The Learning Brain
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The document provides an overview of the basic structures and functions of the human brain. It discusses that humans are born with around 150-200 billion neurons, though around 100 billion remain after pruning. The brain has huge plasticity due to billions of glial cells and the ability to form connections between neurons. It then outlines the main structures of the cortex which are involved in functions like judgment, creativity, sensory processing, language, vision, and emotion. The prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus are also introduced in relation to emotion, fear memory, and long term memory. Current research is examining links between brain pathways and learning patterns but no definitive brain scan profiles have been established for diagnoses.
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The brain is organized into four main subdivisions: the brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebral hemispheres. The brain stem consists of the medulla, pons, and midbrain and contains nuclei involved in autonomic functions. The cerebellum coordinates posture and movement. The diencephalon includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus. The cerebral hemispheres make up 83% of the brain and are responsible for higher cognitive functions. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through ventricles in the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, cushioning the central nervous system.
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The brain is organized into four main subdivisions: the brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebral hemispheres. The brain stem consists of the medulla, pons, and midbrain and contains nuclei involved in autonomic functions. The cerebellum coordinates posture and movement. The diencephalon includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus. The cerebral hemispheres make up 83% of the brain and are responsible for higher cognitive functions. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through ventricles in the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, cushioning the central nervous system.
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The document discusses memory strategies and limiting factors. Effective memory strategies include forming associations between items, rehearsal, using categories and schemas, creating narratives, recasting tasks, and metacognition. Limiting factors are exceeding short-term memory capacity, time limits not allowing full encoding, task anxiety, difficulties with motor skills, primacy and recency effects, and unclear stimuli. The strategies and limitations provide implications for how memory and learning can be optimized.
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" I don't own this presentation "
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Sheep brain dissection and label
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292 CerconeCopyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or .docx
292 Cercone
Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written
permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
Chapter XIII
Brain-Based Learning
Kathleen Cercone, Housatonic Community College, USA
Abstract
Neuroscience research that explains how the brain learns is a dynamic
field. Since the 1990s, there has been explosive growth in information
about the neurophysiology of learning. A discussion of the neuroanatomy
that is necessary to understand this research is presented first. Following
the discussion of anatomy and physiology, current brain research is
described, with particular focus on its implications for teaching adult
students in an online environment. In addition, two instructional design
theories (Gardner’s multiple intelligence and Kovalik’s integrated thematic
i n s t r u c t i o n ) t h a t h a v e a b a s i s i n n e u r o s c i e n c e a r e e x a m i n e d .
Recommendations founded on brain-based research, with a focus on adult
education, follow, including specific activities such as crossed-lateral
movement patterns and detailed online activities that can be incorporated
into an online learning environment or a distance learning class (and face-
to-face classroom) for adults. Comprehensive recommendations and
guidelines for online learning design have been provided as suggestions
for making maximum use of the brain-based principles discussed in this
chapter.
701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033, USA
Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB12510
INFORMATION SCIENCE PUBLISHING
This chapter appears in the book, Enhancing Learning Through Technology
edited by Elsebeth Korsgaard Sorensen and Daithi O Murchu © 2006, Idea Group Inc.
Brain-Based Learning 293
Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written
permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
Introduction
Neuroscience research findings are now scientifically confirming many learning
theories first introduced during the educational reform efforts of the 1960s
(Lackney, n.d.). Researchers have explored many different aspects of the brain,
including anatomy, circulation, electrical activity, glucose metabolism, and
neuronal growth. Even with the growth of scientific information, the human brain
is, for the most part, still unknown, as the brain is extremely complex. The brain
is the major controller of the body, similar to a computer’s CPU (central
processing unit). It is the information processor of the human body. The brain is
capable of multitasking, and it “assembles, patterns, composes meaning, and
sorts daily life experiences from an extraordinary number of clues” (Jensen,
2000, p. 12). The brain, in addition to being extremely complex, is a dynamic and
adaptive system. The brain contains hundreds of billions of neurons and
interneurons that produce an enormous number of neural nets, or groups of
neu ...
Brain
The document summarizes the major parts and functions of the human brain. It describes how the brain is made up of distinct evolutionary parts, including the brain stem which controls basic functions, and the more developed cerebellum and cerebrum. It then provides details on the specific regions and lobes of the cerebrum, including the frontal lobe which governs cognitive thought, and the structures of the limbic system involved in emotion. The document emphasizes the brain's remarkable plasticity and ability to relearn even after injury like stroke.
