The phylogeny in this figure shows the evolution of visual opsins in .pdf

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The phylogeny in this figure shows the evolution of visual opsins in tetrapods. Each colored triangle represents a different opsin. Which of the following accurately describes the opsins in these species Squamate reptiles Birds New World Humans primates A opsin gain A Opsin loss opsin loss Tetrapod ancestor Solution Synapomorphy is a character present in ancestral species and shared exclusively by its evolutionary descendants Symplesiomorphy is an ancestral character that is shared by two or more taxa. Based on the choices given above the last choice is the correct answer. The green opsin was developed in the ancestors of the baboons and human and hence the two groups share that character. The light blue opsin was present in the tetrapod ancestor and it is now shared by the two taxa descended from the common ancestor..

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In a certain Midwest city, a series of studies were conducted to measure both the supply and demand for physician services at various price points. The table below represents the findings across ten different employers who offer self-insured health benefits to their employees. Observations were made across time at various price points and the data below was gathered. So, for instance, at a price of $50 for an office visit, the employees of Employer 1 consumed 150 visits per week; and at a price of $60, they only consumed 140 visits, etc. At the same time and in the same city, ten different primary care practices were observed and the data table below was generated. In this case, at a price point of $50 per visit, PCP1 was willing to supply 70 visits per week, but at $60, he would supply 80 visits, etc. Question #2 – assuming that, in the short-run, the supply of physician services will remain as expressed in Table 2 above, what will happen to the market clearing price and visit quantity? Show graphically what just happened. Again, in plain English, what is happening here? Table 2 Number of visits/ year Price/visit PCP 1 PCP 2 PCP 3 PCP 4 PCP 5 PCP 6 PCP 7 PCP 8 PCP 9 PCP 10 $ 50 70 40 57 45 50 47 91 110 40 50 $ 60 80 50 67 55 60 57 101 120 50 60 $ 70 90 60 77 65 70 67 111 130 60 70 $ 80 100 70 87 75 80 77 121 140 70 80 $ 90 110 80 97 85 90 87 131 150 80 90 $ 100 120 90 107 95 100 97 141 160 90 100 $ 110 130 100 117 105 110 107 151 170 100 110 $ 120 140 110 127 115 120 117 161 180 110 120 $ 130 150 120 137 125 130 127 171 190 120 130 $ 140 160 130 147 135 140 137 181 200 130 140 Table 2 Number of visits/ year Price/visit PCP 1 PCP 2 PCP 3 PCP 4 PCP 5 PCP 6 PCP 7 PCP 8 PCP 9 PCP 10 $ 50 70 40 57 45 50 47 91 110 40 50 $ 60 80 50 67 55 60 57 101 120 50 60 $ 70 90 60 77 65 70 67 111 130 60 70 $ 80 100 70 87 75 80 77 121 140 70 80 $ 90 110 80 97 85 90 87 131 150 80 90 $ 100 120 90 107 95 100 97 141 160 90 100 $ 110 130 100 117 105 110 107 151 170 100 110 $ 120 140 110 127 115 120 117 161 180 110 120 $ 130 150 120 137 125 130 127 171 190 120 130 $ 140 160 130 147 135 140 137 181 200 130 140 Solution With increase in price, demand is decreasing and with increase in price supply is increasing. hence price will be determined where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied..

