The mining activities which are mines extracted from the soil such as gold, diamond, cobalt, constitute a major part of natural resources in Central African states, and cannot be operational without laws and regulations attached to its exploration, exploitation and distribution process. The legal perspective of mining activities in Central African States are national, international laws and institutions, involved in regulating mining operations of Central African States which is the heart of Africa. Eseme Njui Egbe "The Legal Perspective of Mining in Central African States" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45244.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/45244/the-legal-perspective-of-mining-in-central-african-states/eseme-njui-egbe
The document provides an overview of the legal and institutional framework for mining and resources in the Philippines. It discusses key laws such as the Mining Act, Indigenous Peoples Rights Act, Local Government Code, and environmental compliance requirements. It also outlines the different types of agreements that can be entered into for mining (MPSA, joint venture, financial and technical assistance), as well as permits required from agencies like the Mines and Geosciences Bureau and National Water Resources Board. The speaker has extensive experience in resources law and serves in various industry organizations.
Lecture on Philippine mining and resources law including updates on the Philippine mining industry for the University of the Philippines National Institute of Geological Sciences
mine laws in mineral excavation in indiaVadde Ramesh
The document discusses India's laws and regulations related to mineral resources. It covers various acts that govern mineral concessions, development, safety, and conservation. Some key points:
- Mineral rights in India vest with state governments, who grant concessions to companies/individuals. The Mines and Minerals Act governs regulation of major and minor minerals.
- Major laws include the Mines and Minerals Act (regulates concessions), Mines Act (ensures worker safety), and Oil Fields Act (governs oil/gas extraction). Various rules have been framed under these acts.
- Concessions are granted via prospecting licenses or mining leases, with time periods varying by mineral. Royalty rates are
The document discusses the legal framework related to mining and environmental protection in India. It provides an overview of the mining sector and its effects on the environment. It outlines key laws governing mining and the environment, including the MMDR Act, Forest Conservation Act, Water and Air Pollution Acts. The laws aim to balance mining and sustainable development by requiring environmental clearances, rehabilitation plans, and penalties for pollution. Overall the framework recognizes the need to protect the environment while enabling economic activity through proper planning, compliance with regulations, and cooperation between industries, governments, and local communities.
This presentation focuses on changes in Minerals Policies in the country and how these mineral policies have triggered a changes in the mining laws over the period of time.
The document discusses the history and development of mining laws and the mining industry in India. It provides a timeline of key events from the first Indian mining operations in 1774 to present day laws and organizations. It describes the nationalization of the coal industry in the 1970s and the major players in the public and private mining sectors today such as Coal India Limited, Steel Authority of India, and private companies like Tata Steel and Vedanta group. The document also outlines the classification of minerals mined in India and the role of minerals in India's economy.
EO 130 which was signed on 14 April 2021 lifted a 9-year ban on new mining agreements. The economic managers say that Philippine mineral resources have been vastly untapped and could bring significant benefits to the economy. The DENR expects to generate some Php21 billion from two phases of 100 new mining projects.
The document provides an overview of the legal and institutional framework for mining and resources in the Philippines. It discusses key laws such as the Mining Act, Indigenous Peoples Rights Act, Local Government Code, and environmental compliance requirements. It also outlines the different types of agreements that can be entered into for mining (MPSA, joint venture, financial and technical assistance), as well as permits required from agencies like the Mines and Geosciences Bureau and National Water Resources Board. The speaker has extensive experience in resources law and serves in various industry organizations.
Lecture on Philippine mining and resources law including updates on the Philippine mining industry for the University of the Philippines National Institute of Geological Sciences
mine laws in mineral excavation in indiaVadde Ramesh
The document discusses India's laws and regulations related to mineral resources. It covers various acts that govern mineral concessions, development, safety, and conservation. Some key points:
- Mineral rights in India vest with state governments, who grant concessions to companies/individuals. The Mines and Minerals Act governs regulation of major and minor minerals.
- Major laws include the Mines and Minerals Act (regulates concessions), Mines Act (ensures worker safety), and Oil Fields Act (governs oil/gas extraction). Various rules have been framed under these acts.
- Concessions are granted via prospecting licenses or mining leases, with time periods varying by mineral. Royalty rates are
The document discusses the legal framework related to mining and environmental protection in India. It provides an overview of the mining sector and its effects on the environment. It outlines key laws governing mining and the environment, including the MMDR Act, Forest Conservation Act, Water and Air Pollution Acts. The laws aim to balance mining and sustainable development by requiring environmental clearances, rehabilitation plans, and penalties for pollution. Overall the framework recognizes the need to protect the environment while enabling economic activity through proper planning, compliance with regulations, and cooperation between industries, governments, and local communities.
This presentation focuses on changes in Minerals Policies in the country and how these mineral policies have triggered a changes in the mining laws over the period of time.
The document discusses the history and development of mining laws and the mining industry in India. It provides a timeline of key events from the first Indian mining operations in 1774 to present day laws and organizations. It describes the nationalization of the coal industry in the 1970s and the major players in the public and private mining sectors today such as Coal India Limited, Steel Authority of India, and private companies like Tata Steel and Vedanta group. The document also outlines the classification of minerals mined in India and the role of minerals in India's economy.
EO 130 which was signed on 14 April 2021 lifted a 9-year ban on new mining agreements. The economic managers say that Philippine mineral resources have been vastly untapped and could bring significant benefits to the economy. The DENR expects to generate some Php21 billion from two phases of 100 new mining projects.
The document outlines India's National Mineral Policy. It discusses the history and aims of the policy, including promoting private sector investment in mineral exploration and sustainable development. It covers various aspects of mineral regulation, exploitation, infrastructure development, research, and fiscal measures aimed at balancing state interests and industry growth. The overall goal is to manage mineral resources strategically as a driver of economic development.
The document discusses the statutory provisions governing the Indian mining industry. It outlines key acts such as the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act of 1957, the Mineral Concession Rules of 1960, and environmental acts including the Environment Protection Act of 1986. Mining activities can significantly impact the environment through pollution, habitat destruction, and health effects. Environmental clearance is now mandatory for new/expanded mining projects under the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification of 2006.
Laws related to fishery in marine and inland sector soumya sardar
The document summarizes laws and agreements related to the conservation and management of marine fishery resources. It discusses:
- The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which granted coastal states sovereignty over fishery resources within 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zones (EEZs).
- Issues around shared/migratory fish stocks that cross EEZ boundaries and the high seas, and how regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) help coordinate management.
- International agreements like the 1995 Agreement on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, which set standards for conserving these transboundary resources.
