This document discusses eigenvalues and eigenvectors. It introduces eigenvalues and eigenvectors and some of their applications in areas like engineering, science, control theory and physics. It defines diagonal matrices and explains how eigenvalues and eigenvectors are used to transform a given matrix into a diagonal matrix. It also discusses how this process can be used to solve coupled differential equations. It provides background on linear independence and explains that the eigenvectors of a matrix must be linearly independent for diagonalization.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Amit Kumar Singh for his M.Sc. in Mathematics at the University of Allahabad. It discusses various Diophantine equations including linear equations of the form ax+by=c, Pythagorean triples satisfying x^2 + y^2 = z^2, and Fermat's Last Theorem that x^n + y^n cannot equal z^n for integers when n is greater than 2. The document contains acknowledgments, contents, and sections on the life of Diophantus and different types of Diophantine equations.
The document discusses vector calculus concepts including:
1) Coordinate systems used in vector calculus problems including rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates.
2) How to write vectors and their components in each coordinate system.
3) Relationships between vectors in different coordinate systems using transformation matrices.
4) Concepts of gradient, divergence, and curl and their definitions and representations in different coordinate systems.
5) Theorems relating integrals, including the divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem.
This document discusses binary search trees, including:
- Binary search trees allow for fast addition and removal of data by organizing nodes in a way that satisfies ordering properties.
- New nodes are inserted by recursively searching the tree and placing the node in the proper position to maintain ordering - left subtrees must be less than the root and right subtrees greater than or equal.
- The insert function recursively moves down the tree until an unused leaf node is found in the correct position based on comparing its data to the data being inserted.
The curvature of a circle is defined as 1/r, where r is the radius of the circle. Therefore, smaller circles have higher curvature and larger circles have lower curvature. The curvature of a straight line is 0, since straight lines are considered "flat" with no curvature.
Paul tells us that the office of overseer is a work (hard work); a noble (excellent) work; that is desirable and should be aspired to (stretched out for). In this lesson, the men and the congregation are encouraged to really aspire to be, to encourage and to have shepherds.
Tracie Fletcher is seeking a challenging position and has over 20 years of experience in administrative and office roles. She has held positions in accounts payable, accounts receivable, customer service, and as an administrative assistant. Fletcher has strong skills in Microsoft Office, accounting software, and handling various office tasks like phones, filing, and data entry. She has a certificate in paralegal studies from Lord Fairfax Community College and references available upon request.
This document provides a summary of a customer loyalty measure used in a balanced scorecard for a company. The measure tracks the percentage of surveyed customers who prefer the company's products over competitors and plan to purchase from the company again. High customer loyalty is expected to increase revenue growth by driving more frequent purchases and recommendations. The company aims to increase its customer loyalty rating from a baseline of 59% to targets of 65%, 68%, 72%, and 75% over the next four quarters.
This document discusses eigenvalues and eigenvectors. It introduces eigenvalues and eigenvectors and some of their applications in areas like engineering, science, control theory and physics. It defines diagonal matrices and explains how eigenvalues and eigenvectors are used to transform a given matrix into a diagonal matrix. It also discusses how this process can be used to solve coupled differential equations. It provides background on linear independence and explains that the eigenvectors of a matrix must be linearly independent for diagonalization.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Amit Kumar Singh for his M.Sc. in Mathematics at the University of Allahabad. It discusses various Diophantine equations including linear equations of the form ax+by=c, Pythagorean triples satisfying x^2 + y^2 = z^2, and Fermat's Last Theorem that x^n + y^n cannot equal z^n for integers when n is greater than 2. The document contains acknowledgments, contents, and sections on the life of Diophantus and different types of Diophantine equations.
The document discusses vector calculus concepts including:
1) Coordinate systems used in vector calculus problems including rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates.
2) How to write vectors and their components in each coordinate system.
3) Relationships between vectors in different coordinate systems using transformation matrices.
4) Concepts of gradient, divergence, and curl and their definitions and representations in different coordinate systems.
5) Theorems relating integrals, including the divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem.
This document discusses binary search trees, including:
- Binary search trees allow for fast addition and removal of data by organizing nodes in a way that satisfies ordering properties.