In a certain Midwest city, a series of studies were conducted to mea.pdf

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How do conservatives explain economic downturns? Solution As the financial crisis of 2008-09 draws to a close, narratives of the meltdown are flooding bookstores, think tanks are cranking out white papers, and four different congressional committees, along with the official Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, are investigating what went wrong. Well they might, as the most basic question about the meltdown remains unsettled: The only near consensus is on the question of what triggered the not-quite-a-depression. In 2007, the housing bubble burst, leading to a high rate of defaults on subprime mortgages. Exposure to bad mortgages doomed Bear Stearns in March 2008, then led to a banking crisis that fall. A global recession became inevitable once the government decided not to rescue Lehman Bros. from default in September 2008. Lehman\'s was the biggest bankruptcy in history, and it led promptly to a powerful economic contraction. Somewhere around here, agreement ends. There are no strong candidates for what logicians call a sufficient condition—a single factor that would have caused the crisis in the absence of any others. There are, however, a number of plausible necessary conditions—factors without which the crisis would not have occurred. Most analysts find former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan at fault, though for a variety of reasons. Conservative economists—ever worried about inflation—tend to fault Greenspan for keeping interest rates too low between 2003 and 2005 as the real estate and credit bubbles inflated. This is the view, for instance, of Stanford economist and former Reagan adviser John Taylor, who argues that the Fed\'s easy money policies spurred a frenzy of irresponsible borrowing on the part of banks and consumers alike. Liberal analysts, by contrast, are more likely to focus on the way Greenspan\'s aversion to regulation transformed pell-mell innovation in financial products and excessive bank leverage into lethal phenomena. The pithiest explanation I\'ve seen comes fromNew York Times columnist and Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman, who noted in one interview: \"Regulation didn\'t keep up with the system.\" In this view, the emergence of an unsupervised market in more and more exotic derivatives—credit-default swaps (CDSs), collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), CDSs on CDOs (the esoteric instruments that wrecked AIG)—allowed heedless financial institutions to put the whole financial system at risk. \"Financial innovation + inadequate regulation = recipe for disaster is also the favored explanation of Greenspan\'s successor, Ben Bernanke, who downplays low interest rates as a cause (perhaps because he supported them at the time) and attributes the crisis to regulatory failure. A bit farther down on the list are various contributing factors, which didn\'t fundamentally cause the crisis but either enabled it or made it worse than it otherwise might have been. These include: global savings imbalances, which put upward pressure on U.S. a.

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How would your patient management decisions be influenced by omitting necessary elements of a medical examination/evaluation? Solution Patient management is the procedure involved from intake to discharge . It include communication , examination , evaluation , diagnosis and intervention. If equipment and facilities for examination of pateint is lacking it will certainly affect patient managment care. Without these things it is not possible that patient will get required treatment..

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How is the position of the vascular tissue in roots different from the position of vascular tissue in stems? Solution vascular plants contain two main type of conductive tissue xylem and pholem. xylem for the conduction of water with dissolved mineral matters, and phloem for the conduction of elaborated food matters in solution. xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant, it is not surprising that their form should be similar to pipes. herbaceous stems, the vascular tissues are contained in bundles; these bundles sit relatively near the surface of the stem. In roots, the vascular tissues form a central core—a location where they\'re protected from the harsh activity of pushing through soil. (We are referring to young, non-woody tissues.).

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Give three examples of how the US finacial Crisis impacted HRM. Solution There is no doubt that the way in which entities operate and engage with each other, locally, nationally and internationally, will be profoundly influenced by the factors that are rapidly gaining attention: economic collapse of nation states; political collaboration on structural reform to address climate change; the integration of social media into every aspect of our communication; the development of fast moving communities of interest; and the changing role of government in partnership with third parties to deliver services. These are just some of the forces creating a new paradigm for HRM. The potential for major transformation within organizations and the intersection with community, customer and supply chain relationships offer a huge opportunity for HR to reinvent itself as a major source of inspiration and innovation in leadership and management. Our paper describes steps that every HR leader needs to take to adapt to the changing environments: redefine the boundaries of our role; be the owners and drivers of the brand that reflects a commitment to service towards staff, customers, suppliers and the community; be recognized professionally; take ownership of the competencies required to work successfully at a strategic level; be the thought leaders on internal and external factors impacting on how our organizations operate. We need to use our knowledge and networking to highlight global trends and maintain a high level of vigilance on workforce issues; build internal trust that allows us to challenge the role of the HR function has dramatically changed in just a few short years..

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Find the object focal point for a combination of two thin lenses whose individual object focal points coincide. Solution We have two lens kept togther such that the focal points of each of the lens coincide. Now, for any far away object, the image formed by the first lens would be at its focal length. That is for the first lens we can write: 1 / do + 1/di = 1/f1 Now, do = , so we get: 1 / di = 1/f1 now, the image distance in this case would be same as the focal length, however, it would also be the the focal point for the second lens, we can write for the second lens: 1/do + 1/di = 1/f2 However, the do in this case would be negative as it would be virtual object, hence giving us: 1/ di = 1/f1 + 1/f2 [Since do in this case would be f1] Now, we can say that for any far object, the image is formed at the distance given as: 1/ f1 + 1/f2 Therefore the combined focal length of the combination would be given as: 1/f = 1/ f1 + 1/f2.

