Chapter 21 of Rizal Life and Works Summarize version

1. chapter 21: exile in
dapitan
by Charlene Kates Romio
and Lexter Pericas

2. • Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in Manila on June 26, 1892.
• They were inspected by a platoon of carabineers and their commander.
• A captain and sergeant of the Guardia Civil Veterana watched the inspection.
• Rizal and his sister registered at the Oriente Hotel in Binondo.
• Dr. Rizal visited Governor Despujol in Malacañan, but was told to return later.
• He interviewed the governor-general, who granted Rizal's liberty but not his
brother and brothers-in-law.
• He visited his sisters Narcisa and Saturnina and discussed the aims of the Liga
Filipina with other patriots.
• That same patriots, including Apolinario Mabini, Andres Bonifacio,
Ambrosio Salvador, Timoteo Paez, Pedro Serrano Laktaw and Deodato
Arellano, and explained to them the aims of the Liga Filipina which he
proposed to establish.
Arrival In Manila

3. • Rizal's Influence in Manila
• Rizal's presence in Manila sparked a sensation among Filipinos and Spaniards.
• He traveled to Malolos, San Fernando, Tarlac, and Bacolor, receiving warm receptions.
• Government spies monitored his movements, leading to searches of homes and suspicions
of Filipinos in his company.
• Rizal's Foundation of Liga Filipina
• On July 3, 1892, Rizal founded Liga Filipina in Manila.
• The civic association was elected under Rizal's supervision, with Ambrosio Salvador as
president, Agustin de la Rosa as fiscal, Bonifacio Arevalo as treasurer, and Deodato
Arellano as secretary.
• The aims of the Liga Filipina as written by Rizal in its constitution, were:
1.To unite the whole archipelago into one compact and homogeneous body
2.Mutual protection in every want and necessity.
3.Defense against all violence and injustice.
4.Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and com-merce.
5.Study and application of reforms.
The Founding Of The Liga
Filipina

4. Deportation To
Dapitan
• Rizal was summoned to Malacañan on July 7, 1892, by Governor Despujol.
• Handbills found in Lucia's pillows were copies of an anti-friar article, "Pobres Frailes (Poor
Friars)," satirizing the wealthy Dominicans.
• Rizal was accused of writing such an article, leading to his arrest and deportation.
• The reasons for Rizal's deportation were cited by Gaceta de Manila, a newspaper in Manila.
• Rizal's deportation was due to his publications expressing disloyalty to Spain, satirizing Filipino
generosity, and pursuing the destruction of the Catholic faith.
• Rizal was taken to the steamer Cebu on July 14, 1892, and handed over to Captain Ricardo
Carnicero, the Politico-Military Governor of Dapitan.
• Rizal's exile in Dapitan lasted until July 31, 1896, or four years.

5. Rizal In Dapitan
• The ship which brought Rizal to Dapitan also
carried a letter by Fr. Pablo Pastells, Superior of
the Jesuit Society in the Philippines, to Fr. Antonio
Obach, Jesuit missionary of Dapitan. In this letter,
Father Pastells informed the missionary that Rizal
could live in the Jesuit mission house on the
following conditions:
• Rizal lived in Captain Carnicero's house due to his
dissatisfaction with his conditions.
• Carnicero was charmed by Rizal's qualities and
personality, leading to friendly conversations and
good reports.
• Rizal was given complete freedom to travel and
report only once a week.
• Rizal admired the Spanish captain and wrote a
poem on his birthday. A Don Ricardo Carnicero, on
August 26, 1892, on the occasion of the captain's
birthday.
• May 4, 1893, Captain Carnicero left Dapitan and
was succeeded by Captain Juan Sitges, a more
severe commandant, assigned Rizal to live near the
co-mandancia and required him to report three
times daily.
• Sitges later changed his attitude and restored Rizal's
liberties.
1. "That Rizal publicly retract his errors
concerning religion, and make
statements that were clearly pro-Spanish
and against revolution.
2. "That he perform the church rites and
make general confession of his past life.
3. "That henceforth he conduct himself in
an exemplary manner as a Spanish
subject and a man of religion."

6. Rizal - Pastells
Debate On
Religion
• Rizal's religious debate with Father Pastells began with a book by Sarda, which he viewed as foolishness.
• Rizal wrote four letters to Father Pastells, revealing his anti-Catholic ideas.
• He criticized the friars who used religion as a shield and weapon, and argued that individual judgment is a
gift from God.
• Father Pastells tried to convince Rizal to return to Catholicism, arguing that divine faith superseded
reasons, self-esteem, and individual judgement.
• Father Pastells refuted Rizal's attacks on Catholic Dogmas as misconceptions of rationalism and
naturalism.
• The debate ended inconclusively, leaving Rizal living in Dapitan beyond the reach of his Mother Church.