- New nodes are inserted by recursively searching the tree and placing the node in the proper position to maintain ordering - left subtrees must be less than the root and right subtrees greater than or equal.
- The insert function recursively moves down the tree until an unused leaf node is found in the correct position based on comparing its data to the data being inserted.
The curvature of a circle is defined as 1/r, where r is the radius of the circle. Therefore, smaller circles have higher curvature and larger circles have lower curvature. The curvature of a straight line is 0, since straight lines are considered "flat" with no curvature.
Paul tells us that the office of overseer is a work (hard work); a noble (excellent) work; that is desirable and should be aspired to (stretched out for). In this lesson, the men and the congregation are encouraged to really aspire to be, to encourage and to have shepherds.
Tracie Fletcher is seeking a challenging position and has over 20 years of experience in administrative and office roles. She has held positions in accounts payable, accounts receivable, customer service, and as an administrative assistant. Fletcher has strong skills in Microsoft Office, accounting software, and handling various office tasks like phones, filing, and data entry. She has a certificate in paralegal studies from Lord Fairfax Community College and references available upon request.
This document provides a summary of a customer loyalty measure used in a balanced scorecard for a company. The measure tracks the percentage of surveyed customers who prefer the company's products over competitors and plan to purchase from the company again. High customer loyalty is expected to increase revenue growth by driving more frequent purchases and recommendations. The company aims to increase its customer loyalty rating from a baseline of 59% to targets of 65%, 68%, 72%, and 75% over the next four quarters.
Este documento describe un bastón con sensores que asiste a personas invidentes al caminar. El bastón contiene sensores que identifican escalones, obstáculos y el tipo de terreno para alertar al usuario. También ayuda a identificar banquetas, escaleras y posos de la calle. El diseño es de la firma Yanko Design y se encuentra en proceso de investigación para lanzarse al mercado.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang peranan sektor pertanian Indonesia, mulai dari kebijakan harga negatif dan positif, dampaknya terhadap petani, serta tantangan yang dihadapi seperti ketahanan pangan dan degradasi lingkungan.
Foursquare come supporto alla Vostra attività commerciale, 7 utili consigli per l'uso. Queste slide vi aiuteranno ad utilizzare efficacemente Foursquare per il marketing del Vostro bar, ristorante o per qualsiasi altro locale pubblico.
Come promuovere efficacemente il Vs. negozio utilizzando gli special di Foursquare.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang UKM (Usaha Kecil Menengah) di Indonesia. UKM memiliki peran penting dalam pembangunan ekonomi nasional melalui pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Namun, UKM di Indonesia masih menghadapi berbagai tantangan seperti kurangnya modal, kualitas SDM, dan akses pasar yang terbatas. Oleh karena itu, dukungan pemerintah sangat diperlukan untuk mengembangkan UKM.
The document summarizes how ancient Greeks determined that the Earth is spherical. It discusses the observations and arguments made by Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, Aristotle, and Eratosthenes. Eratosthenes conducted an experiment measuring the shadows in Alexandria and Syene on the summer solstice and calculated the circumference of the Earth, which was a remarkably accurate estimate for the time.
Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician and scholar born in Cyrene, Libya in around 275 BC. Although not considered the best in any field, he made many important contributions across several areas of science and was nicknamed "Beta" as he often came in second to Archimedes. He is best known for accurately calculating the circumference of the Earth by comparing shadows in wells in Syene and Alexandria.
Eratosthenes was an ancient Greek mathematician, geographer, poet and astronomer. Some of his major accomplishments included accurately calculating the circumference of the Earth, creating the first map of the world with meridians and parallels, and being the first person to use the word "geography". He made many contributions to mathematics, science and geography. He was the chief librarian of the Library of Alexandria in Egypt.
BEAUTY: Motivation for TRUTH & Its illuminationPaul H. Carr
Beauty motivates us to discover the eternal truths of nature.
Even though our concepts of the universe have evolved since 2000 BCE, we see it as awesome and beautiful. Mathematical beauty emerges from mystical beauty, astrophysics from astrology. From the Big Bang to to whispering cosmos.
