NSA Should Implement Privilege Management Program

The Nsa Should Create A Privilege Management Program
The IT department should create a privilege management program in active directory that ensures
personnel only have access to material to resources and information they require. These access
controls should also be deployed when there's a suspicion or termination of an employee. In the case
of the two interns, the network administrator should create login hours and system specific login's tp
prevent any leak in information during the after hours. The recent issues at the National Security
Agency (NSA) displayed what can happen with an unaudited IT department, and according to the
Register:
"The NSA policy prevents a typical worker from doing things like copying files to USB thumb
drives or other external storage. But Snowden had an easy way around those restrictions, simply by
virtue of being classified as systems administrator. With that privilege, Snowden would have been
able to move files around at will, sources claim" (Tim Worstall, 2013). This catastrphe could have
been prevented, if the NSA had a robust access control in place to detour Snowden from causing
significant damage. Some network security concerns that should be addressed is the physical
component while damage can be inflicted on the network from remote terminal, an attacker with
physical access is a much greater concern. The Global Accounting network system should be placed
in a secure room where only essential personnel have access. Network devices such as the modem
and router should be password protected
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Using Encryption, Keys, And Virtual Private Networks
A research project that synthesizes your knowledge of encryption, keys, and virtual private
networks. Write a 5–7 page report on your findings.
Encryption
Encryption refers to a technique that facilitate the storage, transmission of information in a format
that is unreadable to unintended audience. Unintended audience in this case may be hackers,
sniffers, malwares e.t.c.the technique has been widely used to curb phishing in the current network
security landscape.
There are two fundamental techniques used in encrypting data: i.e. symmetric encryption (also
referred to as secret key encryption) and asymmetric encryption (also referred to as public key
encryption.)
Symmetric Encryption/Secret Key Encryption.
Symmetric encryption is the earliest and widely popular encryption technique. This technique uses a
secret key which can be a string of words, numbers which are randomly selected to effect
confidentiality. The secret Key is applied on the original message to change the content into a
cipher. The modification of the message to the cipher might be a simple reordering of the message
letter sequence to complex alterations. With the help of the secret key the sender and the recipient
can encrypt and decrypt messages respectively.
Symmetric key encryption therefore uses an identical key to encrypt and decrypt information. Due
to its simplicity it is faster as compared to asymmetric encryption with the length of keys critical to
the encryption security .NIST recommends that the

Case Study Of CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd
Every company have their own business goal. First CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's business goal is
improve telecommunication services and provide to the groups. Next, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd' wish
to using a new operating model for greater efficiency. Third, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's wish to
scaling their next–generation offerings for proven results. Forth, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's wish to
rationalizing their portfolio for reduced risk and faster impact. Fifth, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's wish
to provide harness word–class industry IP for more innovation. Sixth, modernizing their delivery
network for cost effective consistency. Seventh, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's wish to collaborating
seamlessly for greater client satisfaction. Eighth, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's want to improve their
staff efficiency and eliminate their problems. Ninth, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's wish to reduce cost
spend on the network. Last, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's wish they able to protect the network from
intruders. For CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd, their have no technical goal. But for advice, they should have
some of the technical goals. First, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd should able to offer a network that ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All the devices will be connects with a switch. In computing centre server room, there have multiple
switches which connected with multiple servers and PCs. All the switches from various department
will connect to the switches which located in computing centre server room. Let say, a staff want to
print some document which from File/Printer Server, his/her computer will connect to the switch
which locate in particular department, the department's switch will connect to the switch which
locate at computing centre server room and connect to the File/Print Server. After he/she selected
document which want to print, the documents from server will send the document to the printer
through switches and print

Caregroup Case Study Summary
In November of 2002, a researcher experimented with a program on CareGroup's network and left
the program running. This program involved massive amounts of data being transferred across the
network. As the program continued to run, it monopolized a centrally located network switch. This
caused data to flow along alternate paths. As data ran through these peripheral paths, it exposed
problems that had been masked. The paths had not had to handle the volume of data that was being
transmitted before and it lead to problems involving the flow of information. These peripheral paths
ended up getting thrown into a loop which caused them to malfunction as well.
Also, as the network came on intermittently, users would attempt to use the network before ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can also make it easier to replace components as they age. Developing standard protocols can
make it easier to diagnose and correct problems as well. Regular testing of the network and having
software that can detect errors would also be helpful for maintaining networks.
As discussed in the beginning of the case, the hospitals involved lacked standardization in their
systems. Creating standards makes it easier for individuals to work on the components of a network.
It also streamlines integration processes. Had they taken the time to develop IT standards that could
be implemented at the individual hospitals would have helped the integration process progress more
smoothly.
Along with standardized processes, regular training of IT employees to ensure that their knowledge
is up to date can positively impact the success of IT projects. In this case, they did not have enough
people to maintain an expanding network of hospitals. Having a training program to ensure multiple
individuals have the knowledge required to maintain the network is

Information Security And Its Effects On Our Own Network...
5. Companies' not following their own network security protocols
After a company spends the time and money to create network security protocols it need to ensure it
is doing everything it can to follow the set protocols. With the advancement in technology
companies tends to advance with the technology without fully testing it first. They forget about a
fundamental rule that technology can attack information security risks present in everyday business.
These new technologies can compromise security that leads to constant security gaps, which always
losses business. On the other hand some companies do not advance at all with newer and enhanced
technologies, big mistake!
Out of date software can be a huge issues. Companies tend to neglect simple software updates
because of the cost associated with it. "Many firms just buy a firewall because it's on the tick–list of
due–diligence things their auditors want to see. In that case, the sensible choice is a simple filtering
router, which won't need much maintenance and won't get in the way. Where security's taken
seriously, one possible approach is to invest in a really serious firewall system, which might consist
of a packet filter connecting the outside world to a screened subnet". Thus, over a period in time this
can potentially cause an issues in security. Which is the same thing as refusing to upgrade critical
software, this is a clear sign of negligence because security risks are caused by weaknesses in
applications. A