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Primer on the brain revised
The document provides an overview of the brain and its functions. It discusses:
1) The basic anatomy and cells of the brain, including neurons, glial cells, grey and white matter.
2) The six main functions of the brain: thinking and cognition, emotion and feeling, signaling, perception and sensing, physical functions, and behavior.
3) How different areas of the brain are specialized for different tasks like language processing, attention, and regulating emotions.
4) How neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine influence brain functions like mood and signaling responses to threats.
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The human brain is the most complex organ and is greatly enlarged compared to other mammals. It contains billions of neurons connected by trillions of synapses. While protected by the skull, the brain is susceptible to damage from injuries, diseases, and toxins. The cerebral cortex is the largest part and is highly folded, with specialized regions involved in different functions like vision, motor control, and language. Communication between the left and right hemispheres occurs mainly through the corpus callosum.
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The document discusses the structure and function of the brain. It describes how the brain is made up of different parts like the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and different lobes that each have specialized functions. It explains how neuroscience technologies like MRI, PET scans, and EEG have helped researchers understand how the brain works and how activity changes with tasks like auditory, visual, motor, and memory processing.
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- There were major breakthroughs in neuroscience in the late 20th century using new brain imaging tools that explored brain composition and function. Researchers developed a basic understanding of differences between brain hemispheres and focused on temporal, frontal and rear brain regions.
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This document provides an overview of the human nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes nerves connecting the CNS to muscles and sensory organs.
- The nervous system has sensory, integrative, and motor functions. Sensory neurons detect stimuli and send signals to the CNS. The CNS integrates these signals and directs motor neurons to respond.
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Neurons and neuroanatomy v1.11
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" I don't own this presentation "
Source :Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center
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it, we will explore each major region of the brain, as well as the brain’s coverings, blood supply,
and ventricular system. We hope that this presentation proves interesting and informative.)
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The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system. It describes how the brain develops from the neural tube and then subdivides into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. It provides details on the major parts of the brain including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, and ventricles. It also discusses functional systems like the limbic system and reticular formation.
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The nervous system has three main components - the brain, nerves, and spinal cord. The brain is the control center located in the cranial cavity and is made up of the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is divided into four lobes and is responsible for functions like memory, thinking, language, and movement. The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls vital functions. The cerebellum, located in the back of the brain, coordinates movement and balance. The nervous system allows communication and coordination throughout the body to control all functions.
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The nervous system has three main components - the brain, nerves, and spinal cord. The brain is the control center located in the cranial cavity and is made up of the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is divided into four lobes and is responsible for functions like memory, thinking, language, and movement. The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls vital functions. The cerebellum, located in the back of the brain, coordinates movement and balance. The nervous system allows communication and coordination throughout the body to control all functions.
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The document describes the dissection and labeling of various parts of a sheep brain. Key structures that were dissected and labeled include the olfactory bulb, optic nerve, optic chiasm, pons, medulla oblongata, longitudinal fissure, frontal lobe, cerebellum, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, infundibulum, corpus callosum, cerebrum, pia mater, thalamus, hypothalamus, arbor vitae, and septum pellucidum. The functions of the brain center on exerting centralized control over the body's organs and systems through patterns of muscle activity and hormone secretion.
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The document discusses the brain and memory from multiple perspectives. It explains that memories are not stored in single locations in the brain, but rather are distributed throughout the brain via connections between regions. Recent neuroimaging studies have provided some evidence that specific brain areas may encode memories of individual people, though this remains an area of debate. Understanding how the brain forms and stores memories has practical applications for conditions like Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injuries that impact memory.
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The document provides an overview of human intelligence and the human brain. It discusses how the brain makes predictions based on its model of the world which it learns from experience. It describes the brain architecture, including the cerebrum which consists of two hemispheres with an outer cerebral cortex and inner core. The cortex has layers and each hemisphere is divided into four lobes associated with different functions. The document also discusses memory, human instinctive and cognitive intelligence, experiential learning, domain knowledge, common sense, intuition, and consciousness. It outlines how brain interfaces, neuroscience techniques like fMRI, and studying brain injury patients has furthered understanding of brain function.
Nervous System- Comparative account of Brain.pdf
The document discusses the comparative anatomy of brains across vertebrates. It notes that all vertebrate brains share a common underlying form and early development, with three initial swellings that become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Across classes like fish, amphibians, and mammals, the relative sizes of these parts change. In mammals, the forebrain grows much larger and dominates. The functions of different brain regions are also described. The development of brain vesicles and flexures is outlined. Finally, features of the brain in different vertebrates like sharks, frogs, lizards, pigeons, and rabbits are compared.
