Frank Drake organized the first scientific meeting to discuss the possibility of discovering life on other worlds in 1961. He created what became known as the Drake Equation to summarize the key factors needed to estimate the number of detectable civilizations in our galaxy. The equation multiplied terms for the rate of star formation, the fraction of stars with planets, the number of planets that could support life, the fraction where life emerges and develops intelligence, the fraction that develop technologies for communication, and the length of time such civilizations remain detectable. At the meeting, estimates for the factors produced a value close to 1 for the number of civilizations, depending largely on how long they remain detectable. The Drake Equation became widely known and helped focus discussion on the challenges of
2006 a space oddity – the great pluto debate science _ the guardianGeorgi Daskalov
Long known as the ninth planet, Pluto was downgraded in 2006, sparking a scientific spat that raises basic questions about how we understand the universe
Searching for Intelligent Life on Other Planets is a Goal Worth PursuingNick White
Abstract
For centuries, humans have tilted back their heads and gazed upon the heavens in wonder. What’s out there and are we alone in this universe? This paper addresses the need for humans worldwide to continue our search for life on other planets, and argues that it is our natural instinct to discover new worlds, much like the early explorers of the 15th Century. The paper covers the leadership role of SETI, as well as the projected funds for such missions. Themes from fields like astrobiology, economics and motivation will be considered and analyzed from a neutral standpoint. This paper will entertain the notion that we may, in fact, be alone in this universe. Aside from the money, the interest and the people advocating for the extra-terrestrial search, this paper will also address the mathematical probability of life existing in our galaxy, using the famed Drake Equation, contemplating the “habitable zone,” and even looking at evidence of life already found. The paper concludes, explaining why the search for intelligent life on other planets and our universe is a worthwhile goal.
Using Historical Roleplay to Teach Speaking and EmpathySeriousGamesAssoc
Tony Crider Elon University
INTERACTIVE DEMO: Reacting to the Past: Using Historical Roleplay to Teach Speaking and Empathy
Attendees will learn what it is like to play a Reacting to the Past game by actually playing one during the session. They will also get an overview of the game elements common in other Reacting games and see research showing the impact these games have on college students. Finally, they will be directed to websites where they can download reacting games under development and sample rubrics for assessing student performance in games.
The Reacting to the Past series of games, peer-reviewed by the Reacting Consortium and published by Norton, have college students play historical characters debating topics and writing letters at a particular time and place in the past.
In this workshop session, up to 30 attendees will play a short Reacting game tutorial (e.g. The Pluto Debate, Athens Besieged, Bomb the Church), with each person being assigned a role. The session will start with a short (~15 minute) introduction to reacting games, followed by an hour of gameplay. The final 15 minutes will be reserved for questions the attendees have about the curriculum.
Presented by the
Serious Play Conference
seriousplayconf.com
at
Orlando,
University of Central Florida,
UCF,
July 24-26, 2019
Circling one star among hundreds of billions, in one galaxy among a hundred billion more, in a Universe that is vast and expanding ever faster – perhaps toward infinity. It’s easy to forget that we live in a place of astonishing grandeur and mystery.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Our two-week program, Avasara Young Scientists, was a series of hands-on sessions to raise girls' confidence and skills in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects through relevant and challenging enquiry activities. You can find a short article about it on Page 2 of this issue of Child Friendly News!
2006 a space oddity – the great pluto debate science _ the guardianGeorgi Daskalov
Long known as the ninth planet, Pluto was downgraded in 2006, sparking a scientific spat that raises basic questions about how we understand the universe
Searching for Intelligent Life on Other Planets is a Goal Worth PursuingNick White
Abstract
For centuries, humans have tilted back their heads and gazed upon the heavens in wonder. What’s out there and are we alone in this universe? This paper addresses the need for humans worldwide to continue our search for life on other planets, and argues that it is our natural instinct to discover new worlds, much like the early explorers of the 15th Century. The paper covers the leadership role of SETI, as well as the projected funds for such missions. Themes from fields like astrobiology, economics and motivation will be considered and analyzed from a neutral standpoint. This paper will entertain the notion that we may, in fact, be alone in this universe. Aside from the money, the interest and the people advocating for the extra-terrestrial search, this paper will also address the mathematical probability of life existing in our galaxy, using the famed Drake Equation, contemplating the “habitable zone,” and even looking at evidence of life already found. The paper concludes, explaining why the search for intelligent life on other planets and our universe is a worthwhile goal.