Corporate Network Management
Corporate Networks in organisations can be complex structures that "requires a great deal of
attention" (Clemm 2007). Even small companies can have quite complex networks that are a
considerable investment to the business. The notion that corporate network management is a cost to
a business rather than a continual beneficial investment is a naive assumption that requires further
investigation to the benefits that network management brings. Clemm (Clemm 2007) states in his
text that the ultimate goal of network management "is to reduce and minimize total cost of
ownership", improving operational efficiency and lowering cost. Clemm (Clemm 2007) also notes
that "Network Management is not just related to cost and quality", which will be an ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The severity of how badly the rules are broken can vary, but for the company the outcome does not,
if the employee or in other terms, "uninformed troublemakers" are given access to bend rules
beyond what the company believes is the standard, I.T employees need to discover this problem and
issue a solution as readily as possible (Sullivan 2001). Insider security threats are usually the
greatest source of security problems. Outsiders amount to between only 1 to 6 per cent of concerns.
Many types of insider security threats do create substantial risks for organizations (Melford 1993).
Network management can help manage internal issues but network management cannot act in a
smart manner to solve problems without external operations from network staff. Within recent
weeks, the Heartbleed SSL vulnerability bug has posed major significant concerns for organisations
as user's the security flaw can potentially let a hacker access memory of data servers (Nieva 2014).
The hacker then could retrieve the digital certificates that are used to encrypt communications and
gain access into a organisations internal data (Nieva 2014). Nieva (Nieva 2014) states the security
vulnerability will allow "sensitive personal data such as usernames, passwords and credit card
information" are at risk of being intercepted. Potential security threats like the HeartBleed SSL pose
huge risks to organisations must be dealt quickly and swiftly to ensure the business and

Network Access Policy : Endorsement & Authorisation
NRT Network Access Policy Endorsement & Authorisation Prepared by: Matthew Turner Endorsed
by: Authorised by: Catherine Warren Issue record Issue Date Comments 1 22 September 2014 Initial
Draft 0.2 1 Overview 3 2 Scope 3 3 Roles and Responsibilities 3 4 Policy 3 4.1 General Network
Architecture 3 4.2 Access philosophy 3 4.3 Device Management 3 4.4 Device management Access 3
4.5 Network Design 3 4.6 Network/Traffic Security 3 4.7 Network Access 3 4.8 Integration &
Acquisition 3 4.9 Auditing, Documentation, & misc requirements 3 5 Abbreviations/definitions 3 6
RACI 3 1 OVERVIEW Network Rail Telecoms has designed and engineered a secure, isolated
network to use for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NRT Engineering: Holds the overall responsibility for the architecture, design, and installation of the
NRT management network consistent with established policies. Tier 3 IP Team: Hold the overall
responsibility for the day to day maintenance and support for the NMS network. This includes
configuration management, change control, remote access controls, performance monitoring, and
incident management. SOC: Holds overall responsibility to monitor the management network for
Security events and alarm on all suspicious activity. This includes log monitoring, Intrusion
Detection, and DDOS protection as provided by the QRadar SIEM tools. NRT Systems: Holds
responsibility for the design and integration of all NRT Business systems into the NRT management
network 4 POLICY The NRT management network shall be designed and constructed using only
approved and tested network devices as identified by NRT Engineering. These devices will be
installed and configured using standard configuration management guides from NRT Engineering.
NRT Engineering will annually review industry best practices for device configuration and security
using commercially available sources such as CIS benchmarking tools (see
http://www.cisecurity.org/ ) 4.1 General Network Architecture The NRT management network will
use RFC1918 subnets with

Oma Lightweight M2m Research Paper
section{IoT Device Management Protocols} subsection{COnstrained netwoks and devices
MANagement (COMAN)} The COMAN Group from the IETF cite{COMAN}, proposes solutions
such as: simplified MIB through Mobile Object (MO), SNMP–based in messages, and CoAP–based
management which, it could be the protocol to use for management of constrained networks and
devices. In Table ref{tabela_comam}, some device management candidate technologies were
identified and described for requirements COMAN: begin{table}[htb] centering
caption{label{tabela_comam}COMAN – Candidate Technologies.} begin{tabular}
{|p{2cm}|p{6cm}|} hline : textbf{Technology} & :textbf{Description} hline : OMA–
LwM2M& : OMA Lightweight M2M is a device ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
begin{figure}[!ht] centering includegraphics[scale=0.50]{omadm.PNG} caption{OMA DM
standard management architecture.} label{fig:omadm} end{figure} OMA DM perform the data
exchange and device management with XML data through communication between DM server and
a DM client. The OMA DM protocol consist in two phases: (i) a configuration phase, where there
are, firstly, authentication that enable exchange of device information through of the user commands
(Add, Alert, Copy, Get, and others) sent to the DM Client; (ii) a management phase, where performs
the request/response messages (Status, Generic Alert and Results) between DM server and a DM
client. subsection*{OMA–LwM2M – Open Mobile Alliance for Lightweight M2M} The OMA
LWM2M enables M2M device management, acting as an OMA device management (OMA–DM)
successor using the same protocol, and provides a compact and secure communication interface for
this management cite{OMAM2M}. It aims to provide an protocol sub–layer adjacent to enable
management of M2M services between the LWM2M Client (M2M device) and a LWM2M Server
(M2M service/platform/application), employing a client–server architecture with CoAP using UDP
for transport layer, as shown

Vulnerability Assessment Of The Network Security
Introduction
According to Kizza (2013), the rapid growth of networking has led to increased security risks. Many
of these risks are as result of hacking, improper uses of network resources and network device
vulnerabilities. Awareness of the various weaknesses and vulnerabilities is vital to the success of
current networks (Kizza, 2013).
The network security incidents are increasing at a disturbing rate every year. As the complexity of
these threats increases, so do the security measures required to protect networks. Enterprise data
center operators and analysts, network administrators as well as other data center experts need to
understand the principles of security in order to safely deploy and manage networks today.
Vulnerability ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Table 1 lists security weaknesses found and their description.
Table 1 Network Security Weaknesses
Vulnerability Description
TCP/IP protocol vulnerabilities Some internet protocols such as HTTP, FTP, and ICMP are
intrinsically insecure. On the other hand Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and SYN floods are closely related to the intrinsic insecure
structure design of TCP.
The network workstations operating system weaknesses The company uses the Windows network
operating systems whose security problem needs address.
Network equipment weaknesses The various types of network equipment, such as routers, firewalls,
and switches, have security weaknesses that should be recognized and protected against. These
weaknesses include the following:
Password protection
Inadequate authentication
Routing protocols
Firewall holes
Configuration Weaknesses
Network administrators and engineers need to fully understand what the configuration
vulnerabilities are and correctly configure their computing and network devices. Table 2 lists
configuration vulnerabilities

Differences in Telecommunication Terms Essay
This paper will attempt to define and contrast the following terms:
a. Synchronous and asynchronous
b. Analog and digital
c. XON and XOFF
d. Simplex and duplex
e. Serial and parallel transmission
f. Baseband and broadband
g. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point–to–Point Protocol (PPP)
h. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
i. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP)
It will also contain a brief description and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Control characters are used when sending data to a printer, monitor, modem, or other device. XOFF
(usually referenced by CTRL+S) is used by the transmitting side at the end of the data pulsed to say
that the transmission batch is complete. XON (usually referenced by CTRL+Q) is used to start the
transmission, and is found at the beginning of the data pulse. (ComputerHope, 2004)
Simplex and duplex
A simplex data transmission is only sent one way and without control characters or error signals. An
example of a simplex transmission would be the alarm codes that are sent to officials at a burglar
alarm company.
A half– duplex transmission can send a signal and then receive a signal, but cannot send and receive
at the same time. An example would be a CB radio that can send a message, and then listen for the
response.
A duplex data transmission is capable of sending and receiving data at the same time. A telephone
line is an example of a full duplex transmission system. (Eserver, 2004)
Serial and parallel transmission
Serial transmission is the consecutive transmission of the signal. The characters are transmitted in a
sequence over a single line, rather than simultaneously over two or more lines, as in parallel
transmission.
Parallel transmission are packets of data sent at the same time, usually over more than one
transmission line. This results in faster transmission of data. Many times, this data is sent
sporadically, and start and stop