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Explain (in points) the role/importance of the performance of Transportation Systems in the global society (socially and economically). Solution Transportation system is playing a crucial role in the modern civilization. It mobilizes humans from place to place to fullfil their necessities. It mobilizes goods from place to place which require for our day today life. And economically it places a cruicial role. When goods are transferred from one place to other, we transport the goods to places where there is a scarcity of that particular good, we can develop economically. Human life is extended due to this transportation because everything is in our hands now even it is originates in overseas..

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Do students at various colleges differ in how sociable they are? 25 students were randomly selected from of three colleges in a particular region and were asked to report on the ammount of time they spent socializing each day with other students. The results are as follows: College X: Mean: 5 hours, estimated pop variance of 2 hours College Y: Mean: 4, S^2=1.5 College Z: Mean:6, S^2: 2.5 figure effect size and explain your answers to someone who is unfamiliar with analysis of variance. Solution.

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describe these organelles and the organisms there found in 1. crystalline rod 2. kinetoplast 3. apicocomplex 4. contractile vacuole Solution 1. Crystalline rod: Some protozoansort called euglenozoans contain spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella. Two examples of euglenozoans with these rods arekinetoplastidsandeuglenids. The flagella of kinetoplastids and euglenids have paraxial rods running next to each other. 2.Kinetoplast: A kinetoplast is a network of circular DNA (called kDNA) inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome.A kinetoplast is usually adjacent to the organism\'s flagellar basal body, suggesting that it is tightly bound to the cytoskeleton. Kinetoplasts are only found in protozoa of the class Kinetoplastida. 3.Apicocomplex: It is an organ complex of the Apicomplexa that appears as a conical structures on the tapered end (or the apical end) of the cell, and contains rhoptries, micronemes, polar rings, and conoid. The organelle is an adaptation that the apicomplexan applies in penetration of a host cell. The organelle is found in a large phylum of parasitic alveolates called Apicomplexa. The Apical complex consists of a set of spirally arranged microtubules (the conoid), a secretory body (the rhoptry) and one or more polar rings. Additional slender electron-dense secretory bodies (micronemes) surrounded by one or two polar rings may also be present. This structure gives the phylum its name. 4.contractile vacuole: A contractile vacuole (CV) is a sub-cellular structure (organelle) involved in osmoregulation. It is found predominantly in protists and in unicellular algae. The contractile vacuole acts to regulate the quantity of water inside of a cell. In freshwater environments, the concentration of solutes inside the cell is of a higher concentration than outside the cell (i.e., the environment is hypotonic). Under these conditions, water flows from the environment into the cell by osmosis. The contractile vacuole acts as part of a protective mechanism that prevents the cell from absorbing too much water and possibly lysing (rupturing) through excessive internal pressure..

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Compare the small intestine to the large intestine in terms of histological (tissue) organization, size, and unique anatomical features. How do the differences between the small and large intestines give you a clue as to their different functions in the digestive system? Solution Small intestine: it is the largest part of the alimentary canal with narrow diameter and it\'s anatomical features are it contains the three parts namely duodenum, jejunum and ileum.Jejunum is the middle portion between the duodenum and ileum.Duodenum contains the pancreas and small intestine receives the pancreatic juices and bile .It contains the peyers patch in small intestine and haustoria are absent.Internal surfaces contains the circular folds or plicae circulates. villa are present. Brunner\'s glands are present. size ranges from 4.5 to 7 m long and width of 3.5 to 4.5 width. Histological features are it contains four layers like serosa, muscularis,sub mucosa, mucosa.Serosa is the outer most layer and it secrets serous fluid, muscularis is responsible for gut movement that is peristalsis, sub mucosa joins to the mucosa and underlying smooth muscle. The main function of small intestine is to absorb nutrients and minerals. Large intestine: It is comparatively shorter than small intestine .It\'s size ranges from 1.5 meters long and 4 to 5 cm in diameter. It\'s anatomical features are it has ascending colon consists of caecum and appendix, transverse colon consists of colic flexures and transverse mesocolon, descending colon and sigmoid s shaped colon. It\'s histological features are thick mucosa with deep crypts but it does not contain villi and the epithelium consists of columnar absorptive cells, endocrine cells basal stem cells and many goblet cells. The main function of large intestine is to absorb water from remaining indigestible food and transmit the useless waste materials from the body. As they have different anatomical , histological and structural features so we can say that the small intestine and large intestine are different in their respective functional features..

