This article is devoted to the consideration of the basic principles of synergetics. The artistic text is considered as a synergistic system, since it has all the properties of this system. Synergistic terms are described in textual terms. Given the results of research in the direction. The role of synergy in textology and literary criticism in general terms is substantiated. by Toshniyozova Ra’no Tohirovna 2020. The importance of synergetics in the study of fiction. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 5 (Mar. 2020), 129-135. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i5.188. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/188/182 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/188
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The article examines the theory and methods connected with the analysis of the special features of formation and development of scenography of Kazakh Theater.The wide range of the questions investigated caused the need to examine the ideological and sociocultural aspects, which influenced formation and development of this art.Special attention is given to classification and to analysis of the basic stages of scenography of Kazakh Theater. Karzhaubayeva S. K. | Khalykov K. Z."Scenography of Kazakhstan in the Philosophy and Culture Discourse" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd3570.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/3570/scenography-of-kazakhstan-in-the-philosophy-and-culture-discourse/karzhaubayeva-s-k
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This article provides information on the role of dictionaries in the study of the history of Uzbek literature. The history of the creation of dictionaries, a number of dictionaries, encyclopedias covering various fields of science, mainly provides information on language and literature, pedagogy, oratory, writing, etiquette, logic, teaching methods. Tojieva, Holida Bakhtiyorovna "On the Content of Words in Studying Samples of the History of Modern" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38582.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/38582/on-the-content-of-words-in-studying-samples-of-the-history-of-modern/tojieva-holida-bakhtiyorovna
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This passage discusses the nature of reality through an examination of how the Azande people of Africa understand their oracles. It makes three key points:
1. The Azande's belief in their oracles is an "incorrigible proposition" that is assumed to be true regardless of any contradictory experiences, similar to mathematical axioms.
2. Their reality is constructed through ritual practices that transform tree bark into a vessel for the oracle's messages. Contradictions only exist from an outside Western scientific perspective, not from within their own reality.
3. When contradictions occur, the Azande employ "secondary elaborations of belief" to explain them while still maintaining the absolute reality of their or
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Scientism, or the unity of scientific method. The positivist
methodology does not see any difference between the
natural and the social sciences. The adoption however, of
the unity of the scientific method is accepted in tandem
with the notion of the predominant role of the natural
sciences, in which the social sciences see their model.
The outcome is what we call scientism, that is the view
that only the natural sciences can produce the semantic
interpretation of knowledge.
This document provides an overview and analysis of Alexis Karpouzos's book "The self-criticism of science". It discusses some of the key arguments and criticisms addressed against positivism in the contemporary philosophy of science, including criticisms of scientism, empiricism, and the idea that science can provide value-neutral or objective knowledge. It also summarizes some of the alternative perspectives proposed, such as phenomenology and conventionalism.
Social philosophy examines society and human behavior within it. It considers individuals as part of communities like family, country, or ethnicity. There are two types of social philosophy: value-based and reflective. Value-based philosophy addresses questions about the meaning of life in society and the ideal form of society. Reflective philosophy analyzes society and history objectively. Social philosophy studies topics like social development, social progress, and the relationship between conscious and unconscious forces that drive social change.
This document discusses the emergence of applied ontology as an interdisciplinary area over the past 20 years. It describes how applied ontology builds on philosophy, cognitive science, linguistics and logic to help people understand each other's assumptions about the world. It summarizes how applied ontology has helped solve two classic knowledge representation problems related to terminology and relationships. Finally, it outlines the community-building events and criteria that indicate applied ontology may be emerging as a new discipline, including the formation of the International Association for Ontology and Its Applications.
The document summarizes an international conference titled "Philosophy Emerging from Culture" held in South Korea. It provides details on the conference topics, participating organizations, and contents of the current issue of the journal "Culture and Philosophy" which reports on the conference. The issue focuses on rethinking philosophy in the new millennium, the role of philosophy in cultural globalization, and philosophy as a cultural phenomenon understood through phenomenology. It features abstract reviews of the pre-world conference and new studies by Georgian philosophers on culture, theater, and literature.