Vpn
VPN
Introduction:
VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. VPN is a data network connection that makes use of the
public telecommunication infrastructure but maintains privacy through the use of a tunneling
protocol and security procedures. It operates much like a Wide Area Network (WAN). Most
companies actually leased lines, but in either case both solutions are very expensive. As the Internet
became more widely available people started creating VPN solutions that took advantage of the
cheap network access. The idea was to use the Internet 's existing links to create a virtual circuit.
Advantages and Disadvantages of VPN:
Virtual Private Network presents some advantages over the traditional network technologies. VPN
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Extranet: Extranet VPNs between a company and its strategic partners, customers and suppliers
require an open, standards–based solution to ensure interoperability with the various solutions that
the business partners might implement. The accepted standard for Internet–based VPN is the
Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) standard. Equally important is traffic control to eliminate
bottlenecks at network access points and guarantee swift delivery of and rapid response times for
critical data. (A)
VPN Protocols: One of the most popular protocols for VPN is PPTP, which stands for Point–to–
Point Tunneling Protocol. PPTP is actually an extension to PPP (Point–to–Point Protocol) which is a
standard for a traditional dial– up networking. What PPTP does is packaging data within PPP
packets, and then encapsulates PPP packets within IP packets, that is called datagrams, so they can
be ready for transmission through an Internet–based VPN tunnel. PPTP supports authentication,
encryption and packet filtering. The second popular protocol for VPN is IPSec, which stands for
Internet Protocol Security. One of IPSec features is that it includes an integrity check that ensures
that no packets are deleted, added or tampered with during transmission. The other feature is that
IPSec uses machine level certificates which authenticate

The Virtual Intrusion Detection System
The Virtual Intrusion Detection System a traditional IDS is only an element in the security chain
architecture. It does not eliminate the need for protections to prevent attacks. The virtual intrusion
detection system (V–IDS) is a disruptive idea for the security of cloud architecture. Virtual IDS is
software and sometimes hardware that captures cloud network and host activity data in reporting
tools, analyzes the data interactively, provides an automatic reaction (e.g., alarm) during an incident,
and after an incident routes the cloud data to a security channel defined at runtime. Figure 4.2:
Secure Cloud Infrastructure 18 4.5 The Virtual Intrusion Detection System Model The proposed
architecture enhances basic IDS principles with a set ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the V–IDS context, the module uses two different methods for analysis: The attack signature
represents the simplest way to analyze IDS data. It is like static packet filtering, which is similar to
the firewall rationale. Anomaly detection (heuristics) represents the most sophisticated technique,
in which heuristic patterns try to detect variations from historically normal operation. 4.6.2 Decision
module The decision module is part of the close chain control system that, using the data which has
arrived from the analysis module, makes decisions about the real time actions necessary to solve
anomalies related to network intrusions. This module implements the logic necessary to analyze
behaviors and makes decisions about the anomalies discovered. 4.6.3 Action module The action
module represents the actuator that solves the intrusion detection situation on a cloud domain.
Merely collecting and analyzing data accomplishes nothing. The V–IDS uses the results from the
analysis in order to manage the cloud infrastructure on the basis of security. Most obviously, it also
generates alarms, reports and queries if the analysis indicates a dangerous condition. 4.6.4
Monitoring module The monitoring module captures (continuously) processed data from previous
events, such as historical intrusion data, login attempts, and so on. Each event is 20 time–stamped
and

Best Practices For Network Security
Best Practices for Network Security Network security, in this technological age, should be one of
the most important items of concern for any business owner or network administrator. Since just
about every company out there is connected to and conducts some sort of business over the Internet,
just about every one of them is at risk from outside threats. This means that they should take certain
steps in order for them for them to conduct their business securely. Beyond the initial steps, it must
be known that there is no end to network security as it is a process that is continuous. The goal of
this paper is to discuss some best practices that companies should follow in order to provide
adequate protection.
Recent examples In recent years, there have been a number of big name companies that have fallen
victim to security breaches. In 2011, Sony's PlayStation Network suffered a massive breach and as a
result some 77 million user's accounts, containing names, addresses, e–mail addresses, birth dates,
usernames, passwords, and possibly credit card numbers, were compromised (Baker Finkle,
2011). Another, more recent, breach took place earlier this year. JP Morgan Chase had a similar
breach this summer in which over 76 million retail clients and over 7 million business clients saw
their personal information compromised (Avoyan, 2014). While there was no evidence of account
numbers or other financial data being compromised, the mere fact that a bank this size could be

Limitation Of Nd Network
Software Defined Network (SDN) predominates the network developers' discussion, when the
future networks are portrayed (PRETZ, 2014). However, there is no single definition for SDN, it is
considered the cover for all the innovations, which are came with today information technology
revolution to overcome unsolved challenges caused by the performance limitation of legacy network
devices (Foundation, 2015)(SDxCentral, 2015). SDN is emerging and proceeding extensively
because the SDN innovation will change how network will be built and operate to enable fast, easy,
efficient, and cost effective network constructing and service deploying (see Figure 1.)
Furthermore, software–defined network overwhelmed all other solutions, because it provides ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data are moved from the source to the destination as separated packets, as demonstrated in the
Figure 3–A. Particularly, different paths are created for each packet of the same connection due to
the immediate routing decision of every network device (Cisco, 2005). Therefore, SDN centralises
the routing decision in a controller and leads all related packets of a single connection to a single
path (see Figure 3–B.)
In the recent few years, SDN paradigm has emerged and grown rapidly. It has a broad resonance in
most computing domains. Indeed, it was strong enough to push the biggest network hardware and
software vendors, such as Cisco, HP, Microsoft, and VMware respectively, to promote and adapt the
SDN, in order to take the ride of technology (OpenDaylight, 2015). Internet enterprises and
researching universities adopted it strongly. For example, Google uses SDN in internal network to
connect its data centres and Bristol University intends to build the first software–defined city in
Bristol (Griffith, 2015). However, the SDN shine suddenly, its radical idea has a long history. I will
construct it is development in four stages as shown in Figure 5. The radical idea began from the
earliest attempts to cover the traditional network devices limitation in the mid of 1990s. It was the
stage of active network, which created a programmable network by enabling the