- Other topics covered include sustainable seafood
This document is an Administrative Order from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in the Philippines mandating that all mining contractors secure ISO 14001 certification for environmental management systems. It requires contractors with existing mineral agreements and financial/technical assistance agreements engaged in metallic mining to obtain certification within one year. Contractors filing new metallic mining projects must be certified within one year of project approval. Non-metallic mining contractors have one year to voluntarily comply but certification will become mandatory on a future deadline. Failure to comply or maintain certification will result in suspension of environmental compliance certificates and permits until certification is achieved. The order also establishes periodic reviews of contractor operations to ensure environmental compliance.
The document discusses decommissioning of oil and gas installations. It covers international and national legal frameworks for decommissioning, contractual provisions for decommissioning in production sharing contracts from the perspective of contractors and states, and ways that states can make international oil companies pay a share of decommissioning costs even without owning the installations. Specifically, it analyzes how some states have made contractors responsible for decommissioning costs through fiscal policies like disallowing deductions or by "ring fencing" projects to prevent cost recovery across fields.
Evaluation of the Statutory Regime of Corporate Environmental Liability in th...AJHSSR Journal
It was not long after the discovery of oil in the small town of oloibri Bayelsa state in 1956, that
commercial exploration started in 1958. Nigeria is Africa's biggest producer of crude, with production capacity
estimated at 2 million barrels per day (bbl. /d) in 2018. Judging from the large reserves and with a right
atmosphere, Nigeria could produce up to 3 million bbl. /d per day. Nigeria is estimated to have about 37.2
billion barrels of proven oil reserves, largely concentrated in the Niger Delta Region and over 95 per cent export
and 75 per cent earnings Nigeria is dependent on the Oil and Gas sector.
Cases of pipeline leakages have become rampant in Niger Delta; this has influenced negatively the
social, economic, and ecological life in the region. Oil spills occurrences stood at 6,744 spills with 2,369,470
barrels between 1976-2000, of this number, an estimated 1,820,410.5 barrels 77% was deposited into the
environment, though a cumulative figure of 549,060 barrels of oil, signifying 23.17 per cent of the whole was
however recovered. Painfully, this unprecedented number of oil spill accidents has witnessed only a negligible
clean-up effort by multinational oil corporations (MNCs) from whose facilities the oil escaped.
This article critically examines the liability regime of corporate operators in the oil and gas sector in Nigeria.
The inadequacies in the major laws within the sector and proffer suggestions for a stronger legal framework.
Nigeria is not lacking in regulatory laws within the oil and gas sector, but these laws are weak and lack the
efficacy to make the polluter liable.
Ec minor mineral b2 mining 2016_dr rlmDr. RL Meena
The document outlines the evolution of environmental clearance requirements for minor mineral mining in India over time, beginning in 2010. Key events include the Supreme Court ordering in 2012 that all minor mineral leases below 5 hectares obtain environmental clearance. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change then issued memorandums in 2012 and 2013 to comply with this order and provide guidelines for obtaining clearance, including for specific minerals like brick earth. This established environmental clearance as mandatory for all minor mineral mining leases across India.
This presentation deals with introductory lecture on Mining Law in India and also focuses on the Constitutional framework regarding Mining Law in the country
The document discusses the history and provisions of the Indian Fisheries Act of 1897. It notes that the Act was passed in response to reports in the late 19th century highlighting the importance of fisheries for food supply and famine relief. The Act delegated responsibility for fisheries development and conservation to state governments. It prohibited destructive practices like dynamiting and poisoning waters. The Act established rules to conserve fisheries resources and regulate fishing activities. It allowed for penalties, seizure of illegal fishing gear, and arrest without warrant of those breaking the rules. Overall, the Act aimed to protect and manage India's fisheries for long-term sustainability and public benefit.
This document provides an overview of India's mining sector, including its structure, role in the economy, legislative framework, initiatives, administration, taxation, exploration status, production, consumption, and foreign trade. Key points include:
- The mining sector provides raw materials to industries like power, steel, cement, and contributes around 2.5-2.8% to India's GDP.
- Major minerals are regulated by the central Ministry of Mines, while minor minerals fall under state governments. Attached and subordinate offices include the Geological Survey of India and Indian Bureau of Mines.
- India produces 88 minerals and has significant reserves. The sector employs over 5 lakh workers and contributes substantially to exports and imports
This document discusses laws related to inland fisheries in India. It covers topics such as leasing of open water bodies, culture-based fisheries, aquaculture regulations, land reforms acts, control of destructive fishing practices, and conservation efforts. Key points include preferential leasing of tanks to cooperatives and youth groups, costs associated with culture-based fisheries, inclusion of fish/shrimp farming as agricultural activities, and management of open access water bodies of different sizes.
Policy Vision Vis-a-Vis Legislation By : MANTU BISWAS CCM (Retd) IBM (page 2)
First-step analysis: Mining in India : Trilegal - Karthy Nair and Neeraj Menon (page 4)
All about commercial mining and how it changes the coal production game in India : Remya Nair (page 13)
Why Gold, and Why Now : Jan Nieuwenhuijs (page 14)
Odisha Mining Auction 2020 vis-à-vis Employment: A boon or curse?! : Subranshu Bhushan Das (page 16)
Glauconite : Existing resource in India Uses – Exploitation Conclusions & Recommendations : Dr Vivek Laul (page 17)
Unshackling India’s mining industry - Indian ministries want to limit public consultations that are necessary before approving projects (page 18)
Tenders for nine iron ore and manganese blocks in Odisha likely in July (page 19)
Two states, unused iron ore, a growing human crisis : Shantanu Guha Ray (page 19)
Carbon majors funding loss and damage presentation december 2014Julie-Anne Richards
The moral and legal case for the fossil fuel industry paying for the damage that its products are causing via a fossil fuel extraction levy into the international loss and damage mechanism.
Oil and gas industry presentation occupational health group1 4th yearOpolot Jude
The document provides an outline for a report on the oil and gas industry in Uganda. It begins with an introduction on global and national energy consumption trends. It then discusses the history and development of Uganda's oil and gas industry, relevant national legislation and policies, occupational health and safety issues, environmental concerns and impacts, and mitigation measures in place. The document includes sections on legislation, policies, hazards, and environmental impacts with subsections providing details on specific laws, hazards, and impacts. It concludes with sections on mitigation measures for various issues like noise, air quality, ecology, and waste management.
1. Nigeria has significant deposits of tar sands and bitumen, a heavy oil composed of sand, oil, clay, and water.
2. These deposits form an extensive belt across four states in southwestern Nigeria, containing an estimated 27 billion barrels of reserves.
3. Bitumen is primarily used for paving roads but also has other applications like waterproofing roofs and boats or muffling machine sounds.
The document discusses Philippine laws related to fisheries and natural resources. It begins by outlining the hierarchy of laws, with the Constitution at the top, followed by national laws, international treaties, executive orders, and administrative orders from agencies like the Department of Agriculture. It then summarizes several key provisions in the Constitution related to natural resources and fisheries. Finally, it lists numerous national laws, international treaties, and executive and administrative orders that provide legal framework for managing fisheries and protecting the environment in the Philippines.
