The Ring programming language version 1.6 book - Part 78 of 189

1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
double
void
# High Level Types
string
list
number
object
# Other
public
static
abstract
protected
override
64.5. Rules 743

2. CHAPTER
SIXTYFIVE
COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
The ring language takes source code file (.ring) or the object file (.ringo) as input to execute, also the language provide
other options like
Option Description
-tokens Print a list of tokens in the source code file
-rules Print grammar rules applied on the tokens
-ic Print the intermediate byte code (before execution)
-icfinal Print the final byte code (after execution)
-cgi Print http response header before error messages
-norun Don’t run the program after compiling
-ins Print instruction operation code before execution
-performance Print clock before and after program execution
-go Generate Object File
-w Display Warnings
65.1 Printing Tokens
Example:
Func Main
See "Hello World" + nl
for x = 1 to 10
see x + nl
next
test()
func test
see "welcome" + nl
o1 = new point { x=10 y=20 z=30 }
see o1
class point x y z
Command:
ring test.ring -tokens -norun
Output:
===================================================
Tokens - Generated by the Scanner
===================================================
744

3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
Keyword : FUNC
Identifier : main
EndLine
Keyword : SEE
Literal : Hello World
Operator : +
Identifier : nl
EndLine
Keyword : FOR
Identifier : x
Operator : =
Number : 1
Keyword : TO
Number : 10
EndLine
Keyword : SEE
Identifier : x
Operator : +
Identifier : nl
EndLine
Keyword : NEXT
EndLine
Identifier : test
Operator : (
Operator : )
EndLine
Keyword : FUNC
Identifier : test
EndLine
Keyword : SEE
Literal : welcome
Operator : +
Identifier : nl
EndLine
Identifier : o1
Operator : =
Keyword : NEW
Identifier : point
Operator : {
Identifier : x
Operator : =
Number : 10
Identifier : y
Operator : =
Number : 20
Identifier : z
Operator : =
Number : 30
Operator : }
EndLine
Keyword : SEE
Identifier : o1
EndLine
Keyword : CLASS
Identifier : point
Identifier : x
Identifier : y
Identifier : z
65.1. Printing Tokens 745

4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
EndLine
===================================================
65.2 Printing Rules
Command:
ring test.ring -rules -norun
Output:
===================================================
Grammar Rules Used by The Parser
===================================================
Rule : Program --> {Statement}
Line 1
Rule : Statement --> 'Func' Identifier [ParaList]
Line 2
Rule : Factor --> Literal
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : Arithmetic --> Arithmetic + Arithmetic
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> 'See' Expr
Line 3
Rule : Factor --> Number
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Factor --> Number
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
65.2. Printing Rules 746

5. Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> 'For' Identifier '=' Expr to Expr ['step' Expr]
Line 4
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : Arithmetic --> Arithmetic + Arithmetic
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> 'See' Expr
Line 5
Rule : Next --> 'Next'
Line 6
Rule : Mixer -> '(' [Expr { ',' Expr} ] ')'
Line 8
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Rule : Statement --> 'Func' Identifier [ParaList]
Line 9
Rule : Factor --> Literal
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : Arithmetic --> Arithmetic + Arithmetic
65.2. Printing Rules 747

6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> 'See' Expr
Line 10
Rule : Factor --> New Identifier {'.' Identifier }
Rule : Mixer --> '{' {Statement} BraceEnd
Rule : Factor --> Number
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Assignment -> '=' Expr
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Rule : Factor --> Number
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Assignment -> '=' Expr
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
65.2. Printing Rules 748

7. Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Rule : Factor --> Number
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Assignment -> '=' Expr
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Rule : BraceEnd --> '}'
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Assignment -> '=' Expr
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Line 11
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
65.2. Printing Rules 749

8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> 'See' Expr
Line 13
Rule : Statement --> 'Class' Identifier
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
===================================================
65.3 Printing Intermediate Code
Command:
ring test.ring -ic -norun
Output:
65.3. Printing Intermediate Code 750

9. Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
===================================================
Byte Code - Before Execution by the VM
===================================================
PC OPCode Data
1 ReturnNull
2 Func main
3 NewLine 2
4 FuncExE
5 PushC Hello World
6 LoadA nl 0
7 PushV
8 SUM 0
9 Print
10 NewLine 3
11 ExitMark 29 28
12 LoadAFirst x
13 PushN 1.000000
14 BeforeEqual 0
15 Assignment
16 PushN 1.000000
17 StepNumber
18 JumpVarLENum x 10.000000 29
19 NewLine 4
20 FuncExE
21 LoadA x 0
22 PushV
23 LoadA nl 0
24 PushV
25 SUM 0
26 Print
27 NewLine 5
28 IncJump x 18
29 POPExitMark
30 POPStep
31 NewLine 6
32 LoadFunc test
33 Call 0
34 NoOperation
35 NewLine 8
36 PushV
37 FreeStack
38 ReturnNull
39 Func test
40 NewLine 9
41 FuncExE
42 PushC welcome
43 LoadA nl 0
44 PushV
45 SUM 0
46 Print
47 NewLine 10
48 LoadA o1 0
49 AssignmentPointer
50 New point
51 SetScope
52 PushV
65.3. Printing Intermediate Code 751

10. Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
53 BraceStart
54 LoadA x 0 58
55 AssignmentPointer
56 PushN 10.000000
57 BeforeEqual 0
58 Assignment 0 0
59 FreeStack
60 LoadA y 0 64
61 AssignmentPointer
62 PushN 20.000000
63 BeforeEqual 0
64 Assignment 0 0
65 FreeStack
66 LoadA z 0 70
67 AssignmentPointer
68 PushN 30.000000
69 BeforeEqual 0
70 Assignment 0 0
71 FreeStack
72 LoadFunc ismethod
73 LoadA self 0
74 PushV
75 PushC braceend
76 Call
77 NoOperation
78 PushV
79 JumpZ 85
80 LoadFunc braceend
81 Call
82 NoOperation
83 PushV
84 FreeStack
85 BraceEnd
86 FreeStack
87 NewLine 11
88 FuncExE
89 LoadA o1 0
90 PushV
91 Print
92 NewLine 13
93 ReturnNull
94 Class point 006E8BC0
95 NewLabel
96 LoadA x 0
97 PushV
98 FreeStack
99 LoadA y 0
100 PushV
101 FreeStack
102 LoadA z 0
103 PushV
104 FreeStack
105 ReturnNull
===================================================
65.3. Printing Intermediate Code 752