countries are still facing other vital issues such as
inequality in income as well as unbalanced healthcare and poor living conditions in
rural areas. Many recent research evaluated the relation between maternal education
and child health in developing countries because of difficult challenge in development
progress. The important issue in developing countries is gender discrimination
(Pearson, 1995), regional diversity result in health inequality (Dong et al., 2010).
Gender discrimination is the most critical issue that effect parental care-giving,
especially in China. Male members can earn more money in compare to their female
counterparts; thus, the rights of women within the household are misappropriated
(Anker and Hein, 1985) even though many evidences show that women also
contributed to the labor force. In addition, parental education has strong effect on
child health, but the impact of maternal education is greater than the effect of father’s
education (Peng et al., 2006).
China is considered the world’s most populated and the second largest
developing country. As a result, the Chinese government faces many difficulties and
challenges on its developing process. One of the first challenges for the Chinese
government is to improve child health and woman health progress, which have
12. 10
achieved more significant achievements over the past decades in China. The gap in
infant and maternal mortality ratios between urban and rural areas is still large
although these rates have been reduced to lower levels in recent years. Looking at the
case of Western China, the most important law in the West of China is that the
qualities of the human population must always be increased. That is the reason the
Chinese authorities distributes teaching role and management for each level based on
a hierarchical network of maternal and child health services.
The second development challenge for China is the unbalanced gender ratio
and inequality household income. In China, the number of women employed in
fulltime jobs could be limited because the employers prefer male employees than by
women (due to their child-care obligations). Many rural Chinese households are stem
families, in which three generations live under the same roof. The adult-to-child ratio
in these families is quite large since Chinese birth control policies in the past limit the
number of children for each couple to one. In addition, gender discrimination is one of
the the most critical issues in urban China (Feng et al., 1992).
The larger the size of the production market, the more competitive between
firms to attain skilled and experienced workers. A greater number of private and
collective firms instead of state-owned firms indicates a greater population of
companies competing with one another for resources. As the result, labor markets will
be more developed in regions and localities that have more developed commodity and
production markets. It could be argued that labor markets for non-agricultural work
are simply a functional level of industrialization, since in the absence of industry the
only source of employment for rural people is agriculture and small-scale commerce.
As a result, the Chinese society created the household income inequality.
1.2. Research objective
This dissertation focuses on analyzing the influence of the level of women
education (mother) on child health, with controlling the effect of economic growth,
household wealth and father’s educational level as well as heredity factors and
children gender.
Consequently, the main objectives are considered consist of:
13. 11
First, analyzing the relation between body mass index of both children and
their parent and parent’s education level.
Second, estimating the household wealth association with child health.
Third, evaluating how the influence of gender discrimination as well as
economy of living area.
1.3. Scope of the study
The thesis analyses the interaction between mother’s education and child
health, which is measured by the children’s body mass index (BMI) is calculated by
the ratio of height of age and the weight of age. Moreover, the study controls external
factors consist of environment, household income, the educational father, heredity
factors, age and gender of children. The research in term of 25 provinces in China in
2014.
1.4. Contributions
The role of maternal education in child health is the important empirical
results.
The study uses China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data while the lack of
papers used that data set.
The thesis is the first study to estimate the effect of maternal education on child
health using quantile regression. A number of recent researches examined those
influence by multilevel modelling (Boyle et al., 2006), fixed-effect and random-effect
(Desai and Alva, 1998).
The body mass index for the analysis was objectively measured, reducing
possible misclassification, although there a number of papers examined the child
health through either the weight of age or the height of age of children.
1.5. Thesis structure
The paper is organized as follows. Chapter II is Empirical studies which briefly
reviewed the recent literature. Then, details estimation strategy in chapter III. After
that, chapter IV will analyze the current the data and determine the empirical results.
Finally, conclusion and implication policy are included in chapter V.
14. 12
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Theoretical background
Children health is a part of children development researches. The thesis based
on two theoretical frameworks.
Ecological systems theory: This theory looks at a child’s development within
the context of the system of relationships that form his or her environment.