Using Historical Roleplay to Teach Speaking and EmpathySeriousGamesAssoc
Tony Crider Elon University
INTERACTIVE DEMO: Reacting to the Past: Using Historical Roleplay to Teach Speaking and Empathy
Attendees will learn what it is like to play a Reacting to the Past game by actually playing one during the session. They will also get an overview of the game elements common in other Reacting games and see research showing the impact these games have on college students. Finally, they will be directed to websites where they can download reacting games under development and sample rubrics for assessing student performance in games.
The Reacting to the Past series of games, peer-reviewed by the Reacting Consortium and published by Norton, have college students play historical characters debating topics and writing letters at a particular time and place in the past.
In this workshop session, up to 30 attendees will play a short Reacting game tutorial (e.g. The Pluto Debate, Athens Besieged, Bomb the Church), with each person being assigned a role. The session will start with a short (~15 minute) introduction to reacting games, followed by an hour of gameplay. The final 15 minutes will be reserved for questions the attendees have about the curriculum.
Presented by the
Serious Play Conference
seriousplayconf.com
at
Orlando,
University of Central Florida,
UCF,
July 24-26, 2019
Circling one star among hundreds of billions, in one galaxy among a hundred billion more, in a Universe that is vast and expanding ever faster – perhaps toward infinity. It’s easy to forget that we live in a place of astonishing grandeur and mystery.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Our two-week program, Avasara Young Scientists, was a series of hands-on sessions to raise girls' confidence and skills in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects through relevant and challenging enquiry activities. You can find a short article about it on Page 2 of this issue of Child Friendly News!
This is a presentation on time travelling, here i mainly focused on main sub topics to understand the concept of time travelling, i.e.
1) Parallel Space
2) Paradox
3) How to travel through time
4) Evidence
Background
We can search for evidence of past, or even present, life forms within our own solar system, find
evidence of simple life on planets around other stars –- a planet where water could be present has
recently be found –- or even detect an intelligent signal from an alien civilization. The speaker was
a project scientist in the most sensitive search, Project Phoenix, ever undertaken. Sadly, no signals
were detected but a new 10 year search using two of the world’s largest radio telescopes is about
to begin and, during the next decade, a giant radio telescope, the Square Kilometer Array, will have
the sensitivity to detect alien signals from across the galaxy.
What curiosity in the structure hollow earth in scienceMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory - 2012 Annual reportJon Nelson
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally funded research and development center and NASA field center located in Pasadena, California, United States.
JPL is managed by the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The laboratory's primary function is the construction and operation of robotic planetary spacecraft, though it also conducts Earth-orbit and astronomy missions. It is also responsible for operating NASA's Deep Space Network.
Among the laboratory's current major active projects are the Mars Science Laboratory mission (which includes the Curiosity rover), the Cassini–Huygens mission orbiting Saturn, the Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity), the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Dawn mission to the dwarf planet Ceres and asteroid Vesta, the Juno spacecraft en route to Jupiter, the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission to the Moon, the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) X-ray telescope, and the Spitzer Space Telescope.
Go Beneath the Surface to Find a Job - The only way to move ahead. When you are looking for a job you need to go deep and look beneath the surface. You should be looking at jobs on every job board, every employer website, and everywhere you possibly can.
How Astronomy Has Changed The World
Astronomy Research Paper
I Want To Be An Astronomer
Astronomy Essay
Astronomy: A Career Essay
Reflective Essay On Astronomy
Astronomy Essay
History of Astronomy
Ancient Greek Astronomy Essay
Reflection Paper On Astronomy
Astronomy : My Goals In Life, My Dream Career
Mayan Astronomy Essay
Astronomy Observations
Astronomy Essay
Astronomy Essay
Socrates On Astronomy
Essay about Telescopes in Astronomy
Astronomy Research Paper
A Career In Astronomy
Women In Astronomy Essay
This is a presentation on time travelling, here i mainly focused on main sub topics to understand the concept of time travelling, i.e.
