The document discusses the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 and its linguistic consequences. It describes how William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded and defeated the English at the Battle of Hastings. This led to the replacement of the English aristocracy with Normans and the introduction of Old French as the new language of the ruling classes. As a result, around half of English vocabulary is derived from French, leading to "lexical doubleness" where both French-derived and Germanic-derived words exist for similar concepts.

1. The Norman Conquest& Lexical Alternatives in English 2007130629 Park Seongwoo 2007130776 Kim Bedeul

2. Contents The Norman Conquest The Norman The Norman Conquest Consequences Lexical Doubleness of English Verbs, adjectives, adverbs Nouns – Cuisine vocabulary Conclusion

3. The Norman Conquest The Norman The Norman Conquest Consequences

4. The Norman In 911, French ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings to settle in northern France, a region that was experiencing extensive Viking resettlement. Their settlement proved successful, and the Vikings in the region became known as the Northmen(i.e. Norman) from which the place name Normandy is derived.

6. The Norman Conquest

7. The Norman Conquest Harold Godwinson the second most powerful man in England and an advisor to Edward. With this kingly endorsement, the Witan (the council of royal advisors) unanimously selected Harold as King.

8. The Norman Conquest William the Conqueror Duke of Normandy William justified his claim through his blood relationship with Edward and by stating that some years earlier, Edward had designated him as his successor.

9. The Norman Conquest

10. The Norman Conquest Stamford Bridge Battle Hardrada of Norway struck first. In mid September, Hardrada's invasion force landed on the Northern English coast. Defeated by Harold Resting after his victory, Harold received word of William's landing near Hastings.

12. William's victory was complete.

14. Consequences Language Introduction of Anglo-Norman (a northern dialect of Old French) as the language of the ruling classes, displacing OE. A large proportion of the words in the English language had disappeared and been replaced by French words. Resulted in linguistic division between the nobility and the commoners.

15. Lexical Doubleness Verbs Adjectives Nouns Nouns – Cuisine Others

16. Verbs die < ME dien, deien < Old Norse deyja (“to die, pass away”) < Proto-Germanic dawjanan, diwanan (“to die”) perish < ME perishen < OF periss-, stem of certain parts of perir < Latin perire (“to pass away, perish”) ask/interrogate, start/commence, own/possess

17. Adjectives deep < OE dēop profound < Late Anglo-Norman profound < OF profont < Latin profundus (“bottom; foundation”) hearty/cordial, godly/divine,

18. Adverbs often < OE oft frequently frequent + ly < OF frequent < Latin frequens(“crowded, crammed, frequent, repeated, etc.”)

19. Nouns smell < ME smellen, smyllen, smullen cf) Dutch smeulen, cognate to Low German smölen, smelen (“to smolder”) odor/odour < ME odour < OF odour < Latin odor work/labour, gift/present, height/altitude

20. Nouns - Cuisine chicken < ME < OE ċicen, cycen(“chicken”) poultry < French poulet ("chicken", as in dish) < Latin pullus ("chick") ox/beef, calf/veal, deer/venison, swine/pork

21. Nouns - Cuisine sheep < OE scēap < Proto-Germanic skæpom mutton < OF mouton (“sheep”) cf) lamb < OE lamb < Proto-Germanic lambaz < Proto-IE hlhonbhos

22. Others Hand Manual, manufacture, manuscript, manipulate, manicure, etc. Foot Pedal, peddle, pedestal, pedestrian, pedicure, etc. God Deity, divine, divinity, divination, etc.

23. Conclusion Though the Norman Conquest took a large proportion of OE vocabularies away, it made the English language rich in "lexical alternatives“. Through high affinity between high level English and everyday French, high level English speakers may easily learn French.

25. Algeo, John. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 6th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2010.

26. Barber, Charles. The English Language: a historical introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

27. Wiktionary

28. Wikipedia

29. Image source

30. WikipediaThank you