Bronfenbrenner’s theory defines complex “layers” of environment, each having an
effect on a child’s development. This theory has recently been renamed “bioecological
systems theory” to emphasize that a child’s own biology is a primary environment
fueling their development. The interaction between factors in the child’s maturing
biology, their immediate family or community environment, and the societal
landscape fuels and steers its development. Changes or conflict in any one layer will
ripple throughout other layers. To study a child’s development then, we must look not
only at the child and her immediate environment, but also at the interaction of the
larger environment as well.
Figure 1: Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological systems theory
Chronosystem
Macrosystem
Exosystem
Mesosystem
Microsystem
Child
15. 13
Bronfenbrenner’s theory includes the following layers:
First, the microsystem is the layer closest to the child and contains the
structures with which the child has direct contact. The microsystem encompasses the
relationships and interactions a child has with her immediate surroundings (Berk,
2000). Structures in the microsystem include family, school, neighborhood, or
childcare environments. At this level, relationships have impact in two directions -
both away from the child and toward the child. For example, a child’s parents may
affect his beliefs and behavior; however, the child also affects the behavior and beliefs
of the parent. Bronfenbrenner calls these bi-directional influences, and he shows how
they occur among all levels of environment. The interaction of structures within a
layer and interactions of structures between layers is key to this theory. At the
microsystem level, bi-directional influences are strongest and have the greatest impact
on the child. However, interactions at outer levels can still impact the inner structures.
Second, the mesosystem is the layer provides the connection between the
structures of the child’s microsystem (Berk, 2000). Examples: the connection between
the child’s teacher and his parents, between his church and his neighborhood, etc.
Third, the exosystem is the layer defines the larger social system in which the
child does not function directly. The structures in this layer impact the child’s
development by interacting with some structure in her microsystem (Berk, 2000).
Parent workplace schedules or community-based family resources are examples. The
child may not be directly involved at this level, but he does feel the positive or
negative force involved with the interaction with his own system.
After that, the macrosystem is layer may be considered the outermost layer in
the child’s environment. While not being a specific framework, this layer is comprised
of cultural values, customs, and laws (Berk, 2000). The effects of larger principles
defined by the macrosystem have a cascading influence throughout the interactions of
all other layers. For example, if it is the belief of the culture that parents should be
solely responsible for raising their children, that culture is less likely to provide
resources to help parents. This, in turn, affects the structures in which the parents
16. 14
function. The parents’ ability or inability to carry out that responsibility toward their
child within the context of the child’s microsystem is likewise affected.
Finally, the chronosystem which is a system encompasses the dimension of
time as it relates to a child’s environments. Elements within this system can be either
external, such as the timing of a parent’s death, or internal, such as the physiological
changes that occur with the aging of a child. As children get older, they may react
differently to environmental changes and may be more able to determine more how
that change will influence them.
From Bronfenbrenner’s (1986) ecological theory, these factors include
maternal education (microsystem level), maternal and family involvement in
children’s home activities (microsystem level), maternal and family involvement in
children’s school activities (mesosystem level), and the social support (exosystem
level).
Also, the ecological theory views child outcomes as dependent upon the
characteristics of the child, parent, family, school, community, and larger society, as
well as the interactions among these variables. However, some researchers have
argued that this traditional ecological framework is limited because it does not
adequately consider variables such as social position (e.g., social class, ethnicity, race,
and gender), social stratification (e.g., racism, prejudice, discrimination, and
segregation), and adaptive culture (e.g., traditions and cultural legacies, migration and
acculturation, economic and political histories) experienced by family members of
color who are born in the United States or other countries. To address this problem,
Garcia Coll et al. (1996) proposed an integrative model to study the development of
competence in children of color, by considering both social position and social
stratification constructs at the core rather than at the periphery of a theoretical
formulation of children’s development. In this model, the researchers address some
important factors omitted or neglected in mainstream ecological models, such as
experiences of racism and segregation, intragroup variability and diversity within
minority group families, and the effects of social stratification and acculturation on the
developmental competencies of minority group children.