1) Parallel Space
2) Paradox
3) How to travel through time
4) Evidence
Background
We can search for evidence of past, or even present, life forms within our own solar system, find
evidence of simple life on planets around other stars –- a planet where water could be present has
recently be found –- or even detect an intelligent signal from an alien civilization. The speaker was
a project scientist in the most sensitive search, Project Phoenix, ever undertaken. Sadly, no signals
were detected but a new 10 year search using two of the world’s largest radio telescopes is about
to begin and, during the next decade, a giant radio telescope, the Square Kilometer Array, will have
the sensitivity to detect alien signals from across the galaxy.
What curiosity in the structure hollow earth in scienceMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory - 2012 Annual reportJon Nelson
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally funded research and development center and NASA field center located in Pasadena, California, United States.
JPL is managed by the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The laboratory's primary function is the construction and operation of robotic planetary spacecraft, though it also conducts Earth-orbit and astronomy missions. It is also responsible for operating NASA's Deep Space Network.
Among the laboratory's current major active projects are the Mars Science Laboratory mission (which includes the Curiosity rover), the Cassini–Huygens mission orbiting Saturn, the Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity), the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Dawn mission to the dwarf planet Ceres and asteroid Vesta, the Juno spacecraft en route to Jupiter, the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission to the Moon, the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) X-ray telescope, and the Spitzer Space Telescope.
Go Beneath the Surface to Find a Job - The only way to move ahead. When you are looking for a job you need to go deep and look beneath the surface. You should be looking at jobs on every job board, every employer website, and everywhere you possibly can.
How Astronomy Has Changed The World
Astronomy Research Paper
I Want To Be An Astronomer
Astronomy Essay
Astronomy: A Career Essay
Reflective Essay On Astronomy
Astronomy Essay
History of Astronomy
Ancient Greek Astronomy Essay
Reflection Paper On Astronomy
Astronomy : My Goals In Life, My Dream Career
Mayan Astronomy Essay
Astronomy Observations
Astronomy Essay
Astronomy Essay
Socrates On Astronomy
Essay about Telescopes in Astronomy
Astronomy Research Paper
A Career In Astronomy
Women In Astronomy Essay
This inspiring novel is grounded in the concept of education driven by the curiosity of learners. This science-fiction narrative incorporates hyperlinks that guide readers towards a variety of credible scientific and educational resources. This feature affords a level of freedom and choice that traditional print novels simply cannot offer.
The first story The 4th Birth is (just seemingly) about the Lemurians, an ancient race which appears to have existed prior to and during the time of the equally mysterious empire of Atlantis. Some authors believe that Lemurians developed their civilisation (also called Lapita and Mu - Motherland) some 70,000 to 80,000 years ago, mainly in the South-West Pacific, between China and Australia.
Lemurians were living through alternating periods of peace and prosperity, conflicts and crises over the millennia. During this time, they made considerable advances in culture, politics, sciences and technology causing only minor ecological catastrophes. At the peak of their civilisation, the Lemurian people were both technically advanced and very spiritual. However, they were unaware that the indifferent Nature was leading their world towards an ultimate cataclysm. Fortunately, alongside the Lemurians and several neighbouring nations that worked hard to enslave one another, another civilisation (if one is to believe the fragments that appear in certain legends), much older and hence somewhat more mature, was witnessing this course of events.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Gliese 12 b: A Temperate Earth-sized Planet at 12 pc Ideal for Atmospheric Tr...Sérgio Sacani
Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the
atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets
receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric
composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet
transiting the nearby (12 pc) inactive M3.0 dwarf Gliese 12 (TOI-6251) with an orbital period (Porb) of 12.76 days.
The planet, Gliese 12 b, was initially identified as a candidate with an ambiguous Porb from TESS data. We
confirmed the transit signal and Porb using ground-based photometry with MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3, and
validated the planetary nature of the signal using high-resolution images from Gemini/NIRI and Keck/NIRC2 as
well as radial velocity (RV) measurements from the InfraRed Doppler instrument on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope
and from CARMENES on the CAHA 3.5 m telescope. X-ray observations with XMM-Newton showed the host
star is inactive, with an X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of log 5.7 L L X bol » - . Joint analysis of the light
curves and RV measurements revealed that Gliese 12 b has a radius of 0.96 ± 0.05 R⊕,a3σ mass upper limit of
3.9 M⊕, and an equilibrium temperature of 315 ± 6 K assuming zero albedo. The transmission spectroscopy metric
(TSM) value of Gliese 12 b is close to the TSM values of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, adding Gliese 12 b to the small
list of potentially terrestrial, temperate planets amenable to atmospheric characterization with JWST.
