An adult male receives all his water from a municipal supply that is.pdf

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An adult male receives all his water from a municipal supply that is contaminated with 0.003mg/Lof tetrachloroethylene (PCE). Assume he takes a 15-minute shower every day. The PCE concentration in the air is in equilibrium with the PCE in the water and thus can be determined by Henry’s law from the concentration in the water. PCE has a unitless Henry’s constant KH=1.4, which means Cair=Caq/KH. The dermal permeability constant of PCE is 6.17×10-5 m/min. (10 pts) a. Calculate his total annual (ED=AT=1 yr) LADD due to exposures of drinking the water and showering (dermal absorption + inhalation) with the water. b. Which of the three modes of exposure results in the highest delivered dose? Solution There are generally three routes of exposure: dermal, oral and inhalation, as clear from the question. Intake from these routes of exposure differ based upon the chemical and physical properties of the toxicant as well as the permeability of the surface at the site of absorbtion, here, lung, skin and the GI tract. LADD (Lifetime Average Daily Dose) is obtained by adding up the AADD(Average Adsorbed Daily Dose) for all the years of a person\'s life, namely: ->infant (1yr), ->child (1-6yrs), ->child (7-12 yrs), ->adolescents (13-18yrs), ->adults (19-70yrs) AADD is obtained by adding adsorbed dose (AD) through all the 3 ways. AD=Exposure x Adsorption Factor Exposure = Concentration x Intake x Duration x Frequency Body Weight _____________________________________________________________________________ ____ Another way to calculate LADD is: LADD = (C x IR x ED)/(BW x LT) ; where; C = concentration of chemical IR = intake rate ED = exposure duration BW = body weight LT = lifetime (also AT) (a) Total Annual LADD due to drinking water + showering (1) Drinking water C = 0.003 mg/L IR = 2 L daily; for 1 year = 2*365 = 730 L ED = AT = 1 year = 365 days LT = 70 years = 25,550 days BW = 70 kg i.e, LADD = (0.003 * 730 * 1) / (70 *365) = 8.57 x 10-5 mg/kg.day (2) Similarly, for dermal absorption For dermal adsorption, Dosage, D = (C x P x SA x ET x CF) / (BW); where D = Dose ( mg/kg day) C = conc. of contaminant (mg/L) P=Permeability coefficient (cm/hr) SA = exposed body surface area (cm2); here 19400 cm2 (Standard value) ET = Exposure time (hrs/day); here 0.25 hours /day CF = conversion factor = 1 L/1000 cm3 BW = body weight = 70 kg thus, D= (0.003*(6.15*10-5*10-2/60)*19400*0.25))/(1000*70) =2.13*10-12 mg/kg.day. However for 1 year, D = 7.776 * 10-10 mg/kg.day Thus, total LADD = 8.57*10-5 + 7.776 * 10-10 = 8.57 * 10-5 mg/kg.day (b) Usually, studies show that of all the modes of exposure, ingestion or drinking the water will deliver the highest dose. Here, dosage due to air inhalation will be 8.57 * 10-5 / 1.4 = 6.121 * 10-5 mg/kg.day (as Cair = Caq/1.4) Thus, comparing all the values, drinking the water will cause more dosage..

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BW = body weight
LT = lifetime (also AT)
(a) Total Annual LADD due to drinking water + showering
(1) Drinking water
C = 0.003 mg/L
IR = 2 L daily; for 1 year = 2*365 = 730 L
ED = AT = 1 year = 365 days
LT = 70 years = 25,550 days
BW = 70 kg
i.e, LADD = (0.003 * 730 * 1) / (70 *365)
= 8.57 x 10-5 mg/kg.day
(2) Similarly, for dermal absorption
For dermal adsorption,
Dosage, D = (C x P x SA x ET x CF) / (BW); where
D = Dose ( mg/kg day)
C = conc. of contaminant (mg/L)
P=Permeability coefficient (cm/hr)
SA = exposed body surface area (cm2); here 19400 cm2 (Standard value)
ET = Exposure time (hrs/day); here 0.25 hours /day
CF = conversion factor = 1 L/1000 cm3
BW = body weight = 70 kg
thus, D= (0.003*(6.15*10-5*10-2/60)*19400*0.25))/(1000*70)
=2.13*10-12 mg/kg.day.
However for 1 year, D = 7.776 * 10-10 mg/kg.day
Thus, total LADD = 8.57*10-5 + 7.776 * 10-10 = 8.57 * 10-5 mg/kg.day
(b)
Usually, studies show that of all the modes of exposure, ingestion or drinking the water will
deliver the highest dose.
Here, dosage due to air inhalation will be 8.57 * 10-5 / 1.4
= 6.121 * 10-5 mg/kg.day (as Cair = Caq/1.4)
Thus, comparing all the values, drinking the water will cause more dosage.

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Which one of the following statements about lichens is false? lichens are resistant to pollution. Lichens can withstand severe drought. lichens are important pioneers on new land. Some lichens are thousands of years old. Some lichens tolerate severe cold. Which of the following bacterium type would die in the presence of oxygen(poisoning)? Obligate aerobes Obligate anaerobes Facultative anaerobes All of the above Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? composition of the cell wall. presence of plasma membrane lack of a nuclear envelope identical rRNA sequences 1 only 3 only 1 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 4 What do \"fimbriae\" of bacteria do? Catch food Absorbing liquid food Sticking to a substrate. Help in sexual reproduction All of the above. Picking up naked exracellular DNA molecule is accomplished during Transcription Conjugation Transformation Transduction Translation Which of the following confers antibiotic resistance? Transduction Jumping genes Hfr R plasmid F plasmids Solution Lichens are resistant to pollution Obligate anaerobes lack of nuclear envelope Sticking to the substrate transformation R plasmid.

Which one of the following statements about lichens is false lichen.pdf

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What is the capability to combine data from separate sources to gain information? A. Metadata B. Inference C. Aggregation D. Deadlocking Solution C. Aggregation is the capability to combine data from separate sources to gain information. Answer A is incorrect because metadata is data about data. Answer B is incorrect because inference attacks occur when authorized users infer information by analyzing the data they have access to. Answer D is incorrect because deadlocking is a database stalemate.

What is the capability to combine data from separate sources to gain.pdf

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What are Factors that influence primary production in different zones of oceans and lakes Solution Organisms that synthesise the organic elements of life from the inorganic molecules are known as \"primary producers.\" Plants, certain bacteria and algae are autotrophs (they feed themselves by photosynthesis). Photosynthesis is a process through which plants use sun energy for the production of organic material. Plants utilise necessary amount of sunlight for photosynthesis. The major factors affecting the primary production in different zones of oceans and lakes are, 1). Availability of Sun light 2). Mineral nutrients In contrast, the terrestrial plants have the limitations of water supply and uniform temperature. As the aquatic plants and organisms live in the water itself, they do not suffer from water scarcity. Also, temperature is uniform due to the heat capacity of water..

What are Factors that influence primary production in different zone.pdf

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Using NetBeans Q1. Write a program that uses a stack to convert a number in base 10 to a number in base 2. Solution import java.util.Scanner; public class Decimal2BinaryDemo { public static void main(String args[]) { Scanner in =new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println(\"Enter decimal number =\"); int num=in.nextInt(); Stack s4 = new Stack(); int n=num; int i = 0; while (n > 0) { s4.push(n % 2); n = n / 2; i++; } //s4.print(); System.out.print(num+\" is convert to binary ->\"); while (i > 0) { System.out.print(s4.pop()+\" \"); i--; } } }.

Using NetBeansQ1. Write a program that uses a stack to convert a n.pdf

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