THE PHILIPPINE MINING INDUSTRY - LEGAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORKCalbayog Journal
This document provides an overview of the Philippine mining industry, including its legal and environmental framework. It discusses what mining is, the history and importance of mining, the stages of mining operations, and the various types of permits and contracts involved in mining in the Philippines. It also outlines taxation and fees for the mining industry, as well as environmental and social provisions related to mining projects. The key points covered are the stages of mining operations (prospecting, exploration, development, exploitation), the types of permits available (exploration permits, mineral agreements, mineral processing permits), and the environmental work programs required of mining companies to address impacts.
The document discusses India's mining and mineral sector, which is the backbone of industrial development in India and contributes 3% to GDP. It focuses on Reliance Industries Limited, one of the top players in the sector. RIL was founded in 1966 and initially operated in textiles but has since diversified into oil, gas, petrochemicals, and retail. It is now a large, multinational conglomerate with operations across India and internationally, and has grown tremendously over the past 25 years while contributing significantly to India's economic growth.
Open Pit Mining Ban - Should the Philippines Jump into the Bandwagon?Fernando Penarroyo
The government should be circumspect in imposing such a ban because it may open itself to arbitration and litigation exposing itself to claims for damages by affected mineral agreement holders. Imposing a ban will further aggravate uncertainties concerning the administration of environmental regulations, public policy and the legal system. By not imposing a ban, the government can maintain an investment atmosphere conducive to risk capital and avoid the influx of illegal miners. There are other forms of legislation that will achieve the the purpose of environment protection and preventing negative impacts on the health of surrounding communities. Also, the government should strengthen the institutions involved in monitoring and supervising mining operations so that they will have the scientific and legal basis to close certain mining operations because of environmental degradation safety issues.
Amv presentation final version for pretoriaNgomo Auguste
The document discusses the implementation of the African Mining Vision (AMV) and provides an assessment of its progress. Some key points:
- The AMV was adopted in 2009 with the goals of addressing poverty, developing infrastructure/skills, and industrializing Africa through sustainable mining practices.
- 17 countries have begun implementing the AMV through developing national mining visions and compliance policies. Liberia and Sierra Leone were identified as "champions" but have only achieved around 35-40% compliance.
- An assessment shows limited real impact on human development in AMV countries compared to non-members. While the goals of the AMV are important, it may have been too ambitious and not focused enough in its
The document outlines India's National Mineral Policy. It discusses the history and aims of the policy, including promoting private sector investment in mineral exploration and sustainable development. It covers various aspects of mineral regulation, exploitation, infrastructure development, research, and fiscal measures aimed at balancing state interests and industry growth. The overall goal is to manage mineral resources strategically as a driver of economic development.
The document discusses the statutory provisions governing the Indian mining industry. It outlines key acts such as the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act of 1957, the Mineral Concession Rules of 1960, and environmental acts including the Environment Protection Act of 1986. Mining activities can significantly impact the environment through pollution, habitat destruction, and health effects. Environmental clearance is now mandatory for new/expanded mining projects under the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification of 2006.
Laws related to fishery in marine and inland sector soumya sardar
The document summarizes laws and agreements related to the conservation and management of marine fishery resources. It discusses:
- The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which granted coastal states sovereignty over fishery resources within 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zones (EEZs).
- Issues around shared/migratory fish stocks that cross EEZ boundaries and the high seas, and how regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) help coordinate management.
- International agreements like the 1995 Agreement on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, which set standards for conserving these transboundary resources.
- Other topics covered include sustainable seafood
This document is an Administrative Order from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in the Philippines mandating that all mining contractors secure ISO 14001 certification for environmental management systems. It requires contractors with existing mineral agreements and financial/technical assistance agreements engaged in metallic mining to obtain certification within one year. Contractors filing new metallic mining projects must be certified within one year of project approval. Non-metallic mining contractors have one year to voluntarily comply but certification will become mandatory on a future deadline. Failure to comply or maintain certification will result in suspension of environmental compliance certificates and permits until certification is achieved. The order also establishes periodic reviews of contractor operations to ensure environmental compliance.
The document discusses decommissioning of oil and gas installations. It covers international and national legal frameworks for decommissioning, contractual provisions for decommissioning in production sharing contracts from the perspective of contractors and states, and ways that states can make international oil companies pay a share of decommissioning costs even without owning the installations. Specifically, it analyzes how some states have made contractors responsible for decommissioning costs through fiscal policies like disallowing deductions or by "ring fencing" projects to prevent cost recovery across fields.
Evaluation of the Statutory Regime of Corporate Environmental Liability in th...AJHSSR Journal
It was not long after the discovery of oil in the small town of oloibri Bayelsa state in 1956, that
commercial exploration started in 1958. Nigeria is Africa's biggest producer of crude, with production capacity
estimated at 2 million barrels per day (bbl. /d) in 2018. Judging from the large reserves and with a right
atmosphere, Nigeria could produce up to 3 million bbl. /d per day. Nigeria is estimated to have about 37.2
billion barrels of proven oil reserves, largely concentrated in the Niger Delta Region and over 95 per cent export
and 75 per cent earnings Nigeria is dependent on the Oil and Gas sector.
Cases of pipeline leakages have become rampant in Niger Delta; this has influenced negatively the
social, economic, and ecological life in the region. Oil spills occurrences stood at 6,744 spills with 2,369,470
barrels between 1976-2000, of this number, an estimated 1,820,410.5 barrels 77% was deposited into the
environment, though a cumulative figure of 549,060 barrels of oil, signifying 23.17 per cent of the whole was
however recovered. Painfully, this unprecedented number of oil spill accidents has witnessed only a negligible
clean-up effort by multinational oil corporations (MNCs) from whose facilities the oil escaped.
This article critically examines the liability regime of corporate operators in the oil and gas sector in Nigeria.
The inadequacies in the major laws within the sector and proffer suggestions for a stronger legal framework.
Nigeria is not lacking in regulatory laws within the oil and gas sector, but these laws are weak and lack the
efficacy to make the polluter liable.
Ec minor mineral b2 mining 2016_dr rlmDr. RL Meena
The document outlines the evolution of environmental clearance requirements for minor mineral mining in India over time, beginning in 2010. Key events include the Supreme Court ordering in 2012 that all minor mineral leases below 5 hectares obtain environmental clearance. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change then issued memorandums in 2012 and 2013 to comply with this order and provide guidelines for obtaining clearance, including for specific minerals like brick earth. This established environmental clearance as mandatory for all minor mineral mining leases across India.