Gliese 12 b, a temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 parsecs discovered with TES...Sérgio Sacani
We report on the discovery of Gliese 12 b, the nearest transiting temperate, Earth-sized planet found to date. Gliese 12 is a
bright (V = 12.6 mag, K = 7.8 mag) metal-poor M4V star only 12.162 ± 0.005 pc away from the Solar system with one of the
lowest stellar activity levels known for M-dwarfs. A planet candidate was detected by TESS based on only 3 transits in sectors
42, 43, and 57, with an ambiguity in the orbital period due to observational gaps. We performed follow-up transit observations
with CHEOPS and ground-based photometry with MINERVA-Australis, SPECULOOS, and Purple Mountain Observatory,
as well as further TESS observations in sector 70. We statistically validate Gliese 12 b as a planet with an orbital period of
12.76144 ± 0.00006 d and a radius of 1.0 ± 0.1 R⊕, resulting in an equilibrium temperature of ∼315 K. Gliese 12 b has excellent
future prospects for precise mass measurement, which may inform how planetary internal structure is affected by the stellar
compositional environment. Gliese 12 b also represents one of the best targets to study whether Earth-like planets orbiting cool
stars can retain their atmospheres, a crucial step to advance our understanding of habitability on Earth and across the galaxy.
The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of...Sérgio Sacani
Within the uncertainties of involved astronomical and biological parameters, the Drake Equation
typically predicts that there should be many exoplanets in our galaxy hosting active, communicative
civilizations (ACCs). These optimistic calculations are however not supported by evidence, which is
often referred to as the Fermi Paradox. Here, we elaborate on this long-standing enigma by showing
the importance of planetary tectonic style for biological evolution. We summarize growing evidence
that a prolonged transition from Mesoproterozoic active single lid tectonics (1.6 to 1.0 Ga) to modern
plate tectonics occurred in the Neoproterozoic Era (1.0 to 0.541 Ga), which dramatically accelerated
emergence and evolution of complex species. We further suggest that both continents and oceans
are required for ACCs because early evolution of simple life must happen in water but late evolution
of advanced life capable of creating technology must happen on land. We resolve the Fermi Paradox
(1) by adding two additional terms to the Drake Equation: foc
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets
with significant continents and oceans) and fpt
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant
continents and oceans that have had plate tectonics operating for at least 0.5 Ga); and (2) by
demonstrating that the product of foc
and fpt
is very small (< 0.00003–0.002). We propose that the lack
of evidence for ACCs reflects the scarcity of long-lived plate tectonics and/or continents and oceans on
exoplanets with primitive life.
A Giant Impact Origin for the First Subduction on EarthSérgio Sacani
Hadean zircons provide a potential record of Earth's earliest subduction 4.3 billion years ago. Itremains enigmatic how subduction could be initiated so soon after the presumably Moon‐forming giant impact(MGI). Earlier studies found an increase in Earth's core‐mantle boundary (CMB) temperature due to theaccumulation of the impactor's core, and our recent work shows Earth's lower mantle remains largely solid, withsome of the impactor's mantle potentially surviving as the large low‐shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs). Here,we show that a hot post‐impact CMB drives the initiation of strong mantle plumes that can induce subductioninitiation ∼200 Myr after the MGI. 2D and 3D thermomechanical computations show that a high CMBtemperature is the primary factor triggering early subduction, with enrichment of heat‐producing elements inLLSVPs as another potential factor. The models link the earliest subduction to the MGI with implications forunderstanding the diverse tectonic regimes of rocky planets.
Climate extremes likely to drive land mammal extinction during next supercont...Sérgio Sacani
Mammals have dominated Earth for approximately 55 Myr thanks to their
adaptations and resilience to warming and cooling during the Cenozoic. All
life will eventually perish in a runaway greenhouse once absorbed solar
radiation exceeds the emission of thermal radiation in several billions of
years. However, conditions rendering the Earth naturally inhospitable to
mammals may develop sooner because of long-term processes linked to
plate tectonics (short-term perturbations are not considered here). In
~250 Myr, all continents will converge to form Earth’s next supercontinent,
Pangea Ultima. A natural consequence of the creation and decay of Pangea
Ultima will be extremes in pCO2 due to changes in volcanic rifting and
outgassing. Here we show that increased pCO2, solar energy (F⨀;
approximately +2.5% W m−2 greater than today) and continentality (larger
range in temperatures away from the ocean) lead to increasing warming
hostile to mammalian life. We assess their impact on mammalian
physiological limits (dry bulb, wet bulb and Humidex heat stress indicators)
as well as a planetary habitability index. Given mammals’ continued survival,
predicted background pCO2 levels of 410–816 ppm combined with increased
F⨀ will probably lead to a climate tipping point and their mass extinction.