17. 15
Children inhabit both families and child-care microsystems, and these systems
are linked. Parents select particular types of child care, of varying quality, for children
of different ages—and these decisions vary with family structure, parental
characteristics, geographical location, and other factors. Singer, Fuller, Keiley, and
Wolf (1998) argued that child-care researchers must consider these selection effects if
they are to accurately model the impact of child care on children’s development over
time. In the research, the authors refer to the effects of family-level and community-
level factors on child-care.
In this study, the main hypothesis is that maternal education may affect
children health at least in the following two ways. First, women with more years of
education have higher production and allocation efficiencies in their children’s health
production (Grossman, 2006). Production efficiency means better health condition
with given health production input, while allocation efficiency means optimal
combination of different health inputs with given budget. Maternal education can raise
both production and allocation efficiencies, and thus improve children’s health.
Second, higher maternal education can also affect the amount of inputs of children’s
health production. More educated women have higher labor market income (labor
market effect) and “match” with better educated and higher income husbands
(assortative mating effect), while more family resources and better family
environment contribute to children’s health human capital accumulation (McCrary
and Royer, 2011).
2.2. Empirical reviews
2.2.1. The impact of maternal education on child health
The mother’s education in most of papers are measured by the number of year
of schooling.
The relation between mother’s education and child health has long been
supported by many evidences. Barrera (1990) researched the impact of mother’s
education on child health in which the indicator for good or bad child health is
determined by height – for – age scores. The regression result shows a positive effect
18. 16
of maternal education on child nutritional outcomes. Also, mother’s education
improves children’s height – for – age.
Similarly, the effect of maternal education on three markers of child health is
examined in 22 developing countries (Desai and Alva, 1998). The markers of child
health consist of the probability of infant death, children’s height – for – age, and
immunization status. The ranking of level educational mother includes 2 levels,
mother not educated and secondary educational level. The result indicates that there is
a consistent association between mother’s education and infant mortality. Meanwhile,
the correlation between maternal education and children’s height – for – age is
positive and significant. Although the coefficient correlation of mother’s education on
immunization status is small, this effect is statistically significant in sample countries.
Moreover, the effect of mother’s schooling on child health is can also be seen
in the case of Morocco (Glewwe, 1999). The study also suggests that there is a
positive relationship between education and child health. However, in this case, the
evidences indicated that it is not only education but also the effect of household
wealth that leave an impact on child health.
The association of maternal education with child health may arise because
educated mothers are considered more efficient “producers” of good child health
(“productive efficiency”) by adopting better child-care practices or superior hygiene
standards. Alternatively, it could be because they choose health input mixes that
generate more health output (“allocative efficiency”) than selected by less-educated
mother.
Another studies used natural experiments to identify mother’s education-child
health relationship. Breierova and Duflo (2004) used the 1995 intercensal survey of
Indonesia and school data from the Sekolah Dasar program to investigate the impact
of parents’ education on fertility and child mortality. The results show a positive and
significant effect of the school program on parents’ education and a negative effect on
fertility. Both father’s and mother’s education were found to reduce child mortality.
The authors found little evidence to support the intuition that the mother’s education
effect is stronger than the father’s. Similarly, using a natural experiment from Taiwan
19. 17
(a new compulsory education law), Chou et. al. found evidence of a causal
relationship between parents’ education and child health, but contrary to the previous
study, mother’s education was found to be stronger effect than father’s education. No
pathway investigation was attempted in either study.
Maternal education in child health functions may therefore be affected by
different factors (at the level education of the father, household welfare and place
where child born). A study by (Thomas, Strauss et al., 1990) in Brazil analyses the
role of income, mother’s literacy and information processing, and the interaction of
maternal schooling with community services. The authors find that for most of time
all the impact of maternal schooling on child height can be explained through
mother’s access to information (i.e. exposure to media).