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Chemical composition of rain water. Solution Rainwater gets its compositions largely by dissolving particulate materials in the atmosphere (upper troposhere) when droplets of water nucleate on atmospheric particulates, and secondarily by dissolving gasses from the atmosphere. Rainwater compositions vary geographically. In open ocean and coastal areas they have a salt content essentially like that of sea water (same ionic proportions but much more dilute) plus CO2 as bicarbonate anion (acidic pH). Terrestrial rain compositions vary siginificantly from place to place because the regional geology can greatly affect the types of particulates that get added to the atmosphere. Likewise, sources of gaesous acids (SO3, NO2) and bases (NH3) vary as a function of biome factors and anthopogenic land use practices. Each of these gasses can be added in varying proportions from natural and non natural input sources (non-natural sources of SO3 and NO2 far outweigh natural ones).

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An adult male receives all his water from a municipal supply that is contaminated with 0.003mg/Lof tetrachloroethylene (PCE). Assume he takes a 15-minute shower every day. The PCE concentration in the air is in equilibrium with the PCE in the water and thus can be determined by Henry’s law from the concentration in the water. PCE has a unitless Henry’s constant KH=1.4, which means Cair=Caq/KH. The dermal permeability constant of PCE is 6.17×10-5 m/min. (10 pts) a. Calculate his total annual (ED=AT=1 yr) LADD due to exposures of drinking the water and showering (dermal absorption + inhalation) with the water. b. Which of the three modes of exposure results in the highest delivered dose? Solution There are generally three routes of exposure: dermal, oral and inhalation, as clear from the question. Intake from these routes of exposure differ based upon the chemical and physical properties of the toxicant as well as the permeability of the surface at the site of absorbtion, here, lung, skin and the GI tract. LADD (Lifetime Average Daily Dose) is obtained by adding up the AADD(Average Adsorbed Daily Dose) for all the years of a person\'s life, namely: ->infant (1yr), ->child (1-6yrs), ->child (7-12 yrs), ->adolescents (13-18yrs), ->adults (19-70yrs) AADD is obtained by adding adsorbed dose (AD) through all the 3 ways. AD=Exposure x Adsorption Factor Exposure = Concentration x Intake x Duration x Frequency Body Weight _____________________________________________________________________________ ____ Another way to calculate LADD is: LADD = (C x IR x ED)/(BW x LT) ; where; C = concentration of chemical IR = intake rate ED = exposure duration BW = body weight LT = lifetime (also AT) (a) Total Annual LADD due to drinking water + showering (1) Drinking water C = 0.003 mg/L IR = 2 L daily; for 1 year = 2*365 = 730 L ED = AT = 1 year = 365 days LT = 70 years = 25,550 days BW = 70 kg i.e, LADD = (0.003 * 730 * 1) / (70 *365) = 8.57 x 10-5 mg/kg.day (2) Similarly, for dermal absorption For dermal adsorption, Dosage, D = (C x P x SA x ET x CF) / (BW); where D = Dose ( mg/kg day) C = conc. of contaminant (mg/L) P=Permeability coefficient (cm/hr) SA = exposed body surface area (cm2); here 19400 cm2 (Standard value) ET = Exposure time (hrs/day); here 0.25 hours /day CF = conversion factor = 1 L/1000 cm3 BW = body weight = 70 kg thus, D= (0.003*(6.15*10-5*10-2/60)*19400*0.25))/(1000*70) =2.13*10-12 mg/kg.day. However for 1 year, D = 7.776 * 10-10 mg/kg.day Thus, total LADD = 8.57*10-5 + 7.776 * 10-10 = 8.57 * 10-5 mg/kg.day (b) Usually, studies show that of all the modes of exposure, ingestion or drinking the water will deliver the highest dose. Here, dosage due to air inhalation will be 8.57 * 10-5 / 1.4 = 6.121 * 10-5 mg/kg.day (as Cair = Caq/1.4) Thus, comparing all the values, drinking the water will cause more dosage..