Analysis Of Internet Protocol ( IP ) Datagrams
1. Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams may arrive in a seemingly random order of chunks that the
receiving IP entity must continuously collect until it can reconstruct the original datagram. Consider
that the receiving IP entity possesses a buffer for assembling the original datagram's data field. The
buffer will comprise of chunks of data and holes between them corresponding to data not yet
received.
a. Describe an algorithm in pseudocode, prose, graphical, or any other representation, to collect and
reconstruct the original datagram's data field based on this concept.
When sending a packet, the length of the packet can exceed MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) of
the network interface. In this case, the packet is split into fragments no ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A term hole is referred as partially assembled datagram that consists of certain sequences of octets
that have already arrived, and the certain area still to come is known as hole. To illustrate a simple
mechanism for the tracking, management, and manipulation of holes between data chunks is
referred to as per definition. For instance, when the earliest fragment of the datagram arrives, it may
be being by creating an empty data buffer area add that entry in its hole descriptor list and that
datagram entry is known as a missing entry. Therefore, a hole can be represented in a zero packet,
which is an empty packet, and a hole that equals infinity is considered a very large integer, greater
than 576 bytes.
2. Answer the following questions related to UDP:
a. What features does UDP provide that are not provided by IP?
There are two types of Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Some of the features that UDP possesses that are not provided
by TCP/IP. First, UDP is a connectionless protocol (No handshake), which means packets sent from
one node to another without making sure whether any packet may be lost during the transfer. TCP,
on the other hand, makes sure to establish a connection in order to send the packets from one node
to another without losing any packets. It is also known as handshake process, where nodes
synchronize (SYN),

Wireless Sensor Networks : Computer Networks
Research paper Topic: Wireless Sensor Networks
Sridevi Veluru
CSCI – 570 – Advanced Computer Networks
Prof Mark McGinn 10/10/2016
Introduction
With the recent technological advancements of smaller sensor devices enabling ubiquitous sensing
capabilities and driven by the adoption of global standard technologies, Wireless Sensor networks
(WSN) are evolving as one of the most significant technologies of 21st century (Ruiz–Garcia,
Lunadei, Barreiro, Robla, 2009). Though wired networks provide more stable and reliable
communication, sensor networks with dense wireless networks of small, low cost sensors collecting
and disseminating environment data has facilitated monitoring and controlling of physical
environments from remote locations with better accuracy. Moreover, with the unique characteristics
of flexibility, energy efficiency, distributed intelligence, low cost and most importantly with very
good monitoring capabilities Wireless sensor networks serve wide range of applications in various
fields such as remote environmental monitoring, home security, industry applications, military
purposes such as target tracking along with preparing a ubiquitous computing environment (Ruiz–
Garcia et al., 2009).
In this paper, I will mainly focus on analyzing and evaluating the current Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSN). This paper starts with an overview on fundamentals of wireless sensor networks, thus
providing the necessary background required for understanding their

The Data Encryption And Decryption
The presentation layer receives the message and put it in a form that the receiving machine
understands. The data encryption and decryption if needed occurs at this layer as well. The
information generated at this layer is put into a header called data, which is added to the header
received by the application layer. Now the presentation layer passes the new data to the session
layer. In addition, the presentation layer at the receiving computer takes the header delivered by the
lower layer (the session layer), decodes it, and presents the new data to the user at the application
layer.8 The session layer in fact cannot distinguish between the message and the data added to it by
the presentation layer. Therefore, the session layer does not know the original information generated
at the application layer. When data reaches to the session layer, the session layer initiates and
manages the connection sessions between the sending and receiving computers.8 The session layer
can be thought of as a communication channel or port through which devices connect to each other.
The session layer adds the connection session information to the data received from the presentation
layer and passes the new data to the transport layer. 8 The session's header is also called data. The
transport layer is responsible for managing the transmission of data between the two computers. At
this layer, data is divided into small segments so that segments are transported one at a time. The
transmission of

Building a Cyber-Security Policy
Organizations which rely on network infrastructure for their business operation must utilize security
technology to protect the network from harmful actions of automated attacks as well as malicious
human activity. It is also important to enact policies and guidelines for the employees of the
organization, which in many regards can be the weakest link in the chain of security. According to a
survey by The Ponemon Institute (2012), 78 percent of respondents said their organizations have
experienced a data breach as a result of negligent or malicious employees or other insiders (p.1). A
statistic like this points to the need for comprehensive policies that detail the company's
expectations and mandates for specific situations relating to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This prevents a common vector of malware infection from removable media. Software installation
on workstations should be blocked except by the approval of management or the IT staff. Desktop
personalization will be permitted although themes, wallpapers, and screensavers are not permitted to
be downloaded from the Internet. Instant messaging (IM) will be permitted only on the company's
approved IM service, and only for company related communications. All personal use of the Internet
is prohibited during work hours, but permitted during breaks. This policy includes the use of social
media. Password policies will be enforced through GPOs on the company's servers, and the policy
will use Microsoft (2012) best practices for strong passwords, at least 8 characters long, combines
letters, numbers, and symbol characters within the password, is not found in a dictionary, and not the
name of a person. Additionally, passwords must be changed every ninety days, a password history
of 10 passwords will be enforced, and a password age of 45 days will be enforced, preventing users
form repeatedly changing their passwords to bypass the password history policy. Employees are
never to write down their passwords or share their passwords with any other person, including
management or the IT staff. The IT staff and administrators will be subject to policies relating

Three Layers Of Osi Model
Seven Layers of OSI model 1. OSI is the conceptual model which consists of seven layers. 2. This
seven layer model was developed by ISO in 1984. 3. ISO describes the standard for the Inter –
communication. OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION MODEL Upper layer Data Application
layer Presentation layer Session layer Segmentation Transport layer Packet Network layer Frame
Data link Bits Physical APPLICATION LAYER: The top most layer of the OSI reference model is
application layer. The networking applications of the OSI model are mail, web, file transfer,
management, and remote connections. Data grams are also called upper layer data. The function of
the application layer is flow control and error recovery. The data type used is user data. The network
components used are gateways. PRESENTATION LAYER: The communication between one layer
to another layer can be done with the help of the presentation layer. It uses the ASCII characters. It
has the encryption and decryption schemes. It makes use of the compression. Upper layer data is
also called as datagram's. The function of the presentation layer is translation of data, compression
and encryption. The data type used is encoded user data. The network components used are gateway,
redirector. SESSION LAYER: The Controlling of the dialogues is done with the help of the session
layer between the computers. The session layer also controls the duplexes, transmission, and
restarts. In the session layer the duplexes are also called