The results also highlight how global landmass configuration, pCO2 and F⨀
play a critical role in planetary habitability.
Constraints on Neutrino Natal Kicks from Black-Hole Binary VFTS 243Sérgio Sacani
The recently reported observation of VFTS 243 is the first example of a massive black-hole binary
system with negligible binary interaction following black-hole formation. The black-hole mass (≈10M⊙)
and near-circular orbit (e ≈ 0.02) of VFTS 243 suggest that the progenitor star experienced complete
collapse, with energy-momentum being lost predominantly through neutrinos. VFTS 243 enables us to
constrain the natal kick and neutrino-emission asymmetry during black-hole formation. At 68% confidence
level, the natal kick velocity (mass decrement) is ≲10 km=s (≲1.0M⊙), with a full probability distribution
that peaks when ≈0.3M⊙ were ejected, presumably in neutrinos, and the black hole experienced a natal
kick of 4 km=s. The neutrino-emission asymmetry is ≲4%, with best fit values of ∼0–0.2%. Such a small
neutrino natal kick accompanying black-hole formation is in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Detectability of Solar Panels as a TechnosignatureSérgio Sacani
In this work, we assess the potential detectability of solar panels made of silicon on an Earth-like
exoplanet as a potential technosignature. Silicon-based photovoltaic cells have high reflectance in the
UV-VIS and in the near-IR, within the wavelength range of a space-based flagship mission concept
like the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO). Assuming that only solar energy is used to provide
the 2022 human energy needs with a land cover of ∼ 2.4%, and projecting the future energy demand
assuming various growth-rate scenarios, we assess the detectability with an 8 m HWO-like telescope.
Assuming the most favorable viewing orientation, and focusing on the strong absorption edge in the
ultraviolet-to-visible (0.34 − 0.52 µm), we find that several 100s of hours of observation time is needed
to reach a SNR of 5 for an Earth-like planet around a Sun-like star at 10pc, even with a solar panel
coverage of ∼ 23% land coverage of a future Earth. We discuss the necessity of concepts like Kardeshev
Type I/II civilizations and Dyson spheres, which would aim to harness vast amounts of energy. Even
with much larger populations than today, the total energy use of human civilization would be orders of
magnitude below the threshold for causing direct thermal heating or reaching the scale of a Kardashev
Type I civilization. Any extraterrrestrial civilization that likewise achieves sustainable population
levels may also find a limit on its need to expand, which suggests that a galaxy-spanning civilization
as imagined in the Fermi paradox may not exist.
Jet reorientation in central galaxies of clusters and groups: insights from V...Sérgio Sacani
Recent observations of galaxy clusters and groups with misalignments between their central AGN jets
and X-ray cavities, or with multiple misaligned cavities, have raised concerns about the jet – bubble
connection in cooling cores, and the processes responsible for jet realignment. To investigate the
frequency and causes of such misalignments, we construct a sample of 16 cool core galaxy clusters and
groups. Using VLBA radio data we measure the parsec-scale position angle of the jets, and compare
it with the position angle of the X-ray cavities detected in Chandra data. Using the overall sample
and selected subsets, we consistently find that there is a 30% – 38% chance to find a misalignment
larger than ∆Ψ = 45◦ when observing a cluster/group with a detected jet and at least one cavity. We
determine that projection may account for an apparently large ∆Ψ only in a fraction of objects (∼35%),
and given that gas dynamical disturbances (as sloshing) are found in both aligned and misaligned
systems, we exclude environmental perturbation as the main driver of cavity – jet misalignment.
Moreover, we find that large misalignments (up to ∼ 90◦
) are favored over smaller ones (45◦ ≤ ∆Ψ ≤
70◦
), and that the change in jet direction can occur on timescales between one and a few tens of Myr.
We conclude that misalignments are more likely related to actual reorientation of the jet axis, and we
discuss several engine-based mechanisms that may cause these dramatic changes.
