The Nuts and Bolts of Oil and Gas
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Horizontal drilling involves directing a wellbore perpendicular to the Earth's surface to access hydrocarbon reserves. It has improved since the first patent in 1891 through advances like real-time downhole measurements, mud motors that power drill bits, and geosteering techniques. Operators drill horizontal laterals then perform hydraulic fracturing to stimulate production from shale formations. This overcomes the low permeability of shale and makes extraction economically viable compared to vertical wells alone. Horizontal drilling now dominates the U.S. and global energy industry for the access of oil and gas reserves.
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Soils are essential to supporting life and human civilization. As populations grow, pressures on soils increase and maintaining soil health is important. Throughout history, human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, and poor irrigation have led to soil degradation problems like erosion, desertification, and salinization. This has negatively impacted societies by reducing agricultural productivity and sometimes causing civilizations to fail. However, more recent initiatives show people rediscovering the importance of soils and taking steps to promote sustainable land use and soil conservation.
KSKL chap 5 PPT
The document discusses soil classification systems and soil surveys. It explains that soil taxonomy is a hierarchical system used to classify soils based on observable properties like color, structure, and chemistry. Soils are grouped into increasingly broader categories from the most specific level of series up to the broadest level of order. Soil surveys involve soil scientists mapping and describing soils in a given area in order to group soils with similar properties. The classifications aim to convey information about soil formation and management needs.
KSKL_Chapter 4_ Chem Properties of Soils.pptx
The document discusses nutrient management and soil fertility. It outlines key nutrients needed by plants and their analogous benefits for human health, including nitrogen for growth, potassium for water uptake and disease resistance, and calcium for growth and strong bones. It also addresses how soil pH impacts nutrient availability and describes common nutrient deficiencies like zinc deficiency that causes stunted growth and yellowing.
Degraded Soil Images.pptx
This document discusses several issues that can negatively impact soil quality including disturbed and degraded soil, desertification, deforestation, salinization, run-off, mineral extraction, and wind erosion. These processes can damage soil structure and reduce fertility.
Educators PPT file chapter 7
The document discusses the major biomes of the world and the soils typically found within each one. It describes the key biomes as tropical rainforests, temperate forests, boreal forests, grasslands, tundra, deserts, shrublands, and wetlands. Each biome is defined by its climate, vegetation, and characteristic soil orders that form as a result of the particular environmental conditions within that biome.
Educators PPT file chapter 2
This document discusses the physical properties and formation of soil. It describes how soil characteristics like color, texture, structure, and horizons/profiles influence water movement, storage, erosion, and plant growth. Soil formation is influenced by climate, organisms, topography, parent material, and time in a process known as CLORPT. The physical properties of soil determine how quickly water can infiltrate and percolate through different soil types.
Educators PPT file chapter 6
This document discusses various natural and human-caused processes that can degrade soils, as well as best management practices to mitigate soil degradation. It covers topics like erosion from water and wind, desertification, acidification, salinization, effects of deforestation, urbanization, construction projects, land application of manures and wastes, and mining reclamation. Sustainable land management and soil conservation techniques aim to renew resources rather than deplete them over time through practices like maintaining vegetative cover, controlling grazing intensity, and properly applying nutrients from wastes.
Educators PPT chapter 3
This chapter discusses the living components of soil, including bacteria, fungi, protists, and fauna. Bacteria and fungi play important roles in nutrient cycling and forming soil structure. Fungi exist as filaments called hyphae that can form partnerships with plant roots. Protists include amoebas, ciliates, and flagellates that consume bacteria and debris. Larger soil fauna include earthworms, nematodes, springtails, and arthropods that further break down organic matter and improve soil structure through bioturbation. The variety of organisms in soil work together to create a living system that supports plant growth.
Unit 4 background presentation
This document discusses the 2012-2017 California drought and its impacts. It provides historical context on droughts in California and examines precipitation data. Specific topics covered include:
1. The spatial extent and timing of the 2012-2017 drought across California and how it compares to historical droughts.
2. How precipitation was measured using tools like snow pillows and GPS reflection to track snow levels.
3. The societal impacts of the drought, including mandatory water rationing and transformations to California's landscape and economy.
Presentation: Unit 3 background information
This document discusses using GPS vertical positioning to monitor groundwater storage changes. It begins by explaining that groundwater mining is a global problem, and that extracting groundwater causes the land surface to rise as the total water storage decreases. It then discusses how GPS networks can detect these vertical position changes at the sub-centimeter level on a daily basis, allowing monitoring of seasonal water changes. Finally, it notes that long-term groundwater pumping can lead to both reversible and irreversible subsidence exceeding several meters, and provides examples from California's Central Valley.