Notes On Lan Management Performance And Security Management
INTRODUCTIONS TO LAN MANAGEMENT Network management is a concept analysis which
is being use on different tools, techniques and systems to help people in dealing with numerous
devices or network. Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance and Security management short
for FCAPS. It was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to help in
allowing people around the world to better understand the major function of network management.
It will be explain below what each of these management does and how it helps in maintaining the
whole network management FAULT MANAGEMENT The fault management's goal is to detect,
log, notify users and to fix network issues to keep it running smoothly. In such cases, downtime of
several kinds are not accepted. The following rules that are listed below are steps for fault resolution
of a fault management: Separate the problem by using tools like, ITU x.733 Alarm Reporting
Function to determine signs Sort out the problem Record the process that was used to find out and
solve the problem. Regardless of the importance of step 3 is, it is often not used. Unwanted effect
resulted from neglecting step 3 which causes administrators to follow steps 1 and 2 blindly instead
of consulting troubleshooting tips in the database. CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT It is the
configuration management's objective to ensure that network and system configuration information
are monitored in order to manage and track the effects on

Current Capability Set Fielding Field
Current capability set fielding along with future fielding 's including Bradley engineering change
proposal (ECP), Armored Multi–Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) Engineering, Manufacturing, and
Development (EMD), and full rate production (FRP) radio variants are the Army 's answer to
brigade combat team modernization. The tactical environment is the tip of the spear, a challenging
space where effectiveness, survivability, and sustainability provide the keys to success. That success
is becoming increasingly reliant on data. Data drives our missions, from operations, intelligence,
and fires, to other areas such as medical and logistics. Consumption of data is being fueled by the
introduction of new communication systems. Warfighter information tactical (WIN–T) has begun to
bring this data down to the Brigade and Battalion level with the Point of Presence (POP), and the
Battalion and Company level with the Soldier Network Extension (SNE). New radio waveforms are
providing conduits for data down to the tactical edge. WIN–T and Handheld, Manpack, and Small
Form Fit (HMS) radios are being integrated into Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) vehicle
platforms now. The Mid–Tier Networking Vehicular Radio (MNVR) is just around the corner in
FY17. The tactical infrastructure is leveraging these new communications capabilities to move data
throughout all levels of the mission space. The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal
communications protocol being used to move data throughout the Army 's

The 7 Layers Of Osi Model
1. write a 1000 word paper that describes the 7 layers of OSI model. Answer: 1. OSI is the
conceptual model which consists of seven layers. 2. This seven layer model was developed by ISO
in 1984. 3. ISO describes the standard for the Inter –communication. OPEN SYSTEM
INTERCONNECTION MODEL Upper layer Data Application layer Presentation layer Session
layer Segmentation Transport layer Packet Network layer Frame Data link Bits Physical
APPLICATION LAYER : The top most layer of the OSI reference model is application layer. The
networking applications of the OSI model are mail, web, file transfer, management, remote
connections . Data grams are also called upper layer data . The function of the application layer is
flow control and error recovery. The data type used is user data. The network components used are
gateways. PRESENTATION LAYER : The communication between one layer to the another layer
can be done with the help of the presentation layer. It uses the ASCII characters. It has the
encryption and decryption schemes. It makes use of the compression . Upper layer data is also called
as datagrams. The function of the presentation layer is translation of data, compression and
encryption. The data type used is encoded user data. The network components used are gateway,
redirector. SESSION LAYER : The Controlling of the dialogues is done with the help of the session
layer between the computers . The session layer also controls the Duplexs,transmission,and

The Security Of A Network
There are many threats today that can compromise the security of a network. Network security is
now more important as ever as attacks on networks that hold valuable information are being
breached, even with security measures put in place. One of the biggest threats to a network is data
theft. Outside hackers pose the greatest threat. These thieves target a company's network and steal
information through vulnerabilities that they have found in their networks. They usually gain access
through the use of a Trojan horse, which is a program that looks legitimate but can be used by others
to gain access to the network. They may also use a virus or worm, which can infiltrate a network
with malicious code and replicate itself in a network. Others try to gain entry by attempting to crack
the network passwords or user accounts. We hear in the news how networks that were supposed to
be secure were breached and information was stolen that could have negative consequences. Yahoo
discovered that their network had been attacked continuously for the past two years but only
recently discovered it. Information that was stolen ranged from users birth dates to passwords that
were encrypted (Lien). When a network has been successfully breached and information stolen, the
company who has fallen victim to this not only sees their reputation hurt but also suffer a large drop
in their stock prices. This hurts people who may have some shares in that company as many
retirement plans tend to invest

Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Networking Project...
Running head: NETWORKING PROJECT Patton–Fuller Community Hospital Networking Project
Jarandalee Adorno CMGT/554 IT Infrastructure September 27, 2010 Dean McIntyre Patton–Fuller
Community Hospital Networking Project Patton–Fuller Community Hospital is known for
specializing in surgery, medical care, physical therapy, radiology, pharmacy, labor, and delivery.
Patton–Fuller Community Hospital has been in business since 1975. The hospital's main focus is to
provide quality medical care to all of their patients both adults and children. Patton–Fuller
Community Hospital is one of the first in Kelsey. The hospital is dedicated to providing many
different services and programs that will help maintain the health of their patients. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Layer 3: Network Layer– This layer determines how the data will be transmitted between networks.
Packets are routed to the unique network device addresses. At this layer, if large data is not able to
be sent through the network, they are broken down into smaller pieces. Layer 2: Data Layer – This
layer does the error detection and There are 2 sub layers in this layer, Logical Link Control sublayer
and the Media Access Control sublayer. Layer 1: Physical Layer – It provides the hardware means
of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects
(Webopedia, 2010). Layers 7–4 were intended to allow end to end communication between the data
source and its destination. Layers 3–1 were designed to communicate between devices within a
network. The OSI is divided into two groups, upper layers are 7–5 which handle application issues
and are only implemented in software. The lower layers are 4–1 deals with issues caused by data
transport. As stated above, the hospital's network is segmented into two; layer 2, the data link layer,
allows the bridge to connect multiple networks. This layer allows data to transmit between the
networks which can possibly detect and correct any errors that may happen in the Layer 1, Physical
Layer. When the hospital is transferring data between the systems, it takes many steps to complete.
The data passes an application on a