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C++ problem Part 1: Recursive Print (40 pts) Please write the recursive List reverse print function, whose iterative version we wrote in class. Below are the function signatures for the functions you are going to need: public: /**Additional Operations*/ void print_reverse(); //Wrapper function that calls the reverse helper function to print a list in reverse //prints nothing if the List is empty private: void reverse(Nodeptr node); //Helper function for the public printReverse() function. //Recursively prints the data in a List in reverse. Why do we need the private helper function here? Since we are going to be reversing our list node by node, in a recursive fashion, we want to pass a one node at a time to our reverse function. However, since our nodes are private, we cannot access them if we call the function inside of main. Add these function signatures to your List.h file along with your other function prototypes inside the class definition. Make sure that you place the reverse function inside the private portion of your List class definition and the print_reverse function prototype to the public portion of your List class definition. Now, implement these two functions inside of List.h, under your section for additional operations. Important: Test each function carefully inside of your ListTest.cpp to make sure that it is working properly. Part 2: Adding an Index to Your List Nodes (20 pts) Next, you will add the following functions to your List.h /**Accessor Functions*/ int get_index(); //Indicates the index of the Node where the iterator is currently pointing //Nodes are numbered from 1 to length of the list //Pre: length != 0 //Pre: !off_end() ... int List::get_index() { //Implement the function here } /**Manipulation Procedures*/ void scroll_to_index(int index); //Moves the iterator to the node whose index is specified by the user //Pre: length != 0 ... void scroll_to_index(int index) { //Implement function here } Part 3: Implementing Search as Part of Your List (40 pts) Now, we are going to add two search functions to our List so that we can search for elements in our List. The first of these functions is going to be a simple linear search function. You will need to add the following function prototype and function definition to your List.h: /**Additional Operations*/ int linear_search(listitem item); //Searchs the list, element by element, from the start of the List to the end of the List //Returns the index of the element, if it is found in the List //Returns -1 if the element is not in the List //Pre: length != 0 ... int List::linear_search(listitem item) { //Implement the function here } You are also going to add a function to perform recursive binary search on your List. You will need to add the following function prototype and function definition to your List.h: int binary_search(int low, int high, listitem item); //Recursively searchs the list by dividing the search space in half //Returns the index of the element, if it is fo.

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1.What does the emergence of autonomous vehicles mean to you? What value about car travel would you increase, decrease, eliminate? 2. Think of at least 3 Blue Ocean innovations that would be needed in order for autonomous vehicles to be successful: these can be internal/organizational efficiency innovations or new products/services. 3. Do you think the biggest barriers will be technical or social in nature? 4) each individual should create a list of at least 10 “factors of competition” that are relevant to the personal transportation market. 5) Conduct “mini-interviews” with at least 5 people and get feedback about your identified factors of competition – are some factors more important to people than others, are there factors identified by your interviewees that you missed? Note: these are informal “mini-interviews”, and each individual must conduct at least 5 interviews to provide market feedback on your factors of competition. Record your notes from each mini-interview using the table structure below: Interviewee Name, Age, Location, Gender and About Eliminate Reduce Raise Create Insights Mary Jones: 48 from Birmingham, AL. Female. Busy working mom with 2 middle-school kids 1. External Appearance 2. Taxi services 3. New road construction 4. Road signs 5. Mom having to drive kids to soccer practice – YEAH!! 1. Complexity of the dashboard 2. Air pollution 3. Engine size and performance 4. Car salesmen and personal car ownership 1. Entertainment and internet access in car 2. Comfort through alternative seating styles (e.g. 4 people facing each other around a table) 3. Ease of maintenance and longevity of cars 1. Members-only service (e.g. I belong to the Volvo driving club, which has its own app and fleet of cars) 2. Vehicle support services – cars need to come in to get gas and fixed by mechanics Value proposition: Time (not having to drive kids everywhere) Safety (people could drink and get home safely) Fun (spend travel time playing with kids, watching movies etc.) individual’s interview summary table, each individual’s original list of 10 competitive factors. These should all be aggregated into one document and uploaded to our Canvas course site. Interviewee Name, Age, Location, Gender and About Eliminate Reduce Raise Create Insights Mary Jones: 48 from Birmingham, AL. Female. Busy working mom with 2 middle-school kids 1. External Appearance 2. Taxi services 3. New road construction 4. Road signs 5. Mom having to drive kids to soccer practice – YEAH!! 1. Complexity of the dashboard 2. Air pollution 3. Engine size and performance 4. Car salesmen and personal car ownership 1. Entertainment and internet access in car 2. Comfort through alternative seating styles (e.g. 4 people facing each other around a table) 3. Ease of maintenance and longevity of cars 1. Members-only service (e.g. I belong to the Volvo driving club, which has its own app and fleet of cars) 2. Vehicle support services – cars need to come in to get gas and fixed by mechanic.