Presentation: Unit 2 Measuring Groundwater Background Information
This document discusses methods for characterizing groundwater storage, including traditional well measurements and satellite-based GRACE observations. It defines terrestrial water storage as all water on the land surface, and explains that groundwater often dominates variations in storage. Wells measure groundwater levels, with changes indicating replenishment or depletion over time. GRACE satellites detect changes in mass distribution and associated gravity field variations to infer changes in total water storage, including groundwater, at coarse spatial scales. The document provides examples of using both approaches to monitor groundwater in key aquifers.
Introduction to GPS presentation
The document provides an introduction to GPS/GNSS basics, including:
- GPS uses 24-32 satellites in medium Earth orbit that transmit positioning and timing data. Receivers need signals from 4 satellites to calculate a 3D location.
- Ground control stations monitor the satellites and send updates to synchronize their atomic clocks and orbital data.
- GPS determines location by calculating distances to satellites using signal transmission times and triangulating the receiver's position.
- Precise GPS uses permanent stations with stable monuments to collect data over many years, achieving sub-centimeter positioning and millimeter-per-year velocity estimates.
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Cretaceous Coatlines and Modern Voting Patterns Presentation
Cretaceous Coatlines and Modern Voting Patterns Presentation
Presentation: Unit 1 Introduction to the hydrological cycle
Presentation: Unit 1 Introduction to the hydrological cycle
Presentation: Unit 2 Measuring Groundwater Background Information
Presentation: Unit 2 Measuring Groundwater Background Information
The Nuts and Bolts of Oil and Gas
- 1. Technical Overview of Horizontal Development Alfred W. Eustes III, Ph.D., P.E. Colorado School of Mines Petroleum Engineering Department
- 2. Acknowledgements Some of the material presented in this overview is courtesy of the following: • Colorado School of Mines • Schlumberger Anadrill / Pathfinder • Baker Hughes Inteq • Weatherford International • Will Fleckenstein, Ph.D., CSM • US Energy Information Agency • US Department of Energy 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 2 All copyrights reserved by individual copyright owners and are not to be copied without written consent of individual copyright holders.
- 3. Hydrocarbon Sources 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 3
- 4. Directional Drilling • The art and science of drilling a wellbore along a predetermined trajectory. • Horizontal drilling is the process of directing a wellbore perpendicular to the Earth’s gravitational field. • The tools and techniques used are determined by the complexity of the well path and the desired precision of the attempt to follow that trajectory. 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 4
- 5. History of Horizontal Drilling • First Patent: September 1891 • First documented well: 1929 in Texas • Empire Abo Well: 1978 • Austin Chalk: Early 1980’s • Barnett Shale: Late 1980’s / early 1990’s • Drivers – Inexpensive wellbore monitoring (MWD/LWD) – Directional drilling tool improvements (especially motors) – Hydraulic fracturing improvements (since 1947) 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 5
- 6. Wellbore Terminology Kick off Point (KOP) Build Section Target Reach Kick off Point (KOP) Build Section 1 Target Reach Build Section 2 Drop Section 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 6 Single Build “Fish Hook” Build
- 7. Horizontal Drilling Process 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 7
- 8. Real Time Downhole Measurements Measurement While Drilling • Inclination • Azimuth • Operating parameters – Torque – Weight on Bit (WOB) – Downhole pressure and temperature • Tool face orientation Logging While Drilling • Gamma Ray – Natural radioactivity • Resistivity – Electric measurement indicating hydrocarbons versus water • Rock density and neutron response – Indication of porosity • Sonic transit times – Indicates rock strength and porosity 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 8
- 9. Mud Motors 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 9
- 10. Bit Technology 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 10
- 11. Geosteering 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 11 • A technique used to direct a wellbore path in terms of geologic features, not in terms of simple geometric constraints • Bed boundary detection • A near bit inclinometer, enabling quick response to inclination changes • A steerable motor system, permitting variable build rates for up to 15°/100 ft
- 12. Side Force and Tilt Angles 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 12
- 13. Directional Drilling Oriented (Slide Mode) Straight (Rotate Mode) 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 13
- 14. Wellbore Construction 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 14
- 15. Typical Near Surface Wellbore Construction 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 15 American Exploration & Production Council: The Real Facts about Fracture Stimulation:
- 16. Stimulating a Horizontal Shale Well 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 16 1-4000 m deep 300-3000 m long Fracture stimulation Vertical Well Horizontal Well
- 17. Why not just a horizontal well? 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 17
- 18. What is a Shale? 13 September 2014 Colorado Council for Economic Education 18
- 19. Hydraulic Fracturing 13 September 2014 Colorado Council for Economic Education 19 http://www.fossil.energy.gov/images/programs/oilgas/hydraulic_fracturing_large.jpg
- 20. Stages 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 20
- 21. Completion Process 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 21
- 22. Locations for Shale Drilling 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 22
- 23. Conclusions • Horizontal drilling is an economic method for the extraction of hydrocarbons • It will be the method of choice for US operations for the foreseeable future • The rest of the world has noticed the potential, too 14 November 2015 Colorado's Changing Energy Portfolio Workshop 23