Introduction To A Rough Draft On Keeping Things Safe And...
Ricardo Huesca
Mr. Christian
Computer Application – 4th
April 8, 2015
Capstone Essay Rough Draft Keeping things safe and secure should be one of your top priority
when it comes to your computer. Without the help of network securities your computer could be as
easy to access as air is to breathe. Network securities are essential when it comes to keeping your
computer safe for such things as viruses or hackers. Network security consists of the provisions and
policies adopted by a network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access. Those
network securities also consist of protocols, which are a system of rules for data exchange within or
between computers. An example of these protocols is the network protocol RADIUS, which stands
for Remote Authentication Dial in User Service. The RADIUS protocol provides centralized
authentication, authorization, and accounting management. Although network security consists of
protocols of such caliber and complicity there are various simple things you can do to protect and
secure your computer and personal information. Network security has become more important to
personal computers users and many big businesses. Network security is made up of policies
provided by the network administrator to prevent unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or
denial of a computer network and network accessible resources. It starts with authenticating, this is
commonly with a username and a password. Because just one detail is

Types of Attacks in Comnputer Security
This paper is presenting types of attacks in security of TCP/IP protocol and also defense to security
problems. Flaws in such system are due to attackers' access over machine and due to insecurity of
machine. Paper proposed solutions to the problems and discuss problems without considering their
implementation.
Attack like TCP sequence number prediction where spoofing is allowed on host on a local
network. A variant in TCP sequence number attack exploits the netstat service where the intruder
impersonates a host that is down. If netstat is on the target host it supplies the necessary sequence
number information on another port. Defense to this is by randomizing the increment, good logging
and alerting mechanisms.
The joy of routing This is the simple attack that basically depend on routing protocols that has
been used. It is further categorized in different attacks that can be Source Routing In which target
host reverses source route in a TCP for traffic that is returning. So facilities can be exchanged
between host and attacker. The idea to protect from attacks is to put gateways into the local net for
rejection of external packets that acting as part of the local net or to do rejection of pre–authorized
connections. Another attack is The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) attack is mostly used on
local networks like broadcast media. As information here sent is not checked so intruder can change
or send modified information due to which protocols that depends on

Implementing Complex Protocols On The Network System
Introduction:–
In the present computer networks are being built by implementing complex protocols on an array of
network devices such as routers, switches and middleware like ISD intrusion detection systems and
firewalls systems. In order to allow the network to be modified to the changing environment, the
network Administrator have to manually configures all new configuration policies by converting
them into the low level commands that are supported by the system. Companies need to depend on
the network vendors in order to deal with the problems related to security, scalability, manageability
and other issues. Many efforts have been done to make the network programmable even before the
SDN. Some of those are Forces (2003), Routing Control Platform (2004), Ethane (2007), and Open
Flow (2008).
Main body:–
Network technology passed many stapes to reach the advance level it is now a days. The first step
was how to control a packet–switched network which started the project Forces which was
implemented in 2003. It has Protocols for multiple control elements and forwarding elements, the
project failed because it requires standardization, adoption, deployment of new hardware. After the
failure of Forces a new project have been applied called Routing Control Platform (RCP) which was
implemented in 2004.The RCP computes routes on behalf of routers, the RCP uses existing routing
protocol (BGP) to communicate routes to routers. The RCP Convert the best route of internal
routing

Internet Security Protocol Essay
Capstone Essay
1st hour
4/10/2015
Destiny Case
Internet Security Protocols Internet security protocols use many different methods to protect your
computer from dangers across the internet. Because there are so many methods to do this with, there
are also many protocols concerning internet security. Internet protocols as a group are often referred
to as TCP or IP. TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and IP stands for Internet Protocol.
Internet Protocol will deal only with packets but Transmission Control Protocols allows more than
one host to connect and exchange the data they see fit to share. Transmission Control Protocols not
only make sure that your data gets delivered but that the packets sent by you will be delivered in the
order that the user sends them.
Kerberos is the first internet security protocol to be discussed. It is a computer network
authentication protocol. This security protocol allows nodes that have to communicate through a
non–secure network to prove their identities to the other user/s. It was designed mainly to be used
for in client to server situations. It is an effective model for client to server usage because it provides
authentication for, and from, both sides. Kerberos uses Symmetric key cryptography as a basis for
its security. Throughout the authentication process it could use public key cryptography instead of
the Symmetric Key Cryptography. In the AAA protocol, the A's stand for Authentication,
Authorization, and Accounting. It

Network Switching and Routing Essays
Switching Routing
The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of switching and routing used in a
network environment and familiarize the reader with various hardware and software associated with
there functions. This paper will look at some switching concepts that will include store and forward
switching, cut through switching, fragment free switching, and V–Lan. This paper will also cover
routing concepts, along with some comparisons including routed vs. routing protocols, Classful vs.
classless protocols, and distance vector vs. link state protocols.
Switching
The definition of a switch or network switch is a small device that joins multiple computers
together, working on layer two of the OSI, to form a local ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There are hybrid switches available today that combine both store–and–forward and cut–through
switching methods. These hybrids are known as runtless or fragment–free switches. Fragment–free
switches were designed to solve the late–collision problem and are primarily used in the backbone
of congested networks. These hybrids check both the source and destination MAC address of a
packet then make the appropriate switching to send the packet to its corresponding destination
(Javvin Technologies,Inc., 2008).
VLANs
VLANs or Virtual Local Area Networks are logical local area networks that extend beyond the
traditional LAN architecture. Because a VLAN is a logical entity, creating and configuring a VLAN
is done completely in software. The advantages to using this type of LAN include but are not limited
to the ability to conserve the network resources, to bridge geographical drawbacks, and to better
manage the movement of personnel and equipment. To understand the need for VLANs you must
first understand the Local Area Network (LAN). The definition of a LAN started as a group of
computers that were connected in the same area, but today's LAN is defined as a single broadcast
domain. This is explained easily by looking at a large organization where each department would be
on a separate LAN found behind a router or switch. With today's expanding networks it has become
important for these

The Cable Infrastructure Technical Specification
Networking Technologies 1. Considerations for the cable infrastructure (technical specification of
and advantages and disadvantages of the following – where appropriate diagrams and illustrations
should be used): Name of Cable infrastructure Technical Specification Advantages Disadvantages
Cat 5 Twisted pair cable with RJ–45 connectors Speeds of up to 100Mbps Distance of 100 meters
Cat 5 is the most affordable of the Cat cables due to this it is often used in crossover. Offers
affordable high speed transfer. Of the three cat cables it is the most sensitive to interference. While
offering fast speeds in terms of home networking in a business environment the speeds are limited
and not ideal for large data streams Cat 5e Twisted pair ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The electricity consumption of the NIC cards is much higher Thin Co–axial cable with BNC
connectors 6 mm in diameter, very flexible, able to transport a signal up to around 185 metres
without line loss. Can transfer at speeds of 10 Mbps, easier to work with than Think co–axial cable.
more expensive to install compare to twisted pair cable, the thicker the cable, the more difficult to
work with. Single Mode Fibre Optic cable and relevant connectors 10Km in distance immunity to
electrical noise, greatly increased bandwidth and capacity Components are expensive to produce,
fibre optic transmitters and receivers are still relatively expensive compared to electrical interfaces
the cable, Multi–Mode Fibre Optic cable and relevant connectors 10 Mbit/s to 10 Gbit/s over link
lengths of up to 600 meters in distance. Immunity to electrical noise, greatly increased bandwidth
and capacity. Components are expensive to produce, fibre optic transmitters and receivers are still
relatively expensive compared to electrical interfaces the cable, 2. Interconnection components
(describe the function of): NIC – A NIC or Network Interface Card works on layer 1 (the physical
layer) of the OSI model. A network interface cards function is to encode the data to bits that can be
sent through the network cable. Repeater – A Repeater also a layer one device is used to extend the
range or Wifi or cable by taking the packets being sent and then reforming them to be sent out again.