7. Useful And
Peaceful Life
Rizal's Life in Dapitan
• Led an exemplary life in Dapitan, a solitary Spanish power outpost in Moroland.
• Family visited him to alleviate loneliness.
• Built his own house by the seashore, surrounded by a fruit tree garden.
• Dedicated his time to medicine, artistic, literary, educational, linguistic, and scientific pursuits.
• Engaged in agricultural and business activities.
• Contributed to civic projects and extensive correspondence with European scientists.
• Rizal wrote to Blumentritt on December 19, 1893:

8. As Physician In
Dapitan
• Rizal, a physician in Dapitan, initially treated the poor and gave free medicine.
• He also had wealthy patients who paid for his surgical skills.
• Rizal's mother and sister, Maria, visited him in August 1893 and performed a successful
operation on her eyes.
• Rizal's fame spread across the Philippines, with patients from various parts of the
country.
• Rich Filipino patient Don Ignacio Tumarong paid P3,000 for his sight restoration, while
an Englishman paid P500.
• Don Florencio Azcarraga, a rich hacendero, also paid Rizal a cargo of sugar.
• Rizal became interested in local medicine and the use of medicinal plants, prescribing
them to poor patients who couldn't afford imported medicines.

9. Rizal As Engineer
• Obtained expert surveyor title from Ateneo.
• Applied engineering knowledge through reading engineering books.
• Constructed a waterworks system in Dapitan to provide clean water.
• Despite limited resources and finances, successfully provided a good water
system.
• Despite the lack of government aid, Rizal's achievements are admired by
modern engineers.
• An American engineer, Mr. H. F. Cameron, praised Rizal's engineering feat in
the following words:

10. Civil Projects For
Dapitan
Rizal arrived in Dapitan, a town plagued by poverty and unprogressiveness. He
aimed to improve the town and awaken its civic consciousness. He constructed the
town's first water system and spent months draining marshes to eradicate
malaria. Rizal used his P500 payment to install a coconut oil lamp lighting
system in the dark streets, the first electric lights in the Philippines. He also
beautified Dapitan's plaza with Father Francisco Sanchez, aiming to make it "rival
the best in Europe." They created a relief map of Mindanao from earth, stones, and
grass, which still adorns the plaza.

11. Rizal As Educator
• Rizal, a Filipino educator, aimed to establish a modern college in Hong Kong for Filipino boys.
• He established a school in Dapitan, attended by select boys from prominent families.
• The school was free from tuition fees, with 16 pupils, who worked in his garden, fields, and
community projects.
• Rizal taught students reading, writing languages, geography, history, mathematics, industrial
work, nature study, morals, and gymnastics.
• Classes were conducted in Spanish and English, with the best student being called "emperor."
• Recess activities included building fires, pruning trees, and manuring the soil.
• Outside class hours, Rizal encouraged physical activities like gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, stone-
throwing, swimming, arnis, and boating.

12. Hymn To The Talisay
Tree
• Rizal conducted his school at his home in Talisay, near Dapitan, where he had his farm and hospital. His
favorite rendezvous with his boys was under a talisay tree, after which the place was named. In honor of
this tree, he wrote a poem entitled Himno A Talisay for his pupils to sing.
• Rizal Found Mindanao as a rich field for collecting specimens.
• Explored jungles and coasts, collecting insects, shells, and plants.
• Sending valuable specimens to European museums, including the Dressed Museum.
• Received scientific books and surgical instruments from European scientists.
• Discovered rare specimens named after him, including Draco rizali, Apogonia rizali, and
Rhacophorus rizali.
• Conducted anthropological, ethnographical, archaeological, geological, and geographical
studies.
Contributions To
Science

13. Linguistic Studies
• Rizal, a born linguist, continued his language studies in Dapitan.
• He wrote a Tagalog grammar and studied Bisavan and Subanun languages.
• In April 5, 1896, he wrote to Blumentritt, stating he knew Bisayan well but needed to learn other Philippine dialects.
• By 1896, Rizal was among the world's top linguists, having knowledge of 22 languages; Tagalog, Ilokano, Bisayan,
Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malayan, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian,
Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, and Russian.
• Rizal Contributed to the Sisters of Charity's sanctuary of the Holy Virgin.
• Modeled the right foot, apple, and serpent's head.
• Designed an exquisite curtain, painted in oils by an artist Sister under his direction.
• Created sketches of people and things he found attractive in Dapitan.
• Drawn sketches of rare animal species and fishes he caught in Dapitan waters.
• In 1894, Rizal's pupils secretly visited Dapitan, leading to the death of a Syrian puppy.
• Rizal reprimanded them for disobeying his advice, highlighting the moral implications of the incident.
• He modeled a statue of the mother-dog killing the crocodile, "The Mother's Revenge."
• Other sculptural works in Dapitan include a professor's statue, a woodcarving of Josephine Bracken called “The Dapitan
Girl”, and a bust of St. Paul.
Artistic Works In
Dapitan

14. Rizal As Farmer
• Rizal invested heavily in agriculture, buying 16 hectares of land in Talisay and planting various crops.
• He expanded his holdings to 70 hectares, including hemp plants, coconut trees, and fruit trees.
• He introduced modern farming methods, influenced by European and American agricultural practices.
• Rizal invested his earnings as a physician and won a lottery on lands.
• He encouraged Dapitan farmers to adopt modern agricultural methods and imported agricultural
machinery from the US.
• Rizal dreamed of establishing an agricultural colony in Ponot near Sindangan Bay, ideal for raising cacao,
coffee, coconuts, and cattle.
• Despite his ambitions, the colony failed due to lack of government support.