This document discusses how scientific statements made in the Bible have been shown to be accurate based on modern scientific discoveries. It provides numerous examples from passages in the Bible related to topics like the creation of the universe, stars, weather patterns, human anatomy, and health that have been later confirmed by science. The overall message is that the accuracy of the Bible's statements on these matters helps validate it as literally true.
What Noah's flood regional or global? What are the more salient arguments for both views? What difference does it make? Where did all the water come from to cover the world's mountains? Where did the water go after the flood?
The Encryption Controversy: A Public Policy Perspective.pptxpreethamzafferinj21b
Astrophysicists are using simulations on supercomputers to study the formation of early stars and stellar clusters. By coupling observations from Hubble and other space telescopes with their 3D simulation code Orion2, they are helping scientists understand how stars and high-mass stars within clusters formed in the Milky Way and beyond. The simulations allow scientists to zoom back 350,000 years and witness the birth of early stars.
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform. Evidence for plate tectonics includes the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries, as well as the movement of continents over geologic time as described by Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift.
Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, poet and astronomer. He was born in 276 BC in Cyrene, Libya and later studied in Athens under various philosophers. In 245 BC, he became the chief librarian at the Great Library of Alexandria in Egypt. There, he made several contributions such as calculating the circumference of Earth and devising the sieve of Eratosthenes for finding prime numbers. He also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians. Eratosthenes was considered one of the most learned people of his time with works on many topics from mathematics to chronology.
Archimedes was a Greek mathematician, inventor and engineer from Syracuse, Sicily in the 3rd century BCE. He made important contributions to mathematics through developing new calculation techniques and applying mathematics to physical problems. Some of his key achievements included using the method of exhaustion to calculate the area of shapes and volumes of solids with curved surfaces, proving that the volume and surface area of a sphere is two-thirds that of its circumscribing cylinder, and discovering Archimedes' principle which states that the buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. He is considered one of the greatest mathematicians of antiquity.
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed the idea of continental drift in 1915, noting that continents seem to fit together. Over decades, further evidence was collected from matching fossil records, mountain ranges, and coastline shapes between separated continents. In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics emerged to explain these observations, proposing that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over Earth's asthenosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where new crust forms, convergent where plates collide, and transform where plates slide past each other.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of models of the universe. It begins by describing early flat earth cosmologies from ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, and Mesopotamia. It then outlines the development of the spherical earth model in ancient Greece, including ideas proposed by Pythagoras, Plato, and calculations made by Eratosthenes to estimate the earth's circumference. The document also summarizes the geocentric model developed by the Greeks with the earth at the center, and revisions made by Aristotle and Ptolemy. Finally, it outlines the heliocentric model first proposed by Aristarchus, placing the sun at the center, and the further developments of this model by Copernicus.
Scientists found tropical plant fossils like coconut fossils in Antarctica, where the climate is now very cold. This provided evidence that the continents have moved over time, as the same types of fossils are only found in tropical areas currently. Therefore, the continents could not have always been in their current positions.
Este documento describe un bastón con sensores que asiste a personas invidentes al caminar. El bastón contiene sensores que identifican escalones, obstáculos y el tipo de terreno para alertar al usuario. También ayuda a identificar banquetas, escaleras y posos de la calle. El diseño es de la firma Yanko Design y se encuentra en proceso de investigación para lanzarse al mercado.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang peranan sektor pertanian Indonesia, mulai dari kebijakan harga negatif dan positif, dampaknya terhadap petani, serta tantangan yang dihadapi seperti ketahanan pangan dan degradasi lingkungan.
Foursquare come supporto alla Vostra attività commerciale, 7 utili consigli per l'uso. Queste slide vi aiuteranno ad utilizzare efficacemente Foursquare per il marketing del Vostro bar, ristorante o per qualsiasi altro locale pubblico.
Come promuovere efficacemente il Vs. negozio utilizzando gli special di Foursquare.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang UKM (Usaha Kecil Menengah) di Indonesia. UKM memiliki peran penting dalam pembangunan ekonomi nasional melalui pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Namun, UKM di Indonesia masih menghadapi berbagai tantangan seperti kurangnya modal, kualitas SDM, dan akses pasar yang terbatas. Oleh karena itu, dukungan pemerintah sangat diperlukan untuk mengembangkan UKM.