The solar dynamo begins near the surfaceSérgio Sacani
The magnetic dynamo cycle of the Sun features a distinct pattern: a propagating
region of sunspot emergence appears around 30° latitude and vanishes near the
equator every 11 years (ref. 1). Moreover, longitudinal flows called torsional oscillations
closely shadow sunspot migration, undoubtedly sharing a common cause2. Contrary
to theories suggesting deep origins of these phenomena, helioseismology pinpoints
low-latitude torsional oscillations to the outer 5–10% of the Sun, the near-surface
shear layer3,4. Within this zone, inwardly increasing differential rotation coupled with
a poloidal magnetic field strongly implicates the magneto-rotational instability5,6,
prominent in accretion-disk theory and observed in laboratory experiments7.
Together, these two facts prompt the general question: whether the solar dynamo is
possibly a near-surface instability. Here we report strong affirmative evidence in stark
contrast to traditional models8 focusing on the deeper tachocline. Simple analytic
estimates show that the near-surface magneto-rotational instability better explains
the spatiotemporal scales of the torsional oscillations and inferred subsurface
magnetic field amplitudes9. State-of-the-art numerical simulations corroborate these
estimates and reproduce hemispherical magnetic current helicity laws10. The dynamo
resulting from a well-understood near-surface phenomenon improves prospects
for accurate predictions of full magnetic cycles and space weather, affecting the
electromagnetic infrastructure of Earth.
Extensive Pollution of Uranus and Neptune’s Atmospheres by Upsweep of Icy Mat...Sérgio Sacani
In the Nice model of solar system formation, Uranus and Neptune undergo an orbital upheaval,
sweeping through a planetesimal disk. The region of the disk from which material is accreted by
the ice giants during this phase of their evolution has not previously been identified. We perform
direct N-body orbital simulations of the four giant planets to determine the amount and origin of solid
accretion during this orbital upheaval. We find that the ice giants undergo an extreme bombardment
event, with collision rates as much as ∼3 per hour assuming km-sized planetesimals, increasing the
total planet mass by up to ∼0.35%. In all cases, the initially outermost ice giant experiences the
largest total enhancement. We determine that for some plausible planetesimal properties, the resulting
atmospheric enrichment could potentially produce sufficient latent heat to alter the planetary cooling
timescale according to existing models. Our findings suggest that substantial accretion during this
phase of planetary evolution may have been sufficient to impact the atmospheric composition and
thermal evolution of the ice giants, motivating future work on the fate of deposited solid material.
Exomoons & Exorings with the Habitable Worlds Observatory I: On the Detection...Sérgio Sacani
The highest priority recommendation of the Astro2020 Decadal Survey for space-based astronomy
was the construction of an observatory capable of characterizing habitable worlds. In this paper series
we explore the detectability of and interference from exomoons and exorings serendipitously observed
with the proposed Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) as it seeks to characterize exoplanets, starting
in this manuscript with Earth-Moon analog mutual events. Unlike transits, which only occur in systems
viewed near edge-on, shadow (i.e., solar eclipse) and lunar eclipse mutual events occur in almost every
star-planet-moon system. The cadence of these events can vary widely from ∼yearly to multiple events
per day, as was the case in our younger Earth-Moon system. Leveraging previous space-based (EPOXI)
lightcurves of a Moon transit and performance predictions from the LUVOIR-B concept, we derive
the detectability of Moon analogs with HWO. We determine that Earth-Moon analogs are detectable
with observation of ∼2-20 mutual events for systems within 10 pc, and larger moons should remain
detectable out to 20 pc. We explore the extent to which exomoon mutual events can mimic planet
features and weather. We find that HWO wavelength coverage in the near-IR, specifically in the 1.4 µm
water band where large moons can outshine their host planet, will aid in differentiating exomoon signals
from exoplanet variability. Finally, we predict that exomoons formed through collision processes akin
to our Moon are more likely to be detected in younger systems, where shorter orbital periods and
favorable geometry enhance the probability and frequency of mutual events.
