Here are a few key points about distributing Ring applications: - Ring2EXE is now the preferred way to distribute Ring apps for Windows, Linux, and macOS. It bundles the Ring runtime and your code into a single executable. - For older versions, you can copy the Ring binaries and rename ring.exe to your app name. Then include a ring.ring file that loads your main source file. - To protect source code, compile to a .ringo object file rather than distributing .ring source files. The object code cannot be easily read or modified. - Consider licensing your code appropriately if distributing commercially. An open source license like MIT may be suitable for free/non-commercial use.

1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> 'See' Expr
Line 13
Rule : Statement --> 'Class' Identifier
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
===================================================
67.3 Printing Intermediate Code
Command:
ring test.ring -ic -norun
Output:
67.3. Printing Intermediate Code 772

2. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
===================================================
Byte Code - Before Execution by the VM
===================================================
PC OPCode Data
1 ReturnNull
2 Func main
3 NewLine 2
4 FuncExE
5 PushC Hello World
6 LoadA nl 0
7 PushV
8 SUM 0
9 Print
10 NewLine 3
11 ExitMark 29 28
12 LoadAFirst x
13 PushN 1.000000
14 BeforeEqual 0
15 Assignment
16 PushN 1.000000
17 StepNumber
18 JumpVarLENum x 10.000000 29
19 NewLine 4
20 FuncExE
21 LoadA x 0
22 PushV
23 LoadA nl 0
24 PushV
25 SUM 0
26 Print
27 NewLine 5
28 IncJump x 18
29 POPExitMark
30 POPStep
31 NewLine 6
32 LoadFunc test
33 Call 0
34 NoOperation
35 NewLine 8
36 PushV
37 FreeStack
38 ReturnNull
39 Func test
40 NewLine 9
41 FuncExE
42 PushC welcome
43 LoadA nl 0
44 PushV
45 SUM 0
46 Print
47 NewLine 10
48 LoadA o1 0
49 AssignmentPointer
50 New point
51 SetScope
52 PushV
67.3. Printing Intermediate Code 773

3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
53 BraceStart
54 LoadA x 0 58
55 AssignmentPointer
56 PushN 10.000000
57 BeforeEqual 0
58 Assignment 0 0
59 FreeStack
60 LoadA y 0 64
61 AssignmentPointer
62 PushN 20.000000
63 BeforeEqual 0
64 Assignment 0 0
65 FreeStack
66 LoadA z 0 70
67 AssignmentPointer
68 PushN 30.000000
69 BeforeEqual 0
70 Assignment 0 0
71 FreeStack
72 LoadFunc ismethod
73 LoadA self 0
74 PushV
75 PushC braceend
76 Call
77 NoOperation
78 PushV
79 JumpZ 85
80 LoadFunc braceend
81 Call
82 NoOperation
83 PushV
84 FreeStack
85 BraceEnd
86 FreeStack
87 NewLine 11
88 FuncExE
89 LoadA o1 0
90 PushV
91 Print
92 NewLine 13
93 ReturnNull
94 Class point 006E8BC0
95 NewLabel
96 LoadA x 0
97 PushV
98 FreeStack
99 LoadA y 0
100 PushV
101 FreeStack
102 LoadA z 0
103 PushV
104 FreeStack
105 ReturnNull
===================================================
67.3. Printing Intermediate Code 774

4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
67.4 Printing Final Intermediate Code
Command:
ring test.ring -icfinal
Output:
Hello World
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
welcome
x: 10.000000
y: 20.000000
z: 30.000000
===================================================
Byte Code - After Execution by the VM
===================================================
PC OPCode Data
1 ReturnNull
2 Func main
3 NewLine 2
4 FuncExE
5 PushC Hello World
6 PushP 007D3670 0
7 PushV
8 SUM 0
9 Print
10 NewLine 3
11 ExitMark 29 28
12 LoadAFirst x
13 PushN 1.000000
14 BeforeEqual 0
15 Assignment
16 PushN 1.000000
17 StepNumber
18 JumpVarLPLENum x 10.000000 29
19 NewLine 4
20 FuncExE
21 PushPLocal x 0
22 PushV
23 PushP 007D3670 0
24 PushV
25 SUM 0
26 Print
27 NewLine 5
67.4. Printing Final Intermediate Code 775

5. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
28 IncLPJump x 18
29 POPExitMark
30 POPStep
31 NewLine 6
32 LoadFuncP test
33 Call 0
34 NoOperation
35 NewLine 8
36 PushV
37 FreeStack
38 ReturnNull
39 Func test
40 NewLine 9
41 FuncExE
42 PushC welcome
43 PushP 007D3670 0
44 PushV
45 SUM 0
46 Print
47 NewLine 10
48 PushPLocal o1 0
49 AssignmentPointer
50 New point
51 SetScope
52 PushV
53 BraceStart
54 LoadA x 0 58
55 AssignmentPointer
56 PushN 10.000000
57 BeforeEqual 0
58 SetProperty 0 106
59 FreeStack
60 LoadA y 0 64
61 AssignmentPointer
62 PushN 20.000000
63 BeforeEqual 0
64 SetProperty 0 141
65 FreeStack
66 LoadA z 0 70
67 AssignmentPointer
68 PushN 30.000000
69 BeforeEqual 0
70 SetProperty 0 176
71 FreeStack
72 LoadFunc ismethod
73 LoadA self 0
74 PushV
75 PushC braceend
76 Call
77 NoOperation
78 PushV
79 JumpZ 85
80 LoadFunc braceend
81 Call
82 NoOperation
83 PushV
84 FreeStack
85 BraceEnd
67.4. Printing Final Intermediate Code 776