The document summarizes how ancient Greeks determined that the Earth is spherical. It discusses the observations and arguments made by Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, Aristotle, and Eratosthenes. Eratosthenes conducted an experiment measuring the shadows in Alexandria and Syene on the summer solstice and calculated the circumference of the Earth, which was a remarkably accurate estimate for the time.
Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician and scholar born in Cyrene, Libya in around 275 BC. Although not considered the best in any field, he made many important contributions across several areas of science and was nicknamed "Beta" as he often came in second to Archimedes. He is best known for accurately calculating the circumference of the Earth by comparing shadows in wells in Syene and Alexandria.
Eratosthenes was an ancient Greek mathematician, geographer, poet and astronomer. Some of his major accomplishments included accurately calculating the circumference of the Earth, creating the first map of the world with meridians and parallels, and being the first person to use the word "geography". He made many contributions to mathematics, science and geography. He was the chief librarian of the Library of Alexandria in Egypt.
BEAUTY: Motivation for TRUTH & Its illuminationPaul H. Carr
Beauty motivates us to discover the eternal truths of nature.
Even though our concepts of the universe have evolved since 2000 BCE, we see it as awesome and beautiful. Mathematical beauty emerges from mystical beauty, astrophysics from astrology. From the Big Bang to to whispering cosmos.
This document discusses how scientific statements made in the Bible have been shown to be accurate based on modern scientific discoveries. It provides numerous examples from passages in the Bible related to topics like the creation of the universe, stars, weather patterns, human anatomy, and health that have been later confirmed by science. The overall message is that the accuracy of the Bible's statements on these matters helps validate it as literally true.
What Noah's flood regional or global? What are the more salient arguments for both views? What difference does it make? Where did all the water come from to cover the world's mountains? Where did the water go after the flood?
The Encryption Controversy: A Public Policy Perspective.pptxpreethamzafferinj21b
Astrophysicists are using simulations on supercomputers to study the formation of early stars and stellar clusters. By coupling observations from Hubble and other space telescopes with their 3D simulation code Orion2, they are helping scientists understand how stars and high-mass stars within clusters formed in the Milky Way and beyond. The simulations allow scientists to zoom back 350,000 years and witness the birth of early stars.
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform. Evidence for plate tectonics includes the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries, as well as the movement of continents over geologic time as described by Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift.
Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, poet and astronomer. He was born in 276 BC in Cyrene, Libya and later studied in Athens under various philosophers. In 245 BC, he became the chief librarian at the Great Library of Alexandria in Egypt. There, he made several contributions such as calculating the circumference of Earth and devising the sieve of Eratosthenes for finding prime numbers. He also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians. Eratosthenes was considered one of the most learned people of his time with works on many topics from mathematics to chronology.
Archimedes was a Greek mathematician, inventor and engineer from Syracuse, Sicily in the 3rd century BCE. He made important contributions to mathematics through developing new calculation techniques and applying mathematics to physical problems. Some of his key achievements included using the method of exhaustion to calculate the area of shapes and volumes of solids with curved surfaces, proving that the volume and surface area of a sphere is two-thirds that of its circumscribing cylinder, and discovering Archimedes' principle which states that the buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. He is considered one of the greatest mathematicians of antiquity.
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed the idea of continental drift in 1915, noting that continents seem to fit together. Over decades, further evidence was collected from matching fossil records, mountain ranges, and coastline shapes between separated continents. In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics emerged to explain these observations, proposing that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over Earth's asthenosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where new crust forms, convergent where plates collide, and transform where plates slide past each other.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of models of the universe. It begins by describing early flat earth cosmologies from ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, and Mesopotamia. It then outlines the development of the spherical earth model in ancient Greece, including ideas proposed by Pythagoras, Plato, and calculations made by Eratosthenes to estimate the earth's circumference. The document also summarizes the geocentric model developed by the Greeks with the earth at the center, and revisions made by Aristotle and Ptolemy. Finally, it outlines the heliocentric model first proposed by Aristarchus, placing the sun at the center, and the further developments of this model by Copernicus.