Emergent ribozyme behaviors in oxychlorine brines indicate a unique niche for...Sérgio Sacani
Mars is a particularly attractive candidate among known astronomical objects
to potentially host life. Results from space exploration missions have provided
insights into Martian geochemistry that indicate oxychlorine species, particularly perchlorate, are ubiquitous features of the Martian geochemical landscape. Perchlorate presents potential obstacles for known forms of life due to
its toxicity. However, it can also provide potential benefits, such as producing
brines by deliquescence, like those thought to exist on present-day Mars. Here
we show perchlorate brines support folding and catalysis of functional RNAs,
while inactivating representative protein enzymes. Additionally, we show
perchlorate and other oxychlorine species enable ribozyme functions,
including homeostasis-like regulatory behavior and ribozyme-catalyzed
chlorination of organic molecules. We suggest nucleic acids are uniquely wellsuited to hypersaline Martian environments. Furthermore, Martian near- or
subsurface oxychlorine brines, and brines found in potential lifeforms, could
provide a unique niche for biomolecular evolution.
Continuum emission from within the plunging region of black hole discsSérgio Sacani
The thermal continuum emission observed from accreting black holes across X-ray bands has the potential to be leveraged as a
powerful probe of the mass and spin of the central black hole. The vast majority of existing ‘continuum fitting’ models neglect
emission sourced at and within the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) of the black hole. Numerical simulations, however,
find non-zero emission sourced from these regions. In this work, we extend existing techniques by including the emission
sourced from within the plunging region, utilizing new analytical models that reproduce the properties of numerical accretion
simulations. We show that in general the neglected intra-ISCO emission produces a hot-and-small quasi-blackbody component,
but can also produce a weak power-law tail for more extreme parameter regions. A similar hot-and-small blackbody component
has been added in by hand in an ad hoc manner to previous analyses of X-ray binary spectra. We show that the X-ray spectrum
of MAXI J1820+070 in a soft-state outburst is extremely well described by a full Kerr black hole disc, while conventional
models that neglect intra-ISCO emission are unable to reproduce the data. We believe this represents the first robust detection of
intra-ISCO emission in the literature, and allows additional constraints to be placed on the MAXI J1820 + 070 black hole spin
which must be low a• < 0.5 to allow a detectable intra-ISCO region. Emission from within the ISCO is the dominant emission
component in the MAXI J1820 + 070 spectrum between 6 and 10 keV, highlighting the necessity of including this region. Our
continuum fitting model is made publicly available.
WASP-69b’s Escaping Envelope Is Confined to a Tail Extending at Least 7 RpSérgio Sacani
Studying the escaping atmospheres of highly irradiated exoplanets is critical for understanding the physical
mechanisms that shape the demographics of close-in planets. A number of planetary outflows have been observed
as excess H/He absorption during/after transit. Such an outflow has been observed for WASP-69b by multiple
groups that disagree on the geometry and velocity structure of the outflow. Here, we report the detection of this
planet’s outflow using Keck/NIRSPEC for the first time. We observed the outflow 1.28 hr after egress until the
target set, demonstrating the outflow extends at least 5.8 × 105 km or 7.5 Rp This detection is significantly longer
than previous observations, which report an outflow extending ∼2.2 planet radii just 1 yr prior. The outflow is
blueshifted by −23 km s−1 in the planetary rest frame. We estimate a current mass-loss rate of 1 M⊕ Gyr−1
. Our
observations are most consistent with an outflow that is strongly sculpted by ram pressure from the stellar wind.
However, potential variability in the outflow could be due to time-varying interactions with the stellar wind or
differences in instrumental precision.
X-rays from a Central “Exhaust Vent” of the Galactic Center ChimneySérgio Sacani
Using deep archival observations from the Chandra X-ray Observatory, we present an analysis of
linear X-ray-emitting features located within the southern portion of the Galactic center chimney,
and oriented orthogonal to the Galactic plane, centered at coordinates l = 0.08◦
, b = −1.42◦
. The
surface brightness and hardness ratio patterns are suggestive of a cylindrical morphology which may
have been produced by a plasma outflow channel extending from the Galactic center. Our fits of the
feature’s spectra favor a complex two-component model consisting of thermal and recombining plasma
components, possibly a sign of shock compression or heating of the interstellar medium by outflowing
material. Assuming a recombining plasma scenario, we further estimate the cooling timescale of this
plasma to be on the order of a few hundred to thousands of years, leading us to speculate that a
sequence of accretion events onto the Galactic Black Hole may be a plausible quasi-continuous energy
source to sustain the observed morphology
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. had unraveled and
explained the process
of photosynthesis (and
would, as it turned
out, receive the Nobel
Prize during our meeting); John Lilly, a neuroscientist and medical doctor, famous
for his experimental
interests in consciousness and communications; and Otto Struve,
the Director of the
Otto Struve
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
with an interest in the existence of planets outside the
Solar System.