Besides, some authors have found a significant effect of maternal education on
child health status while others argue that there is little or no evidence of a causal
relationship. For instance, Frongillo, de Onis, and Hanson (1997) ran cross-country
OLS regressions of child height-for-age (stunting) and weight-for-height (wasting) on
education variables, food security, geographic region and other variables. They found
that the female literacy rate had a significantly negative effect on stunting. The main
shortcoming of this study is that it did not address the heterogeneity in child health
endowment and did not use instrumental variables methods to address the endogeneity
of female literacy rate. While Martorell, Leslie, and Moock (1984) found no evidence
of an impact of parents’ education on child health outcomes. Baya (1998), using data
from a town in Burkina Faso, found that after controlling for father’s education, the
effect of mother’s education on child survival loses significance. He concludes that
studies on parents’ education and child health status should not focus on mother’s
education.
Handa (1999) examined six pathways through which mother’s education might
affect child health outcomes: income effects, interactions with household
characteristics, interactions with community services, information processing,
20. 18
unobserved household heterogeneity1
, and intrahousehold bargaining power. Using
data from Jamaica, Handa found that information processing is found to be a pathway
through which mother’s education affects child health outcomes. Handa argued that he
was able to control for unobserved household heterogeneity. He used the fact that in
Jamaican households there are usually children from different mothers, and women in
the same household care for all children whether the children are their own or not.
This is questionable because there is likely to be mother heterogeneity. The other
limitations of this study include treating parents’ education as exogenous, and using
unobserved household heterogeneity as a pathway; it is really an estimation problem,
not a pathway.
Webb and Block (2004), using household survey data from Central Java,
Indonesia, found that a mother’s nutritional knowledge is a determinant of child short-
term nutritional status (weight-for-height) whereas her schooling is a determinant of
long-term nutritional status (height-for-age). These authors could not find plausible
instrumental variables for maternal nutritional knowledge and household
expenditures, so they used proxy variables to estimate reduced form equations for
child nutritional status. Webb and Block did not account for the possibility of omitted
variable bias that would result from the heterogeneity of child health endowment.
Appoh and Krekling (2005), using data from the Volta Region in Ghana, found that
mother’s nutritional knowledge is more important than mother’s schooling in
determining child weight–for-age. However, these authors accounted neither for the
simultaneity of inputs choices, nor the endogeneity of mother’s health knowledge.
After all, recent research on the relationship between maternal schooling and
child health has moved towards underpinning the ‘pathways’ in which mother’s
education translates into the improvement in child health. While a majority of the
evidence has not directly controlled for the endogeneity of maternal schooling,
introducing different ‘pathways’ is one way of isolating the ‘true’ impact of maternal
education from the effect of confounding factors. In a recent study, (Glewwe, 1999)
1
Correlation between mother’s education and unobserved household characteristics. Possible sources
of unobserved household heterogeneity: food preparation methods, knowledge of symptoms of ill health,
different minimum levels of acceptable sanitation and cleanliness, and different tastes for child health.
21. 19
identifies three channels: 1) direct acquisition of basic health knowledge in school, 2)
literacy and numeracy skills learned in school and 3) exposure to modern society. The
study finds that mother’s health knowledge alone impacts child health outcomes.
According to (Boyle Racine et al., 2006), the linkages between maternal
education and child health is cross-national difference; child health risks are reduced
at higher levels of household wealth despite the unbalanced relationship between child
health and levels of education with the pattern of household wealth. However, this
research has some limitations, including the model is distributed with some
unnecessary variables for improving on policies in population health; the limited
regression for variation.
2.2.2. The role of household wealth
Household wealth plays an important role in child health. (Filmer and Pritchett,
1999) The construction of household wealth index includes the following indicators:
first, consumer durables (family owns a radio, television, bike or motorbike or car,
etc); second, drinking water sources; third, type of toilet; fourth, household has
electricity or not; fifth, the number of bed room; sixth, type of material for floor in
house. Some factors are used as control variables to analyze the effect of other factors
such as maternal education (Boyle, Racine et al., 2006)
Meanwhile, household wealth is measured by net worth, values of businesses
and private accounts (Shanks, 2007). The result shows that wealth is a relevant factor
associated with child development.