15. Rizal As Businessman
• Rizal Partnered with Ramon Carreon for profitable fishing, copra, and hemp industries.
• Invited relatives of Saturnina and Hidalgo to Mindanao for business opportunities.
• Encouraged Saturnina to engage in textile, jewelry, and hemp business in Dapitan.
• Planned to improve fishing industry in Da-pitan by introducing modern methods and teaching better
techniques.
• Profited most from the hemp industry, shipping 150 bales of hemp to a foreign firm in Manila.
• Introduced modern hemp-stripping machines and organized hemp planters into a cooperative association to
eliminate unfair practices and stabilize hemp prices.
Rizal As Inventor
• In 1887, while practicing medicine in Calamba, Rizal invented a unique wood-based cigarette lighter,
sulpukan, as a gift to Blumentritt.
• During his exile in Dapitan, he invented a machine for brick making, capable of producing about 6,000
bricks daily.
• Rizal noted the possibility of brick making outside without kilns in Belgium and Baden, and suggested a
different method in Bohemia for baking bricks.

16. MY Retreat
• In February, 1895, Doña Teodora, with her eyesight fully restored, returned to Manila.
During her long stay in Dapitan, she saw how busy her talented son was and regretted
that he had neglected the Muses, she requested him to write poetry again.
• In response to her request, Rizal wrote a beautiful poem about his serene life as an exile
in Dapitan and sent it to her on October 22, 1895. This poem was Mi Retiro (My
Retreat), which is acclaimed by literary critics as one of the best ever penned by Rizal. It
is a follows:

17. Rizal's Struggle and Love for Josephine
• Rizal was lonely and missing his family and friends.
• The death of Leonor Rivera in August 28, 1893 left a void in his heart.
• Josephine Bracken, an Irish girl, came to Dapitan in February 1895 to dispel his
melancholy.
Rizal and Josephine's Relationship
• Rizal and Josephine fell in love and agreed to marry.
• Father Obach, the parish priest of Dapitan, refused to marry them without the Bishop of
Cebu's permission.
• Mr. Taufer, the blind man, tried suicide, but Rizal prevented him.
• Josephine returned to Manila with Rizal's family and married themselves before the eyes
of God.
Rizal's Happiness and Loss of a Baby
• In 1896, Rizal was happy when Josephine was expecting a baby.
• He played a prank on her, causing her to give birth prematurely.
• Rizal's son, named "Francisco," was buried in Dapitan, named after Don Francisco.
Rizal And Josephine
Bracken

18. Rizal And The
Katipunan
• Andres Bonifacio, the "Great Plebeian," was promoting an armed revolution in the
Philippines.
• The secret revolutionary society, Katipunan founded on July 7, 1892, was gaining more
followers.
• Dr Pio Valenzuela, a member of the Katipunan, was appointed emissary to Dapitan to
inform Rizal of the Katipunan's plan.
• Valenzuela left Manila on June 15 and arrived in Dapitan on June 21, 1896.
• Rizal objected to Bonifacio's plan, believing it was premature and needed to collect arms
and funds before launching the revolution.
• He also disapproved of the Katipunan's plan to rescue him, citing his commitment to
Spanish authorities.

19. Volunteers As Military
Doctor In Cuba
• Rizal offered his services as a military doctor in Cuba, a country in a revolution with a shortage
of physicians.
• Blumentritt advised him to volunteer due to the war-ridden health situation.
• Rizal wrote to Governor-General Ramon Blanco on December 17, 1895, offering his services.
• Months passed without government approval, leading Rizal to give up hope.
• On July 1, 1896, Governor Blanco granted Rizal a pass to Manila, allowing him to join the Army
of Operations in Cuba, specifically the Medical Corps.

20. The Song Of The
Traveler
• Great was Rizal's joy in receiving the gladsome news from Malacañan. At last, he was free! Once more, he was
going to travel - to Europe and then to Cuba. It was with this joyous thought of resuming his travels that he
wrote his heart-moving poem El Canto del Viajero, which runs in full;
Good - Bye To Dapitan
• Rizal's four-year exile in Dapitan ended on July 31, 1896.
• He left on the steamer España with his family, including Josephine, Narcisa, Angelica, his nephews, and six
pupils.
• The journey to Manila was pleasant, with Rizal being honored at a dinner in Dumaguete given by Judge
Herrero Regidor, his former classmate and performing an operation on a cross-eyed merchant in Cebu.
• Rizal was transferred to the Spanish cruiser Castilla in Manila Bay on August 6, 1896, where he was treated
as a guest.
• The Spanish captain allowed Rizal's wife, sisters, and schoolboys to visit him and eat on board.