I ran to see Struve the moment I hung up the phone.
Now that Pearman and I had pushed the idea forward
this far — the meeting had already grown into a threeday conference in our minds — I hated to think that
Struve might object… In fact, Struve was delighted at
the prospect of it, and immediately agreed to serve as
the host… He suggested one more invitee: his former
student Su Shu Huang, a Chinese émigré who had just
joined the new National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Huang and Struve had collaborated in studies of the kinds of stars that might support
habitable planets…
place where life could develop, how likely was it that life
would develop? That was another important point.
Even granting that other worlds swarmed with alien
life-forms, how many of those might be intelligent?
What form would their intelligence take? Would we
be able to detect them and communicate with them
across interstellar distances?
All the places we might look for life would be very far
away indeed. And in the universe, distance is time.
The further away a star is, the longer their message will
take to reach us and the more time will be required for
our reply to get to them. Our chances of finding our
alien counterparts would be greatly enhanced if civilizations, once they established themselves and became
detectable, lasted a good long while… Indeed, the
chances of a detection were just proportional to how
long, on average, civilizations were detectable.
I looked at my list, thinking to arrange it somehow,
perhaps in the order of the relative importance of the
topics. But each one seemed to carry just as much
weight as another in assessing the likelihood of success
for a future Project Ozma. Then it hit me: The topics
were not only of equal importance, they were also ut-
I took on the job of setting an agenda for the meeting. There was no one else to do it. So I sat down and
thought, “What do we need to know about to discover
life in space?” Then I began listing the relevant points
as they occurred to me.
Surely we needed to know the number of new stars
born each year — and not just any stars, but “good
suns.” These would be stars of medium and small size
which maintained an almost constant brightness long
enough for a technology-using civilization to evolve.
This definition of “good suns” only ruled out the small
fraction of the stars which are very massive and become giant, lethal stars too soon for technology to
arise.
If there were planets out beyond the Solar System that
were suitable for life, how many of them would actually
become homes to living things? In other words, given a
Astronomy Beat No. 46 • April 5, 2010
The 85-foot Telescope at NRAO Used in Project Ozma (NRAO/AUI)
Page 2
4. National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center. He was the first
president of the SETI Institute, and
was President of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific during
its Centennial. He is currently the
Director of the Carl Sagan Center
for the Study of Life in the Universe. He has always been a strong
exponent of public education in
astronomy and was the first recipient of the Education
Prize of the American Astronomical Society.
Dava Sobel, a former science reporter for The New York Times, is
the author of such widely-praised
and best selling books as Longitude, Galileo’s Daughter, and The
Planets. She has written articles
on a wide range of scientific topics
for magazines ranging from Good
Housekeeping to The New Yorker.
An asteroid discovered in 1994 by
David Levy and Carolyn Shoemaker has been officially
named Davasobel by the International Astronomical
Union in her honor.
Resources for Further Information:
The full story of Frank Drake’s SETI work is told in the
book Is Anyone Out There? by Frank Drake and Dava
Sobel (1992, Bantam Doubleday Dell.)
For more on the current state of SETI and Drake Equation research, see the web site of the SETI Institute at:
http://www.seti.org
A Drake Equation calculator can be found at:
http://www.pbs.org/lifebeyondearth/listening/drake.
html
Astronomy Beat is a service exclusively for members
of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. For more
information about becoming a member, visit
www.astrosociety.org/membership.html.
or at:
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30609189
One copy of this article may be downloaded on any single
computer and/or printed for your personal, non-commercial
use. No part of any article may be reproduced in any form,
sold, or used in commercial products without written
permission from the ASP.
Frank Drake discusses his modern view of what the
values of the terms in the Drake Equation are in a lecture taped in 2005 at:
http://www.astrosociety.org/education/podcast/index.
html (scroll down to the last entry on the page). F
Astronomy Beat No. 46 • April 5, 2010
The Astronomical Society of the Pacific increases the
understanding and appreciation of astronomy by engaging
scientists, educators, enthusiasts and the public to advance
science and science literacy.
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