6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
86 FreeStack
87 NewLine 11
88 FuncExE
89 PushPLocal o1 0
90 PushV
91 Print
92 NewLine 13
93 ReturnNull
94 Class point 007D8470
95 NewLabel
96 LoadA x 0
97 PushV
98 FreeStack
99 LoadA y 0
100 PushV
101 FreeStack
102 LoadA z 0
103 PushV
104 FreeStack
105 ReturnNull
106 LoadFunc ismethod
107 LoadA ring_gettemp_var 0
108 PushV
109 PushC setx
110 Call 0
111 NoOperation
112 PushV
113 JumpZ 132
114 NewLine 2
115 LoadA ring_gettemp_var 0
116 LoadMethod setx
117 LoadA ring_settemp_var 0
118 PushV
119 Call 0 1
120 AfterCallMethod
121 PushV
122 FreeStack
123 NewLine 3
124 LoadA ring_tempflag_var 0 128
125 AssignmentPointer
126 PushN 0.000000
127 BeforeEqual 0
128 Assignment 0 0
129 FreeStack
130 NewLine 4
131 Jump 140
132 NewLine 5
133 PushP 007D37D8 0 137
134 AssignmentPointer
135 PushN 1.000000
136 BeforeEqual 0
137 Assignment 0 0
138 FreeStack
139 NewLine 6
140 Return
141 LoadFunc ismethod
142 LoadA ring_gettemp_var 0
143 PushV
67.4. Printing Final Intermediate Code 777

7. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
144 PushC sety
145 Call 0
146 NoOperation
147 PushV
148 JumpZ 167
149 NewLine 2
150 LoadA ring_gettemp_var 0
151 LoadMethod sety
152 LoadA ring_settemp_var 0
153 PushV
154 Call 0 1
155 AfterCallMethod
156 PushV
157 FreeStack
158 NewLine 3
159 LoadA ring_tempflag_var 0 163
160 AssignmentPointer
161 PushN 0.000000
162 BeforeEqual 0
163 Assignment 0 0
164 FreeStack
165 NewLine 4
166 Jump 175
167 NewLine 5
168 PushP 007D37D8 0 172
169 AssignmentPointer
170 PushN 1.000000
171 BeforeEqual 0
172 Assignment 0 0
173 FreeStack
174 NewLine 6
175 Return
176 LoadFunc ismethod
177 LoadA ring_gettemp_var 0
178 PushV
179 PushC setz
180 Call 0
181 NoOperation
182 PushV
183 JumpZ 202
184 NewLine 2
185 LoadA ring_gettemp_var 0
186 LoadMethod setz
187 LoadA ring_settemp_var 0
188 PushV
189 Call 0 1
190 AfterCallMethod
191 PushV
192 FreeStack
193 NewLine 3
194 LoadA ring_tempflag_var 0 198
195 AssignmentPointer
196 PushN 0.000000
197 BeforeEqual 0
198 Assignment 0 0
199 FreeStack
200 NewLine 4
201 Jump 210
67.4. Printing Final Intermediate Code 778

8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
202 NewLine 5
203 PushP 007D37D8 0 207
204 AssignmentPointer
205 PushN 1.000000
206 BeforeEqual 0
207 Assignment 0 0
208 FreeStack
209 NewLine 6
210 Return
===================================================
67.5 CGI Support
Command:
ring test.ring -cgi
67.6 No Run
Command:
ring test.ring -norun
67.7 Printing Instruction Operation Code
Command:
ring test.ring -ins
Output:
===================================================
Operation : ReturnNull
PC : 1
Line Number : 1 , File test.ring
SP (After) : 0 - FuncSP : 0
LineNumber 1
===================================================
.....
.....
.....
Tip: Output removed from the previous example because it’s very large!
67.8 Performance
Command:
67.5. CGI Support 779

9. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
ring test.ring -performance
Output:
===================================================
Date : 2015/09/15 Time : 15:56:17
Clock : 0
===================================================
Hello World
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
welcome
x: 10.000000
y: 20.000000
z: 30.000000
===================================================
Date : 2015/09/15 Time : 15:56:17
Clock : 0
===================================================
67.9 Generate Object File
You can generate object file (.ringo) from your source code file (.ring) using -go option
Tip: You will get one object file to use for distributing/running your application which may contains one or many
ring source files that you can keep or distribute based on the application (commercial or open source).
Command:
ring test.ring -go
To run the compiled object file
ring test.ringo
67.9. Generate Object File 780

10. CHAPTER
SIXTYEIGHT
DISTRIBUTING RING APPLICATIONS
In this chapter we will learn about distributing Ring applications.
The next method is old and was used in Ring 1.5 and previous versions!
Starting from Ring 1.6 we have a nice tool called Ring2EXE
Using Ring2EXE we can distribute applications quickly for Windows, Linux and macOS
Check the Ring2EXE chapter for more information!
68.1 Distributing Applications for Microsoft Windows
Step 1:
Copy c:ringbin folder to be for example c:myapp
Step 2:
Rename c:myappring.exe to c:myappmyapp.exe
Step 3:
Create a file c:myappring.ring
And write
Load "myapp.ring"
When you run myapp.exe the file ring.ring will be executed automatically
So your file myapp.ring will be called and executed
Or just rename myapp.ring to ring.ring
It’s a fast way to distribute applications.
68.2 Protecting the Source Code
Step 1:
Execute the next command
ring myapp.ring -go
781