Scientists found tropical plant fossils like coconut fossils in Antarctica, where the climate is now very cold. This provided evidence that the continents have moved over time, as the same types of fossils are only found in tropical areas currently. Therefore, the continents could not have always been in their current positions.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
2. DIDO’S PROBLEM
• THERE IS A LEGEND IN THE AENEID OF QUEEN
DIDO.
• SHE FLED TO NORTH AFRICA AND BARGAINED
WITH THE LOCAL RULER FOR A PLOT OF LAND
THAT A BULL’S HIDE CAN COVER.
• DIDO CUT THE HIDE INTO STRIPS AND
PROCEEDED TO LAY THEM OUT TO FORM A SEMI-
CIRCLE, THE SHAPE THAT WOULD ENCOMPASS
THE MOST TERRITORY, WHILE GAINING ACCESS
TO THE SEA.
• SHE APPARENTLY KNEW THE ANSWER TO THE
4. THE ISOPERIMETRIC PROBLEM
• THE ISOPERIMETRIC PROBLEM IS THE CONCEPT
OF MAXIMIZING THE AREA WHILE MINIMIZING
THE PERIMETER.
• THROUGHOUT HISTORY, MANY
MATHEMATICIANS HAVE ENDEAVORED TO PROOF
THAT IT IS THE CIRCLE OF ALL THE SHAPES OF
EQUAL PERIMETER THAT HAS THE LARGEST AREA.
• I PROPOSE TO EXPLORE THE GENERAL TOPIC AND
THEN TO USE MY RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY A NEW
FACET TO THE ISOPERIMETRIC PROBLEM.
6. ARCHIMEDES’ LOWER BOUND OF
THE CIRCUMFERENCE
• PHEXAGON = 6 * 𝑟
• PHEXAGON < PCIRCLE
• THUS, THE CIRCUMFERENCE
OF A CIRCLE IS ALWAYS
GREATER THAN THAT OF AN
EQUILATERAL HEXAGON
WHOSE SIDES EQUAL THE
RADIUS OF THE CIRCLE.
r
7. • THE LINE THAT DICTATES THE SHAPE OF A
SEMICIRCLE IS :
• 𝑦 = √(𝑟2
− 𝑥2
).
• TO EVALUATE THE AREA, IT IS NECESSARY TO
TAKE THE INTEGRAL FROM ONE END OF THE
SHAPE TO THE OTHER.
• THE SOLUTION TO THIS INTEGRAL IS:
• 𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖−𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟2
2
• DOUBLING THIS FORMULA APPLIES IT TO A
CIRCLE:
CALCULUS APPROACH
8. TWO FUNDAMENTALS OF THE
ISOPERIMETRIC PROBLEM
• STATEMENT 1: AMONG ALL SHAPES OF THE SAME
PERIMETER, THE CIRCLE HAS THE LARGEST AREA.
• STATEMENT 2: AMONG ALL SHAPES OF THE SAME
AREA, THE CIRCLE HAS THE SMALLEST
PERIMETER.
9. PROOF BY CONTRADICTION
• ASSUME THAT STATEMENT 1 IS TRUE, BUT
STATEMENT 2 IS FALSE.
C F
C’
• AC = AF
• PC > PF
• PC’ = PF
• AC’ < AC → AC’ < AF
10. ZENODORUS
• GREEK MATHEMATICIAN FROM THE SECOND
CENTURY BCE.
• ON ISOPERIMETRIC FIGURES
• THEON OF ALEXANDRIA AND PAPPUS (FOURTH
CENTURY CE)
• HE CLAIMED TO HAVE DEVELOPED A PROOF
THAT THE SHAPE THAT IS EQUILATERAL AND
EQUIANGULAR IS THE GREATEST OF ALL SHAPES
THAT HAVE AN EQUAL NUMBER OF SIDES AND
EQUAL PERIMETER.
11. FIRST LEMMA
• PSCALENE = PISOSCELES
• ACALENE < AISOSCELES
• IF AN ISOSCELES TRIANGLE AND A SCALENE
TRIANGLE SHARE THE SAME BASE AND HAVE EQUAL
PERIMETERS, THE AREA OF THE ISOSCELES
TRIANGLE WILL BE LARGER.