This presentation deals with introductory lecture on Mining Law in India and also focuses on the Constitutional framework regarding Mining Law in the country
The document discusses the history and provisions of the Indian Fisheries Act of 1897. It notes that the Act was passed in response to reports in the late 19th century highlighting the importance of fisheries for food supply and famine relief. The Act delegated responsibility for fisheries development and conservation to state governments. It prohibited destructive practices like dynamiting and poisoning waters. The Act established rules to conserve fisheries resources and regulate fishing activities. It allowed for penalties, seizure of illegal fishing gear, and arrest without warrant of those breaking the rules. Overall, the Act aimed to protect and manage India's fisheries for long-term sustainability and public benefit.
This document provides an overview of India's mining sector, including its structure, role in the economy, legislative framework, initiatives, administration, taxation, exploration status, production, consumption, and foreign trade. Key points include:
- The mining sector provides raw materials to industries like power, steel, cement, and contributes around 2.5-2.8% to India's GDP.
- Major minerals are regulated by the central Ministry of Mines, while minor minerals fall under state governments. Attached and subordinate offices include the Geological Survey of India and Indian Bureau of Mines.
- India produces 88 minerals and has significant reserves. The sector employs over 5 lakh workers and contributes substantially to exports and imports
This document discusses laws related to inland fisheries in India. It covers topics such as leasing of open water bodies, culture-based fisheries, aquaculture regulations, land reforms acts, control of destructive fishing practices, and conservation efforts. Key points include preferential leasing of tanks to cooperatives and youth groups, costs associated with culture-based fisheries, inclusion of fish/shrimp farming as agricultural activities, and management of open access water bodies of different sizes.
Policy Vision Vis-a-Vis Legislation By : MANTU BISWAS CCM (Retd) IBM (page 2)
First-step analysis: Mining in India : Trilegal - Karthy Nair and Neeraj Menon (page 4)
All about commercial mining and how it changes the coal production game in India : Remya Nair (page 13)
Why Gold, and Why Now : Jan Nieuwenhuijs (page 14)
Odisha Mining Auction 2020 vis-à-vis Employment: A boon or curse?! : Subranshu Bhushan Das (page 16)
Glauconite : Existing resource in India Uses – Exploitation Conclusions & Recommendations : Dr Vivek Laul (page 17)
Unshackling India’s mining industry - Indian ministries want to limit public consultations that are necessary before approving projects (page 18)
Tenders for nine iron ore and manganese blocks in Odisha likely in July (page 19)
Two states, unused iron ore, a growing human crisis : Shantanu Guha Ray (page 19)
Carbon majors funding loss and damage presentation december 2014Julie-Anne Richards
The moral and legal case for the fossil fuel industry paying for the damage that its products are causing via a fossil fuel extraction levy into the international loss and damage mechanism.
Oil and gas industry presentation occupational health group1 4th yearOpolot Jude
The document provides an outline for a report on the oil and gas industry in Uganda. It begins with an introduction on global and national energy consumption trends. It then discusses the history and development of Uganda's oil and gas industry, relevant national legislation and policies, occupational health and safety issues, environmental concerns and impacts, and mitigation measures in place. The document includes sections on legislation, policies, hazards, and environmental impacts with subsections providing details on specific laws, hazards, and impacts. It concludes with sections on mitigation measures for various issues like noise, air quality, ecology, and waste management.
1. Nigeria has significant deposits of tar sands and bitumen, a heavy oil composed of sand, oil, clay, and water.
2. These deposits form an extensive belt across four states in southwestern Nigeria, containing an estimated 27 billion barrels of reserves.
3. Bitumen is primarily used for paving roads but also has other applications like waterproofing roofs and boats or muffling machine sounds.
The document discusses Philippine laws related to fisheries and natural resources. It begins by outlining the hierarchy of laws, with the Constitution at the top, followed by national laws, international treaties, executive orders, and administrative orders from agencies like the Department of Agriculture. It then summarizes several key provisions in the Constitution related to natural resources and fisheries. Finally, it lists numerous national laws, international treaties, and executive and administrative orders that provide legal framework for managing fisheries and protecting the environment in the Philippines.
THE PHILIPPINE MINING INDUSTRY - LEGAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORKCalbayog Journal
This document provides an overview of the Philippine mining industry, including its legal and environmental framework. It discusses what mining is, the history and importance of mining, the stages of mining operations, and the various types of permits and contracts involved in mining in the Philippines. It also outlines taxation and fees for the mining industry, as well as environmental and social provisions related to mining projects. The key points covered are the stages of mining operations (prospecting, exploration, development, exploitation), the types of permits available (exploration permits, mineral agreements, mineral processing permits), and the environmental work programs required of mining companies to address impacts.
The document discusses India's mining and mineral sector, which is the backbone of industrial development in India and contributes 3% to GDP. It focuses on Reliance Industries Limited, one of the top players in the sector. RIL was founded in 1966 and initially operated in textiles but has since diversified into oil, gas, petrochemicals, and retail. It is now a large, multinational conglomerate with operations across India and internationally, and has grown tremendously over the past 25 years while contributing significantly to India's economic growth.
Open Pit Mining Ban - Should the Philippines Jump into the Bandwagon?Fernando Penarroyo
The government should be circumspect in imposing such a ban because it may open itself to arbitration and litigation exposing itself to claims for damages by affected mineral agreement holders. Imposing a ban will further aggravate uncertainties concerning the administration of environmental regulations, public policy and the legal system. By not imposing a ban, the government can maintain an investment atmosphere conducive to risk capital and avoid the influx of illegal miners. There are other forms of legislation that will achieve the the purpose of environment protection and preventing negative impacts on the health of surrounding communities. Also, the government should strengthen the institutions involved in monitoring and supervising mining operations so that they will have the scientific and legal basis to close certain mining operations because of environmental degradation safety issues.
Amv presentation final version for pretoriaNgomo Auguste
The document discusses the implementation of the African Mining Vision (AMV) and provides an assessment of its progress. Some key points:
- The AMV was adopted in 2009 with the goals of addressing poverty, developing infrastructure/skills, and industrializing Africa through sustainable mining practices.
- 17 countries have begun implementing the AMV through developing national mining visions and compliance policies. Liberia and Sierra Leone were identified as "champions" but have only achieved around 35-40% compliance.
- An assessment shows limited real impact on human development in AMV countries compared to non-members. While the goals of the AMV are important, it may have been too ambitious and not focused enough in its
The document discusses opportunities for Africa's mining industry given the current global commodity super-cycle. It notes that sustained increases in mineral prices over decades provide opportunities to establish long-term tax regimes and partnerships between governments and companies. However, African governments have yet to fully capitalize on these opportunities and could learn from Latin American countries that have strengthened state institutions and ensured mining activity aligns with development priorities. The super-cycle may last for many years, providing African nations an extended window to develop their economies through strategic management of mineral resources.