The effect of household wealth on child health is similar to the impact of
economic development level on child health. It can be explained that improving the
material status of the family and purchasing goods and services can lead to better
health. It can be considered that poverty is an important determinant of mortality and
poor health in all countries (Wagstaff, 2002). Furthermore, the evidence advocates
that there are likely to be positive monotonic relationships between household wealth
and child health in most developing countries (Gwatkin, 2000).
22. 20
2.2.3. The effect of development economic on health
Following a number of previous studies, the level of regional economy is
measured by the income of a nation, particularly by GDP per capita based on
purchasing power parity. In some countries, there would be a negative relation
between life expectancy and income inequality (Preston, 1975). Surprisingly,
mortality rate in Jamaica is better than Brazil even though the country’s GDP per
capita is lower, which has mortality worse than expectation (Filmer and Pritchett,
1999).
The region inequality in health system was demonstrated in Lorenz curve and
Kuznets hypothesis (Fang Dong et al., 2010). The Lorenz curve shows that regional
health inequality in China is related to socioeconomic factors and health system. Also,
the Kuznets hypothesis to test the influence of GDP per capita on health distribution.
The result of testing of Kuznets hypothesis indicated that health inequality had not
reached its peak, meaning that China is still laying on the left side of the Kuznets
curve.
Deaton (2003) captured evidences for the association between national income
and health. The results indicate that GDP per capita is significantly related to the
probability of death in developed countries. Besides, the effect of income inequality
on health in developing countries is bigger than in developed countries. This study
used National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) with observation sample of
approximately 50,000 households in every year, the National Health and Nutritional
Examination Survey (NHANES) which surveyed more than 14,000 people in the first
round between 1971 and 1975, and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)
which has followed around 5,000 households (and their children and split-offs) since
1968. The author used all data to find out the interaction among mortality, income,
and income inequality. A logit model was applied to estimate the log odds of death
during the ten-year follow up as a linear function of age including dummy variables
for each of the seven income groups. These logits are estimated for white males and
females separately, using data only for those aged 18 to 75 at the time of first
interview. (The log odds of mortality are approximately linear in age over this range.)
Tải bản FULL (51 trang): https://bit.ly/415Xb3W
Dự phòng: fb.com/TaiHo123doc.net
23. 21
In order to conduct a state-level analysis, each of these models is fitted to data for a
single state, thus allowing inequality or any other state-level produce an unrestricted
effect on the relationship between mortality and income. In findings, income
inequality becomes relatively more important as a cause of death at higher income
levels.
2.3. Summary
From the recent researches, the weight of age and the height of age are only
measured method for the health of children. However, I suggest BMI is an accuracy
health measurement to determine the child health.
In this study, the model organizes contexts of child health into 3 levels of
external influence, including the family impact the child health directly, the
environment elements and the physiological indirect affect child health.
A major factor affecting the limited research in China is the lack of papers
examining that issue. Furthermore, the study contributes to the literature as one of the
first research employing CFPS dataset. The availability of rich recent data from CFPS
allows us to overcome this gap in the literature.
Tải bản FULL (51 trang): https://bit.ly/415Xb3W
Dự phòng: fb.com/TaiHo123doc.net
24. 22
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY and
DATA RESOURCES
3.1. Analytical framework
Figure 2: The linkage between maternal education and child health (UNICEF, 1998)
The conceptual framework guiding this study is based on the linkage between
maternal schooling, childcare, and the health of children. Above figure shows the
possible linkages between maternal education and child health that this study explores.
The possible pathway through which maternal education can affect the health of
children is through skill acquisition that leads to improved knowledge about
healthcare and parental knowledge. Therefore, it is expected that women with more
education are more aware of the benefits of feeding children at the appropriate times
and in right quantities, and preventing the BMI ‘s child overweight. These practices
can improve child health.
Numbers of studies have modeled the effects of maternal education on child
health outcomes through four non-excluded models: socioeconomic status, women
Maternal education
Maternal demographic
factors:
- Mother's education
- Mother's body index
- Time spending for child
Socioeconomic factors:
- Residence (urban or
rural)
- Household wealth index
- Husband's education
Child health factors:
- The weight of age
- The height of age
- The body mass index
Child demographic factors:
- Child sex
- Child age
6674506