12. SECOND LEMMA
• WHEN THERE ARE TWO NON-SIMILAR ISOSCELES
TRIANGLES WITH A GIVEN SUMMED PERIMETER AND
SUMMED AREA, IF ONE WERE TO CONSTRUCT
SIMILAR ISOSCELES TRIANGLES ON THE RESPECTIVE
BASES OF THE FIRST TWO SO THAT THE SUM OF
THEIR PERIMETERS IS EQUAL TO THOSE OF THE
ORIGINALS, THE SUM OF THE AREA OF THE SIMILAR
TRIANGLES WILL BE GREATER THAN THAT OF THE
NON-SIMILAR TRIANGLES.
C D
A B
13. ZENODORUS’ PROOF: PART 1
• ACCORDING TO THE FIRST
LEMMA, AAFC > AABC
C
D
A
B
E
F
• THUS, THE AREA OF THE
PENTAGON WOULD BE
LARGER IF ALL OF ITS SIDES
WOULD BE EQUILATERAL.
• AF + FC = AB + BC
AND ABC IS A SCALENE ONE.
• AFC IS AN ISOSCELES
TRIANGLE,
14. ZENODORUS’ PROOF: PART 2
• P ABC + CDE = P AFC + CGE.
C
D
A
B
E
F
G
• ABC AND CDE ARE NON-SIMILAR
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES.
• DRAW AFC AND CGE SUCH THAT
THEY ARE SIMILAR ISOSCELES
TRIANGLES.
• ACCORDING TO THE SECOND
LEMMA,
• A ABC + CDE < A AFC + CGE.• THUS, THE AREA OF THE
PENTAGON WOULD BE LARGER IF
ALL OF ITS SIDES WOULD BE
EQUIANGULAR.
15. PAPPUS
• “BEES, THEN, KNOW JUST THIS FACT WHICH IS USEFUL TO
THEM, THAT THE HEXAGON IS GREAT[EST]…AND WILL
HOLD MORE HONEY FOR THE SAME EXPENDITURE OF
MATERIAL IN CONSTRUCTING EACH. BUT WE, CLAIMING A
GREATER SHARE IN WISDOM THAN THE BEES, WILL
INVESTIGATE A SOMEWHAT WIDER PROBLEM, NAMELY
THAT, OF ALL EQUILATERAL AND EQUIANGULAR PLANE
FIGURES HAVING AN EQUAL PERIMETER, THAT WHICH HAS
THE GREATER NUMBER OF ANGLES IS ALWAYS GREATER,
AND THE GREATEST OF THEM ALL IS THE CIRCLE HAVING
ITS PERIMETER EQUAL TO THEM.”
16. FURTHER EXPLORATION OF THE
ISOPERIMETRIC PROBLEM
• PAPPUS PROPOSED THAT THE SEMI-CIRCLE WILL
HAVE THE LARGEST AREA OF ALL CIRCULAR
SEGMENTS THAT HAVE THE SAME
CIRCUMFERENCE.
• JAKOB STEINER, IN 1838, PRESENTED FIVE
PROOFS ON THE SUBJECT, YET THEY ALL ASSUME
THE EXISTENCE OF A SOLUTION, WHICH RENDERS
THEM UNSUITABLE AS RIGOROUS MATHEMATICAL
PROOFS.
• KARL WEIERSTRASS, IN 1879, FINALLY PRESENTED
A PROPER SOLUTION, THROUGH THE USE OF
17. ISOPERIMETRIC PROBLEM
• THE ISOPERIMETRIC PROBLEM DEALS WITH
MAXIMIZING AREA AND MINIMIZING PERIMETER.
• ISOPERIMETRIC INEQUALITY:
• ISOPERIMETRIC QUOTIENT:
• N-DIMENSIONS
18. MY PROPOSAL
• IN MY HONORS THESIS PAPER, I PLAN TO
EXPLORE THESE TOPICS AND CULTIVATE A
RICHER UNDERSTANDING AS TO THE
MATHEMATICS BEHIND THIS HISTORICAL
CHALLENGE.