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You have installed a PCIe wireless NIC in a computer desktop in a small office environment that cannot be wired for an Ethernet network. Despite the fact that the nearest access point is well within range, the computer still receives a poor Wi-Fi signal. What can you do to improve the computer’s reception? A. Turn up the sensitivity on the PCIe wireless NIC. B. Install a PCIe wireless NIC with a stronger receiver. C. Install an external USB wireless NIC that can have its antenna placed to get better reception. D. Change the entire wireless network to use an 802.11 standard that has greater range. Solution C. Internal wireless NICs have the antenna directly connected to the NIC so that it sits at the back of the computer. This might not be the ideal location to receive Wi-Fi signals, even if the computer is within range otherwise. Using a USB wireless NIC with an external antenna that can be moved for better reception is a more workable option..

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You have identified a novel enzyme. Supercoiled DNA shows an upward mobility shift following a short incubation with the enzyme. Following a long incubation with the enzyme, the supercoiled DNA seems to disappear or be converted in a large number of small fragments. What kind of enzyme is our novel enzyme likely to be? Type I topoisomerase Type II topoisomerase Restriction enzyme DNA nuclease A and B are both correct Solution .C. Restriction enzymes . are a class of enzymes that act upon the DNA molecule at specific site and cleave DNA molecule into small fragments..

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Which of the following wireless standards uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) by default? A. Bluetooth B. 802.11a C. 802.11b D. 802.11ac Solution C. 802.11b uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technology. DSSS is a transmission method that transmits the data along with a chipping bit to increase the signal’s resistance to interference. Answer A is incorrect because Bluetooth uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum. Answer B is incorrect because 802.11a uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. Answer D is incorrect because 802.11ac uses MIMO-OFDM.

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Which one of the following statements about lichens is false? lichens are resistant to pollution. Lichens can withstand severe drought. lichens are important pioneers on new land. Some lichens are thousands of years old. Some lichens tolerate severe cold. Which of the following bacterium type would die in the presence of oxygen(poisoning)? Obligate aerobes Obligate anaerobes Facultative anaerobes All of the above Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? composition of the cell wall. presence of plasma membrane lack of a nuclear envelope identical rRNA sequences 1 only 3 only 1 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 4 What do \"fimbriae\" of bacteria do? Catch food Absorbing liquid food Sticking to a substrate. Help in sexual reproduction All of the above. Picking up naked exracellular DNA molecule is accomplished during Transcription Conjugation Transformation Transduction Translation Which of the following confers antibiotic resistance? Transduction Jumping genes Hfr R plasmid F plasmids Solution Lichens are resistant to pollution Obligate anaerobes lack of nuclear envelope Sticking to the substrate transformation R plasmid.

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What is the capability to combine data from separate sources to gain information? A. Metadata B. Inference C. Aggregation D. Deadlocking Solution C. Aggregation is the capability to combine data from separate sources to gain information. Answer A is incorrect because metadata is data about data. Answer B is incorrect because inference attacks occur when authorized users infer information by analyzing the data they have access to. Answer D is incorrect because deadlocking is a database stalemate.

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What are Factors that influence primary production in different zones of oceans and lakes Solution Organisms that synthesise the organic elements of life from the inorganic molecules are known as \"primary producers.\" Plants, certain bacteria and algae are autotrophs (they feed themselves by photosynthesis). Photosynthesis is a process through which plants use sun energy for the production of organic material. Plants utilise necessary amount of sunlight for photosynthesis. The major factors affecting the primary production in different zones of oceans and lakes are, 1). Availability of Sun light 2). Mineral nutrients In contrast, the terrestrial plants have the limitations of water supply and uniform temperature. As the aquatic plants and organisms live in the water itself, they do not suffer from water scarcity. Also, temperature is uniform due to the heat capacity of water..

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