Wireless Sensor Network
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Wireless sensors Deployment 2 1.2 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks
3 1.3 The Physical Architecture of WSANs 3 1.4 Difference between WSNS and WS 4 1.5
Requirement of WSNs 5
2. Wireless Ad–Hoc Network 5
3. Current Issues and solution 6 3.1 Key management issue for future 9
4. Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of WSNs 10
5. Conclusion 11
6. References 12
List of figures
Figure 1 Working principle of WSNs 1
Figure 1.3 The Physical Architecture of WSANs 4 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For achieving this goal, physical deployment of the nodes and the sample periods are pre–
determined by the scientists. To ensure that data is delivered as expected is the real role of the
network. For achieving this goal it is necessary to reduce the network complexity as much as
possible from the services and its application. It is possible to optimize communication performance
for that application–not for a generic set of users as each node executes a single application. For
achieving this it is necessary to translate them into a set of goals for media access protocol to satisfy
the requirement of wireless sensor network deployment and monitoring application. For WSNs
application, the common goals for a MAC protocol are:
1) Collision Avoidance in effective manner
2) High Data Rate and Efficient Channel Utilization
3) Network protocol should be Reconfigurable
4) Low Power Operation
5) Large number of nodes should be scalable
6) RAM size, Small Code, and Simple Implementation
7) Tolerant to changing RF/Networking conditions.
The B–MAC is proposed to meet these goals, a configurable MAC protocol for WSNs. It is simple
in both for implementation and design. MAC protocol support a wide variety of sensor network
workloads by factoring out some functionality and exposing control to higher services. In contrast to
the classic monolithic MAC protocol this minimalist model of MAC protocol is designed [1].

Network Device Security Policy
Network Device Security Policy Purpose This document describes a required minimal security
configuration for all routers and switches connecting to a production network or used in a
production capacity at or on behalf of IHS. Scope All routers and switches connected to IHS
production networks are affected. Routers and switches within internal, secured labs are not
affected. Routers and switches within DMZ areas fall under the DMZ Equipment Policy. Policy 1.
Configuration Standards 1.1 No local user accounts are configured on the router. Routers must use
TACACS+ for all user authentications. 1.2 The enable password on the router must be kept in a
secure encrypted form. The router must have the enable password set to the current production
router ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You must have explicit permission to access or configure this device. All activities performed on
this device may be logged, and violations of this policy may result in disciplinary action, and may
be reported to law enforcement. There is no right to privacy on this device. Enforcement Any
employee found to have violated this policy may be subject to disciplinary action, up to and
including termination of employment. Definitions Terms Definitions Production Network The
production network is the network used in the daily business of IHS. Any network connected to
the corporate backbone, either directly or indirectly, which lacks an intervening firewall device. Any
network whose impairment would result in direct loss of functionality to IHS employees or impact
their ability to do work. Lab Network A lab network is defined as any network used for the
purposes of testing, demonstrations, training, etc. Any network that is stand–alone or firewalled off
from the production network(s) and whose impairment will not cause direct loss to IHS nor affect
the production network. Deviation from Use Any deviation from the requirements of this standard
must be approved in writing by the IHS Chief Technology

Application And Migration Of Sdn
Software Defined Networking: Google 's 'B4 ' SDN
Dhruv Bhatia
Illinois Tech dbhatia4@hawk.iit.edu ABSTRACT
Software Defined Networking or SDN is an emerging paradigm in the computer networking world
that attempts to build a computer network by essentially separating it into two systems, the control
plane and the data plane. The separation effectively makes it possible to write a single high level
program to control the behavior of an entire network. This allows a network operator to potentially
write programs to more easily secure, manage or troubleshoot the networks. SDN has gained
tremendous momentum and six of the world 's largest networks are supporting it, Google 's 'B4 '
network being one of them. In this paper, I highlight the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These traffic patterns would cause very high demands for a particular resources that they could not
meet with the existing network infrastructure. So they had two choices, either scale the network
infrastructure to meet the peaks, which is very expensive and leading to networks being under–
utilized, or you build your network in such a way that it can reconfigure itself automatically to cope
with those peaks and channel the resources to meet the appropriate demand. This is what SDN does.
There are only a few significant implementations of Software Defined Networking that exists today.
One of those few is Google 's B4 SDN. This research further describes the framework that Google
has developed for their migration methods personified by a group of target networks which includes
the traditional network migration requirements, target network core requirement, phased migration
requirement and finally validation requirements to ensure a complete and successful network
migration to SDN.
2. Client–Server Connection in SDN
A software defined network attempts to build a computer network by separating it into two systems.
The first system is the control plane which provides performance and fault management via
NetFlow, IPFIX, SNMP and other standard protocols. It typically handles configuration
management of the SDN compliant devices and understands the network topology. Loaded with
these

Relevant Network Technologies : Report By James Hunt
Relevant Network Technologies Report by James Hunt Contents Page 1...........................NOS,
Network Protocols Page 2...........................IP, DHCP Page 3...........................DNS Page
4...........................SNMP, TP Fiber Cabling Page 5...........................Star Topologies, Wireless
Page 6...........................Servers, Workstations Page 7...........................NIC, Switch, Routers Page
8...........................Vendor Specific Hardware, Fault Management, Performance Management Page
9...........................SolarWinds, Wireshark Page 10........................Asset Management Software
Networking Operating Systems The choice of Network Operating Systems will affect the low–level
network protocols used, the way that the servers are administered and the way that users interact
with network services. The NOS shapes the entire look and feel of the network environment. The
NOS marketplace is very mature. The choices available, while relatively few, offer sophisticated
features, high reliability, and relatively easy setup and administration. The NOS is the software that
runs on servers and defines how resources are shared on the network. It provides the basic operating
environment for the server so that it can store data in a secure, reliable way, and satisfy requests
from a large number of users simultaneously. The NOS includes a set of tools the network
administrator uses to configure the resources on the server as well as utilities for client computers to
access those resources. At a minimum, an NOS offers file storage and network printing