Overview of global investment in mining delivered at China Mining Congress in October 2014. Focus on Chinese investment overseas and lessons learned from international experience. Presented by Michael Stanley.
Alternative Minerals
Management Policy
Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center-Kasama sa Kalikasan
(LRC-KsK/Friends of the Earth-Philippines)
February 2011
Republic of Angola: Governmental Strategy for its Mining SectorMining On Top
Republic of Angola: Governmental Strategy for its Mining Sector
Hosted by Hon Francisco Manuel Monteiro de Queiroz,
Minister of Geology and Mines
Mining On Top: Africa - London Summit
24-26 June 2014 | London
Republic of South Sudan: Mining Investment Opportunities in South SudanMining On Top
Mining Investment Opportunities in South Sudan
Hosted by Dr Andu Ezbon Adde, Under Secretary Mining
Mining On Top: Africa - London Summit
24-26 June 2014 | London
The development banks, particularly the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank, provide significant financing for mining projects in developing countries and have focused on improving the environmental performance and formalization of artisanal and small-scale mining. These banks have provided technical assistance for reforming mining sectors and improving livelihoods in the artisanal and small-scale mining industry. There remain opportunities to support this industry through improving health, safety, technology and socioeconomic conditions in countries across Latin America, Africa, and Asia where artisanal and small-scale mining is prevalent.
The document discusses proposals in India's draft National Mineral Policy (NMP) 2018, including according exploration companies the right of first refusal to mine areas they explored. It aims to encourage private participation in mineral exploration. The policy also proposes a long-term export policy and industry status for mining to incentivize investment. It focuses on improving transportation infrastructure for the mining sector and using cluster approaches for small, scattered deposits.
Taming the Resource Curse: Understanding the Philippine Framework for Extraction; A presentation by Atty. Grizelda Mayo-Anda for the Seminar-Workshop and Media Fellowship on Covering the Extractive Industries: Digging Out Stories that Matter
This document discusses several industrial mineral projects in Africa, highlighting opportunities and challenges. It describes projects in Madagascar including graphite mining by Energizer Resources and the government's efforts to promote mining. Sierra Rutile's rutile mining project in Sierra Leone is also outlined. Mkango Resources is exploring for rare earths in Malawi, where the government aims to transition from aid to trade. In South Africa, SepFluor is pursuing fluorspar projects despite challenges in the industry from regulations and labor issues. While opportunities exist in Africa's mineral wealth, political instability and community opposition still present barriers for mining companies.
A paper presented by the Consul-General of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Atlanta to the forum of American-Nigerian International Chamber of Commerce, Atlanta.
Open Society Initiative for East Africa is opening the debate on minerals in Karamoja and calling for government to respect the land rights of the natives
International organizations respond to statements made by the Chamber of Mines and Chamber of Commerce and Industry regarding a leaked draft executive order on mining reforms in the Philippines. The organizations argue that the mining industry's claims that the reforms will negatively impact investments and projects are unfounded. They believe the reforms are needed to ensure responsible mining and adequate returns to the Filipino people. The response criticizes the mining industry's opposition to proposals that would increase taxes and conduct total economic valuations of mining projects.
“Recognition as a first step”Informality in artisanal miningIIED
A presentation on informality issues in artisanal and small-scale mining, by Professor Gavin Hilson, of the University of Surrey.
The presentation was made at a conference on "The biggest 'private sector': what place for the informal economy in green and inclusive growth?" on 25 February 2016.
The event was hosted by IIED and the Green Economy Coalition, WIEGO, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and the OECD's Sahel and West Africa Club.
More details: http://bit.ly/1T8MGqJ
The document discusses Africa's mining legacy and efforts to reform the sector. It notes that since colonial times, mining in Africa has largely consisted of enclave operations with weak links to local economies. Recent reforms in the 1990s aimed to attract foreign investment but had uncertain development benefits. The Africa Mining Vision offers a new framework to integrate mining more fully through downstream/upstream linkages and partnerships to promote sustainable and equitable growth.
NewBase 29 April 2024 Energy News issue - 1720 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...Khaled Al Awadi
Greetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with its lates energy news NewBase 29 April 2024 Energy News issue - 1720 by Khaled Al Awadias per attached .
Regards .
Founder & S,Editor NewBase Energy Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with its lates energy news NewBase 29 April 2024 Energy News issue - 1720 by Khaled Al Awadias per attached .
Regards .
Founder & S,Editor NewBase Energy Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with its lates energy news NewBase 29 April 2024 Energy News issue - 1720 by Khaled Al Awadias per attached .
Regards .
Founder & S,Editor NewBase Energy Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with its lates energy news NewBase 29 April 2024 Energy News issue - 1720 by Khaled Al Awadias per attached .
Regards .
Founder & S,Editor NewBase Energy Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with its lates energy news NewBase 29 April 2024 Energy News issue - 1720 by Khaled Al Awadias per attached .
Regards .
Founder & S,Editor NewBase Energy Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with its lates energy news NewBase 29 April 2024 Energy News issue - 1720 by Khaled Al Awadias per attached .
Regards .
Founder & S,Editor NewBase Energy Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
Similar to The Legal Perspective of Mining in Central African States (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD45244 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 1900
countries to promote a veritable extractive industry
that creates jobs and wealth", said Mr. Oumar Sinin,
Chad’s minister of energy and geology6
.
The prospect of increased exploration of mining to
meet future demand, calls for a sharper focus on
mitigating the impact of mining, especially as mining
moves towards new frontiers where past experience
in managing these externalities may not suffice.
These resources will need to be produced more
sustainably through responsible sourcing, sound
mining practices, robust environmental management,
and greater consumer awareness of the effects of
consumption7
.
Definition of mines
Mines are defined as a pit or excavation from which
mineral substances are taken, or are ore deposits
found within the earth. They are materials necessary
for the development of the economic, social and
environmental activities of states. In the legal point of
view, the mining right is governed by the "mining
code" and defines what a mine is and the conditions
under which it can be exploited, or whose after-
effects must be repaired or compensated. The term
"minerals" refers to a variety of materials found in the
earth, it includes precious metals such as gold, silver,
platinum and base metals, which tend to corrode or
tarnish their exposure to air, this is the case of iron
and copper8
. There are also industrial minerals, which
are lime materials such as sand and stone, as well as
fuels which refer to coal and uranium9
. Cameroon
mining code defines mining as all research,
development, exploitation, processing, enrichment,
Conference and Exhibition, Khartoum, 23-26
November 2015 ,p.2.
6
Available at https://www.uneca.org/stories/central-
africa’s-extractive-industry-must-create-jobs-and-
wealth, consulted on the 15th
may 2021 at 10pm.