292 CerconeCopyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or .docx
292 Cercone
Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written
permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
Chapter XIII
Brain-Based Learning
Kathleen Cercone, Housatonic Community College, USA
Abstract
Neuroscience research that explains how the brain learns is a dynamic
field. Since the 1990s, there has been explosive growth in information
about the neurophysiology of learning. A discussion of the neuroanatomy
that is necessary to understand this research is presented first. Following
the discussion of anatomy and physiology, current brain research is
described, with particular focus on its implications for teaching adult
students in an online environment. In addition, two instructional design
theories (Gardner’s multiple intelligence and Kovalik’s integrated thematic
i n s t r u c t i o n ) t h a t h a v e a b a s i s i n n e u r o s c i e n c e a r e e x a m i n e d .
Recommendations founded on brain-based research, with a focus on adult
education, follow, including specific activities such as crossed-lateral
movement patterns and detailed online activities that can be incorporated
into an online learning environment or a distance learning class (and face-
to-face classroom) for adults. Comprehensive recommendations and
guidelines for online learning design have been provided as suggestions
for making maximum use of the brain-based principles discussed in this
chapter.
701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033, USA
Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB12510
INFORMATION SCIENCE PUBLISHING
This chapter appears in the book, Enhancing Learning Through Technology
edited by Elsebeth Korsgaard Sorensen and Daithi O Murchu © 2006, Idea Group Inc.
Brain-Based Learning 293
Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written
permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
Introduction
Neuroscience research findings are now scientifically confirming many learning
theories first introduced during the educational reform efforts of the 1960s
(Lackney, n.d.). Researchers have explored many different aspects of the brain,
including anatomy, circulation, electrical activity, glucose metabolism, and
neuronal growth. Even with the growth of scientific information, the human brain
is, for the most part, still unknown, as the brain is extremely complex. The brain
is the major controller of the body, similar to a computer’s CPU (central
processing unit). It is the information processor of the human body. The brain is
capable of multitasking, and it “assembles, patterns, composes meaning, and
sorts daily life experiences from an extraordinary number of clues” (Jensen,
2000, p. 12). The brain, in addition to being extremely complex, is a dynamic and
adaptive system. The brain contains hundreds of billions of neurons and
interneurons that produce an enormous number of neural nets, or groups of
neu ...
Brain
The document summarizes the major parts and functions of the human brain. It describes how the brain is made up of distinct evolutionary parts, including the brain stem which controls basic functions, and the more developed cerebellum and cerebrum. It then provides details on the specific regions and lobes of the cerebrum, including the frontal lobe which governs cognitive thought, and the structures of the limbic system involved in emotion. The document emphasizes the brain's remarkable plasticity and ability to relearn even after injury like stroke.
Brain
The brain is the center of the nervous system in vertebrates and some invertebrates. It is located in the head and protected by the skull. Brains can vary greatly in complexity across species. The human brain is the most complex known biological structure and is larger relative to body size than in other primates. Despite scientific progress, much about how brains work remains unknown.
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The document provides an overview of the brain and its functions. It discusses:
1) The basic anatomy and cells of the brain, including neurons, glial cells, grey and white matter.
2) The six main functions of the brain: thinking and cognition, emotion and feeling, signaling, perception and sensing, physical functions, and behavior.
3) How different areas of the brain are specialized for different tasks like language processing, attention, and regulating emotions.
4) How neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine influence brain functions like mood and signaling responses to threats.
Human Brain
The human brain is the most complex organ and is greatly enlarged compared to other mammals. It contains billions of neurons connected by trillions of synapses. While protected by the skull, the brain is susceptible to damage from injuries, diseases, and toxins. The cerebral cortex is the largest part and is highly folded, with specialized regions involved in different functions like vision, motor control, and language. Communication between the left and right hemispheres occurs mainly through the corpus callosum.
Brainread
The document discusses the structure and function of the brain. It describes how the brain is made up of different parts like the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and different lobes that each have specialized functions. It explains how neuroscience technologies like MRI, PET scans, and EEG have helped researchers understand how the brain works and how activity changes with tasks like auditory, visual, motor, and memory processing.
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Brain based research -overview of recent neuroscience
Brain based research -overview of recent neuroscience
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292 CerconeCopyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or .docx
292 CerconeCopyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or .docx
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The Learning Brain
- 1. The Learning Brain A whirlwind tour
- 2. The building blocks: Brain cells Image: Teaching with the Brain in Mind, 2nd ed.
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