Networking: WhatТДs Remote Monitoring?
RMON
Introduction:
Remote monitoring is a method used to interchange network monitoring data between Network
Monitors and console systems. RMON offers network administrators with more liberty in selecting
network–monitoring probes and consoles with features that meet their precise networking
requirements. RMON is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard monitoring
requirement document that allows numerous network agents and console systems to exchange
network monitoring data. A typical specification of RMON would be that in which Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP) agent in a switch be to monitor all the traffic flowing among
switches on connected LAN nodes / segments.
Technical Elaboration:
RMON is aimed to operate in a different way than typical SNMP–based systems. RMON is created
to monitor 'flow–based' traffic whereas SNMP mostly used for device–based management. One of
the main disadvantage of this system is that remote devices bear more of the management burden,
and for that system would require more resources.
There are 2 versions of RMON: RMON1 and RMON2. Ten MIB groups are defined in RMON1 to
monitor basic network, most of current available hardware use RMON1 version. RMON2 is
designed to monitor upper layers of OSI model above than MAC (media access) layer. RMON2
have main focus on IP (layer3) and application–level (layer 1) traffic. Following figure depict
RMON1 and RMON2 functionality on OSI layers RMONv1 and v2 MIBs feature Matrix
The RMON

Wireless Sensor Networks ( Wsn )
Introduction
With the recent technological advancements in smaller sensor devices with ubiquitous sensing and
monitoring capabilities, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are evolving as one of the most
significant technologies of 21st century (Ruiz–Garcia, Lunadei, Barreiro, Robla, 2009). Though
wired networks provide more stable and reliable communication, wireless networking does provide
more advantages with connectivity without being tethered. WSN with dense wireless networks of
small, low cost sensors for collecting and disseminating environment data has facilitated connecting,
monitoring and controlling of physical environments and environmental conditions such as
temperature, humidity, pressure from remote locations with better accuracy which are not possible
with wired networks (Potnis Rajeshwari, 2015). Moreover, with the unique characteristics of
flexibility, energy efficiency, distributed intelligence, low cost and most importantly with very good
sensing and monitoring capabilities, WSNs are serving wide range of applications in various fields
including remote environmental monitoring, home security, industry applications, military purposes
such as target tracking by preparing and providing a ubiquitous computing environment (Ruiz–
Garcia et al., 2009).
In this paper, I will mainly focus on analyzing and evaluating the current Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSN). This paper starts with an overview on fundamentals of WSNs, by providing necessary
background to understand

Questions On Computer Security Administration
Week 1–The Computer Network
Gurpreet Atwal (1554847)
MADS–6638
Computer Security Administration
Professor George Thucydides
Fairleigh Dickinson University
September 22, 2014
The Computer Network
1. Define the following terms:
a. Network – A group of two or more computer systems connected to each other.
b. Node – It is a central or connecting point.
c. Router – A router acts as a dispatcher, which determines the next network point for the data to be
transferred.
d. Hub – A connection point, which is common for devices in a network.
e. Switch – It is used to connect devices and directs the traffic to the destination and increases the
speed in busy traffic.
f. Bridge – It connects two or more LAN networks together that uses ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It connects the computer networks globally by using standard Internet protocol suite. d. Ethernet– it
is a family of interconnected computer networks.
e. Star – It is a type of computer network topology that is comprised of central hub or switch
through which messages get transmitted. Following diagram shows star topology network: Star
Topology
f. Bus – It is a type of topology where nodes are connected in a system where multiple devices are
wired together in a linear sequence of buses. Following diagram shows Bus topology:
Bus Topology
g. Ring – It is a type of topology in which node is connected to two other different nodes, forming a
specific continuous route for signals within every node. In this data travel from node to node
because it provides just one pathway between any two nodes. Following diagram shows Ring
topology: Ring Topology
h. Mesh – In this each computer and network device is interconnected to each other to transmit the
data from one computer to another. This topology is best in wireless networks. Following diagram
shows Mesh topology: 3. What is the OSI Network Model and explain how the layers correspond to
the Internet Protocol Suite?

Answer: OSI is termed as Open Systems Interconnection model. This model systematizes and
describes the internal functions of the communication systems by dividing it into abstraction layers.
This model is a product of OSI (International Organization for Standardization). It is comprised of
seven

The Media Access Control System Essay
This layer conveys the bit stream – electrical impulse, light or radio signal – through the network at
the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on
a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Data Link (Layer 2) At this layer,
data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and
management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The
data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the
Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. Network (Layer 3) This layer provides switching and routing
technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to
node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing,internetworking,
error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing. Transport (Layer 4) This layer provides
transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end–to–end error
recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer. Session (Layer 5) This layer
establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up,
coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at
each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. Presentation (Layer 6) This layer
provides independence from differences

Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Network Project
Patton–Fuller Community Hospital Network Project
Harold Copeland
CMGT/554
11/11/13
Dean Mcintyre
Company Overview Patton–Fuller Community Hospital is a community hospital that provides
healthcare services designed to meet the needs of patients at every stage of life. The hospital was
originally founded in 1975. Patton–Fuller Community Hospital has been an important part of the
community since its opening. Patton–Fuller Community Hospital is located on the corner of 61st.
Street and Jump Street (Patton–Fuller Community Hospital, 2013). Patton–Fuller Community
Hospital has provided quality healthcare services for the entire family since its opening while
keeping its patients information and data secure even in this current ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These two layers perform routing and deals with end to end issues. The hospital currently uses a
CISCO ASA 5510–VPN router to connect to the internet. Finally the session layer, presentation
layer, and application work together to make the network operational. These three layers actually
make all the data be visible to the end users. These layers also make the data and network usable to
the operator. Patton–Fuller utilizes Windows Explorer and its company's webpage for these layers
(Patton–Fuller, 2013).
Recommended Protocols For Patton–Fuller to fully utilize their potential networking power, the
following protocols should be utilized. Patton–Fuller should utilize a Gigabyte Ethernet Network for
all its hardwired LAN connections. Gigabyte Ethernet is part of the family of Ethernet computer
networking and communication standards. The Gigabit Ethernet standard supports a theoretic data
rate of 1 gigabit per second. Gigabyte Ethernet networks are connected by CAT5e and CAT6 cabling
(Gigabit Ethernet, 2013). The Gigabyte Ethernet network should be accomplished by using layer 3
switch. A layer 3 switch is a high–performance device for network routing. Layer 3 switches
actually differ very little from routers. A Layer 3 switch can support the same routing protocols as
network routers do. Both inspect incoming packets and make dynamic routing decisions based on
the source and destination addresses inside. Layer 3 switches improve on the performance of routers

NSA Should Implement Privilege Management Program

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to NSA Should Implement Privilege Management Program

Similar to NSA Should Implement Privilege Management Program (9)

More from Dana Boo

More from Dana Boo (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

NSA Should Implement Privilege Management Program