7
Mineral resource governance in the 21st Mineral
resource governance in the 21st
century, available at
http://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-
stories/story/mineral-resource-governance-21st
-
century-conversation-antonio-pedro,consulted on the
24th
May 2021 at 7:04pm.
8
LASSANA(K.)«Les industries extractives et
l’environnement en Afrique: quelles reformes légales
et institutionnelle au regard de la nouvelle vision
Africaine des mines ? Les industries extractives et
l’environnement en Afrique: quelles reformes légales
et institutionnelle au regard de la nouvelle vision
Africaine des mines? available at.
https://www.cmdsdata.iucn.org/downloads/lsindustrie
, consulted on the 26th
July 2021 at 7:14pm.
9
Ibid.
transportation, storage, loading, commercialization,
rehabilitation operations and closure of mining sites
for mineral substances10
.
The legal regime of mines
African countries have resorted for several years to
profit from natural resources by entrusting their
exploitation to foreign companies, states, not having
enough financial means to exploit the minerals
themselves. Mining in these countries requires a
mining agreement between the holder of the
exploration permit and the state. This permit
constitutes a unilateral administrative act, issued by
the minister responsible for industrial mines and
small mines or by his representative, at regional or
provincial level, for artisanal mining. The mining
license is granted unilaterally, suggesting a contract
of adhesion, even if the mining agreement establishes
a contractual relationship which contains clauses
ranging from the feasibility study to the commercial
production of the mine11
.
The mining title confers rights on its holder and also
imposes obligations whose non-compliance may give
rise to sanctions, including non-renewal of the mining
title. The mining title is an administrative act which
grants certain rights to its owner. As a rule, these are
rights to transform, transport and market mining
products12
.
It should be noted that the title can only be transferred
when it is issued for logging operations. However,
title concerning prospecting or research operations
may not be the subject of a transfer, storage or
marketing and dispose the right to exemption or
reduction of tax charges during research and
exploration mining.
However, the benefit of these rights is subject to
compliance with the obligations contained in the
mining agreement. In the event of non-compliance,
states will reserve the right to oppose the renewal of
the mining title, a situation that may be at the origin
of a dispute. No one may undertake prospecting,
research and exploitation activity on CEMAC
territory without having first obtained a
10
Law no
2016 /017 of 14th
December 2016 of the
Cameroon mining code, p.2.
11
KAM YOGO Emmanuel, Manuel Judiciaire de
droit de L’environnement en Afrique Institut de la
Francophonie pour le développement durable,
(IFDD) 2018, p.88.
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corresponding mining title, under the conditions set
by the mining regulations in force13
.
The ownership of mineral substances contained in the
soil or in the subsoil, including groundwater and
geothermal deposits, as well as related mining rights
granted by the member states, constitute real property
rights distinct and separate from rights arising from
concession and land or surface property.
Classification of mineral resources
Deposits of mineral or fossil substances which are not
classified as quarries are considered as mines. Some
deposits can be classified as quarries or mines
depending on the nature of their content. Are
classified as quarries, deposits of non-metallic
mineral substances usable for building materials,
stonework and viability, the ceramic industry, soil
amendment, which are peat, sand, chalk, lime, gravel,
limestone, laterite, sematic clays, diatomite, gypsum
and feldspar.
Mining activities and industries concerned with the
extraction of minerals also involves mining
engineering which is the practice of applying
engineering principles to the development, planning,
operation, closure, and reclamation of mines. Some
terms distinguish various types of mined minerals.
Geologically, one can distinguish the following
categories which are partitioned into minerals, which
are naturally occurring inorganic elements or
compounds having an orderly internal structure and a
characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and
physical properties. These terms are often used in the
industry to differentiate between fuels, metals, and
non-metallic minerals. The metallic are of the ferrous
metals (iron, manganese and tungsten), the base
metals (copper, lead, zinc, and tin), the precious
metals (gold, silver, the platinum group metals), and
the radioactive minerals (uranium, thorium, and
radium)14
.
The non-metallic minerals also known as industrial
minerals are non-fuel mineral ores that are not
associated with the production of metals. These
include phosphate, potash, halite, sand, gravel,
limestone, sulfur, and many others. Fossil fuels also
known as mineral fuels are the organic mineral
substances that can be utilized as fuels, such as coal,
petroleum, natural gas, coal bed methane, Gilsonite,
and tar sands.
13
CAC, «CEMAC: Towards the adoption of the
mining code», available at http://www.cac
international .com.org, consulted on the 22nd
March,
2021 at 5:45pm.
14
Law no
2016 /017 of 14th
December 2016 of the
Cameroon mining code.
Ancillary installations and facilities are subject to the
same legal regime as natural deposits of substances to
which they relate. The national territory of each
member state is subject to mining cadastral grid,
according to the harmonized system capable of
managing the problem of cross-border deposits,
establishing clear provisions in the form, location and
identification of the perimeters and to ensure the
exclusivity of the mining perimeters, and to
effectively solve the problem of encroachment and
overlapping of mining titles15
.
The rules relating to the use and superposition of
mining titles are fixed in the absence of community
texts, but by the national legislation of each member
state. The modes of exploitation of mines are
artisanal, industrial and small scale mining. The
artisanal mining is exploitation whose activities
consist of extracting and concentrating mineral
substances and recovering market products using
manual, traditional methods and processes. On the
other hand the industrial exploitation are any
exploitation based on the prior identification of a
deposit, having the necessary fixed installations for
the recovery, in accordance with the rules of art and
of mineral substances exploited by industrial
processes16
.
I. The National Legal Framework of Mines in
Central African States.
The legal and regulatory framework governing the
foreign or national investors, is bound by rules and
regulations, and remains a major factor for the proper
management of mineral resources. This legal
framework may include codes such as the mining
codes, environmental codes and the constitution
which acts as a controller in the mining activities in
Central African States.
The Cameroon Legal Framework
Cameroon has a subsoil rich in mining resources,
particularly, bauxite, cobalt, gold, diamonds, iron and
uranium, which have not been extensively exploited.
So far bauxite reserves are located in the north of the
country, in the region of Adamaoua, and in the
southeast, around the city of Bafoussam17
. The
15
CEMAC, GIZ, «Projet de renforcement de la
gouvernance des matières premières en Afrique
Centrale » (REMAP), avant-projet du code minier
communautaire de la CEMAC, p.12.
16
Ibid.
17
Available at http//www.statistical Cameroon energy
survey (2012- 2015), visited on the 21st
May 2021.
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mining sector in Cameroon is regulated by Law no
2016 /017 of 14th
December 201618
.
The Congo Brazzaville Legal Framework
Congo is a leading producer of diamonds and
gold19
.It also produces smaller quantities of copper,
lead, zinc, construction materials, phosphates and
uranium. The Congo Brazzaville mining sector is
essentially governed by Law no
.4-2005 of 11th
April,
2005, and Law no
24-2010 of 30th
December, 2010
fixing the rates, and rules for levying mining titles.
The mining code applies to prospecting, possession,
movement and processing of mineral or fossil
substances across the country.
The Burundi Legal Framework
Burundi has mineral resources such as gold, copper,
uranium, limestone and many other mineral
resources. In 2009, Burundi’s mining, energy and
manufacturing sectors accounted for 11% the
country’s GDP, in 2010, the production of peat
increased by 16%, tantalum by 173%, niobium by
175%, tungsten by 35% and tin by 50%20
. The
Burundi mining sector is regulated by Law no
1/21 of
15th
October 201321
.
The Chad Legal Framework
The mining code of Chad is established by ordinance
no
.004 / PR/2018 of 21st
February 2018. The code
mainly governs prospecting, research, exploitation,
holding, storage, transportation, processing,
treatment, marketing, ownership of mineral
substances, development, closure and rehabilitation of
mines and quarries, the tax, customs and exchange
regime applicable to these activities in the territory of
Chad22
.
The Legal Framework of Central African
Republic
The mining code of Central African Republic was
adopted by the national assembly on the 29th
April
18
The mining sector in Cameroon is regulated by
Law no
2016 /017 of 14th
December 2016 of the
Cameroon mining code.
19
MUSHEMEZA (E.), OKIIRA (J.), «Local Content
Frameworks in the African Oil and Gas Sector
Lessons from Angola and Chad» Kampala, ACODE
Policy Research Series no
. 72, 2016. p.13.
20
Ibid.
21
The Burundi mining sector is regulated by law no
1/21 of 15th
October 2013.
22
African mining legislation Atlas, available at
https://www.a-mla.org/countries/Chad, consulted on
the 18th
March 2021 at 6:49pm.
2009 through Law no
09-00523
. It is regulated by law
no
09/005 of 29th
April 2009 which regulates the
prospecting, exploration, and exploitation of mineral
deposits.
II. The Regional Instruments of Mines in
Central African States
The Central Africa region constitutes the Economic
Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
which establishes rules and regulations to govern its
member states. It is up to each country to create a line
of conduct and applicable laws, within a certain time.
It is followed by the constitutionality block, and
where the standards put into effect at community
level (ECCAS) must be ratified, and applied by all
member countries in a direct and mandatory
manner24
. In regard to the mining activities in Central
African States there exist some regional instruments
which regulate the mining sector of the eleven Central
African States.
Africa Mining Vision
More precisely, the primary focus of the governments
in African countries was seen to rest on how to take
into consideration a precise set of concerns, aimed at
attracting investment and reducing investment risk for
private mining companies25
. The significance of the
Africa Mining Vision (AMV) is due to both its Pan
African and its national dimensions, this constitutes a
blueprint for the whole continent and serves as a
guideline for the national implementation at the same
time26
.The AMV has several key strengths, it upholds
the principle of free, prior and informed consent
(FPIC) for communities affected by mining projects,
it was established by the African Union (AU), with
political buy-in at the continental level27
. It could
potentially transform Central Africa's mineral sector,
given the emphasis on building an array of linkages,
promoting local value addition and economic
23
Ibid.
24
Ibid.
25
BONNIE (C.), «Factoring in Governance is not
enough. Mining Codes in Africa, Policy Reform and
Corporate Responsibility», Université du Québec,
vol.18, no
3, 20
03, p.8.
26
BOHNE (A.), THIAM (I.), «The African mining
vision; can business as usual be visionary
perspectives from four regions», Berlin, Rosa-
Luxemburg-Stiftung, 2018, p.4.
27
–USHIE (V.), «From aspiration to reality
Unpacking the Africa Mining Vision», Oxfam
International, 2017, p.23.
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diversification, by covering the entire mineral value
chain, it enables the utilization of natural resources
wealth for sustainable development in a holistic
way28
.Among all continents, Central Africa is not
deprived from ecological and environmental
difficulties in fact is important to signal that, Central
Africa is exposed to so many environmental
disasters29
.
a. The establishment of intra-regional synergies
The Africa mining vision establishes intra-regional
synergies, with the aim to set up strategies for the
proper management of mining activities among the
member states. Such strategies set out the national or
regional frameworks for investments in research and
innovation not only from member states, but from all
funding sources. In reducing transaction costs,
establishing intra-regional synergies, enhancing
competitiveness and realizing economies of scale that
would catalyze minerals and cluster development
should not be underestimated. However, for goods,
services, capital and other factors to freely flow in the
regional spaces, there is need to expedite intra-
regional harmonization of laws, regulations and fiscal
regimes, among other critical factors30
.
b. The common tax system
Regional cooperation under the auspices of regional
economic communities (RECs) is necessary for a
number of reasons; the formation of regional
economic areas involves a common external tariff, tax
convergence, and free circulation of goods, capital
and persons, common standards that apply to mining
and other sectors. Mineral products exported by
landlocked countries use regional infrastructure, the
energy security of major industrial sites may depend
on regional connections and common hydroelectric
plants31
. Cross-border trade in high-value products,
whether informal or criminal, requires close
cooperation between enforcement services, few
countries possess training capacities for all the skills
required at the various levels of specialization,
regional university cooperation could fill the gap in
all regional sectorial policy32
. The main objectives of
the AMV are transparency, equity and optimal
28
Ibid.
29
ABDULLAH (B.B.), «La protection de
l’environnement dans le processs d’intégration sous
régional en Afrique Centrale», Edi livre, 2018, p.18.
30
Africa Union, «Africa Mining Vision», February,
2009, p.5.
31
Committee for International Cooperation and
Development (CICID), «Mineral resources and
development in Africa», 2008, p.37-38.
32
Ibid.
exploitation of natural resources; it puts emphasis on
the integration of mining enclaves, into local and
national development objectives33
.
The regional integration of member states is to
harmonize the industrialization policies in the sub-
region, thus it engages in communicating their
development plan and executor programs to the
general secretariat, with the aim to harmonize the
development in the sub region. In the other wards the
regional integration serves to promote the creation of
great industrial units and a center of industrial
development34
.
The Kimberley process
Regarding the other form of transparency initiative,
the Kimberley process states that, “there is need to
promote good governance on how resources are
managed and affirmed that Central Africa’s
resources belong to both present and future
generation”35
.The Kimberley process first took shape
in May of the year 2000, when representatives from
several African countries met in Kimberley in South
Africa, to discuss ways to stop the trade in conflict
diamond and ensure that diamond purchases were not
financing violence, by rebel movements and their
allies seeking to undermine legitimate government36
.
Under this scheme member states can certify their
diamonds as conflict free before entering the
international market, this initiative was developed
33
GIBERT (M.), «Global and regional mechanism
for governing the resource curse in Africa»,
University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2014,
p.3.
34
Communauté Economique Des Etats De L'Afrique
Centrale C.E.E.A.C Instituant la Communauté
Economique Des Etats De L'Afrique Centrale
(C.E.E.A.C) p.27/28.
35
Kimberley Process, «Through an African lens,
reimaging responsibilities and definition in an
changing mining sector », report produced by the
Southern Africa resource watch, in partnership with
the open society initiative for southern Africa,
2013,available at
https://www.sarwatch.co.za/consulted on the 22nd
January 2021 at 2 pm.
36
AUDRIE (H.), «The successes and failures of the
Kimberley process certification scheme in Angola,
Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe». Global Study. I. REV
.137(2016), available at http:// www; open
scholarship .wustl.edu /law-global studies /vol 15
/iss/8.https://www.sarwatch.co.za/, consulted on the
22nd
January 2021 at 2 pm.
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from UN resolutions aimed at limiting conflicts and
atrocities linked to diamonds37
.
The Kimberley process is important because it
contributes to the reduction of illegal exploitation of
diamonds in Central African states, thus causing the
illicit diamonds from international markets to drop. In
Angola, the authority responsible for implementing
the Kimberley process certification scheme is the
ministry of geology, mining and industry, which
created the Kimberley process national commission,
in charge of all Kimberley process issues and
procedures, by basing on Kimberley process core
documents38
. In the case of Cameroon, in 2003 the
head of state signed Cameroon’s instrument of
accession to the Kimberley process. In July 2007 the
ministry of mines and technological development
started with the expertise of the office of geological
and mining research study by Decree no
. 2011/3666/
PM of 02nd
November 2011, on the establishment,
organization and functioning of the Kimberley
process certification system in the Republic of
Cameroon. From the 4th
to 7th
of June Cameroon was
accepted as a participating country at the
intersessional meeting, and on August 14th
was the
official notification of the admission of Cameroon as
a member of the Kimberley process39
. Apart from the
Kimberley process initiative, there equally exists the
Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative which
regulates mining activities in Central African States.
The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
Transparency is a very important factor in the rational
management of extractive industries in Central Africa
region. It is frequently thought that the extractive
industries transparency initiative (EITI) was launched
in 2002, since the former UK Prime Minister Tony
Blair anticipated outlining the idea of the initiative, in
a speech at the world summit on sustainable
development in Johannesburg 2002. This helped to
establish the extractive industries transparency
initiative (EITI) in 2002 40
.The EITI seeks to create
that missing transparency and accountability due to
the fact that is a voluntary initiative, supported by a
coalition of companies, governments, investors and
37
Available at http:// www.eisource book.org,
consulted on the 22nd
January 2021 at 2 pm.
38
Angola Annual Report 2011.
39
Available at http//:www.min-midt.gov.com
consulted on the 20th
July 2021 at 2pm.
40
EMMA (W.), «Transparency can it work for
sustainable development»p.1, available at
https//www.iied.org, consulted on the 23rd
May 2021
at 5pm.
civil society organizations41
. The EITI aims to
improve the transparency of revenues yielded from
extractive activities which are rich in oil, gas and
mining resources42
.
While EITI maintains a particular focus for minimum
reform, disclosure and independent auditing of
revenues flows from companies to governments, it
does not dictate the way in which the overall problem
of the responsible management of natural resources
should be addressed, instead, it seeks to create
favorable conditions for different actors to debate on
the most effective approaches of the particular
problem at hand, given the circumstances of each
country43
. According to article 142 of the Cameroon
mining code of 2016, the holders of the mining titles
operating in Cameroon shall be obliged to comply
with international commitments made by the state and
applicable to their activities to improve governance in
the mining sector, particularly those relating to the
Kimberley process (KP) and the Extractive Industries
Transparency Initiative (EITI)44
. In addition to these
initiatives there exists the potential CEMAC mining
code.
The potential CEMAC mining code
CEMAC plays a role of support to member states for
the promotion and protection of investments in the
mining sector, with a view to guarantee the
development of the mining sector. Each member state
shall lay down in its legislation, bodies involved in
the management of the mining sector as well as their
attributions. The German cooperation (Gesellschaft
International Zusammenarbeit) (GIZ) with one of its
objectives in "strengthening the governance of
commodities in Central Africa", could be an
important tool for the continuous reduction of
41
The extractive industries transparency initiative
source book, March 2005, international EITI
secretariat in UK, available at http://www,eiti.org,
accessed on the 12th
June, 2021 at 11.25 am.
42
EITI, committee of the extractive industries
transparency initiative source book, March 2005,
international EITI secretariat in UK, available at
http://www,eiti.org, accessed on the 12th
June, 2021 at
11.25 am.
43
GALVÃO FERREIRA (P.), « Extractive
industries transparency initiative (EITI); Using a
global public-partnership to facilitate Domestic
Governance » available at
https://www.eiti.org/homepage, accessed on the 12th
June, 2017 at 11.35 am.
44
Article 142 of the Cameroon mining code of 2016.
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD45244 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 1905
poverty45
. According to the state’s reports, the six
countries of CEMAC zone currently use six separate
mining codes which affect the adoption of common
policies of mining in the sub-region and reduce the
chances of industrial exploitation46
.
CONCLUSION
A central standard of contemporary extractive law,
local content is the contribution of mining industries
for the socioeconomic development of neighboring
populations, with the effect to overcome the paradox
of the abundance of resources, so derived from
Central African States. This content should be
detailed and must appear on the mining agreement.
The legislator requires that the exploitation of
resources be accompanied by the benefits of
economic, social, cultural, industrial and
technological operations. Priority is thus given to
local residents during the exploitation of resources
and a financial contribution is paid into a special
account by mining companies47
. Holders of mining
rights are required, in the exercise of their activities,
to give priority hiring, with equal qualifications and
skills, to nationals of the member state of the place of
activities. The member states, in accordance with the
texts in force within CEMAC, as well as the vision of
the African Mining regime, guarantee the
implementation of the mechanisms and conditions for
granting certain mining rights and titles, allowing the
participation and involvement of their nationals in
formal mining activities. The Legal perspective of
mining in Central African States requires legal
enforcement for a better outcome.
45
CAC, «CEMAC: Towards the adoption of the
mining code», available at http://www.cac
international .com.org, consulted on the 22nd
March,
2019 at 5:45pm.
46
CEMAC, «Countries adopt draft mining code»,
journal du Cameroun, available at http//www.journal
du Cameroun .com, consulted on the 22nd
March,
2020 at 4; 51pm.
47
Lamine Défoukouémou Himbé, The new
Cameroonian mining code, at the heart of the
standards of contemporary extractive governance.
2018. <halshs-01664344v2> p.3 .
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