This document contains summaries of 16 articles from various academic fields such as sociology, linguistics, literature and culture. The articles discuss topics including structuralism, deconstruction, linguistic paradigms, language games, and religious theology. They range from analyses of specific texts to discussions of theoretical concepts.
This paper proposes a cross-cultural framework for studying the evolution of premodern religious and philosophical systems by examining the development of "correlative thought" across civilizations. The paper argues that correlative thinking, involving layered hierarchies and correspondences between different aspects of reality, evolved in parallel ways in traditions like China, India, the Middle East, Europe, and Mesoamerica. It combines neurobiological evidence with an analysis of how correlative systems grew more complex over time through repetitive exegesis within stratified textual traditions. The model aims to provide insights into broader patterns of ideological change using computer simulations.
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary researchAndrew Hugill
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A Study Of Sociological Approach For Science Fiction And Sociology Literature...Emily Smith
This document provides information about an international science journal including:
1. It lists the editorial board members and their credentials.
2. It provides publication details such as the impact factor, peer-review status, ISSNs, editors-in-chief, and executive editors.
3. It includes the table of contents for volume 7, special issue 2020 which lists 53 papers on various science fiction topics along with their authors and page numbers.
Literary Theory New Criticism A theory that is not concerned w.docxsmile790243
Literary Theory
New Criticism
A theory that is not concerned with context -- historical, biographical, intellectual; not interested in the intent, affect or meaning of the author or the reader-response reaction of the reader. It is solely concerned with the text itself -- its language and organization; how the text speaks for itself. This approach would involve an intense reading of the text (used mostly in poetry analysis) in which the language and style is closely examined, without giving any consideration to the meaning or emotion of the writer or the reader (also known as Formalist Criticism)
Reader-Response
The reader takes an active role in deciphering meaning. A poem, for instance, has no real existence or meaning until it is read; its meaning can only be discussed by its readers. We differ about interpretations only because our ways of reading differ. It is the reader who applies the code in which the message is written and in this way actualizes what would otherwise remain only potentially meaningful. Hence, the reader is not a passive recipient of an entirely formulated meaning, but an active agent in the making of meaning. The meaning of the text is never self-formulated by the writer; the reader must act upon the textual material in order to produce meaning.
Feminist Theory
Since traditional literary theory is based on patriarchal systems (male-dominated writing and criticism), the feminist critics wish to divorce themselves from any one particular past theory as they focus on redefining literature from a feminine perspective. In so doing, critics focus on female characters; redefining women’s roles in literature and life, and examining the treatment of women in literature from a woman’s point of view.
Historicism
In Historicism, critics view literary history as part of a larger cultural history. Historicists studied literature in the context of social, political and cultural history, and they viewed a nation’s literary history as an expression of its evolving spirit. Studying the particular period of history during which a piece of literature was written could give the reader the necessary background on that writer’s point of view and his influences. Biographical Criticism examines an author's life history in order to gain insight into his literary work.
Psychological Criticism
Critics view literature through the lens of modern psychology, exploring human behavior (conscious, subconscious and unconscious), literary language and symbolism. Psychological criticism often employs three approaches: the creative process of the author, the author's motivation and behavior, and the psychoanalysis of an author's fictional characters. Sociological Criticism examines literature in the cultural, economic and political context in which it is written or received, and explores the relationship between artist and society.
Marxist Criticism
A form of sociological criticism which focuses on the economic and political elements of art. M ...
The contemporary philosophy of science & the problem of the scientific consciousness.
...The understanding of scientific knowledge requires reflective thinking. The reflective thinking could restore the communication between subject and object, between social sciences and natural sciences. Only then, communication between facts and values can achieved. In other words, communication between reason and myth, science and art, knowledge and wisdom, empirical research and the existential question for the meaning of life.
...the problem of scientific consciousness (liability) requires the transformation of the structures of the same knowledge. The sovereignty of uncontrolled scientism-positivism leads to brutalization and the reaction to it, leads to metaphysical obscurantism and madness. The researcher should be aware of the complex and reciprocal relationships between the scientific, technical, social and political worlds...
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This article deals with the phenomenon of happiness as a socio-anthropological phenomenon that requires consideration in harmony between social reality and a person, society and personality with their dreams, desires, experiences and ideas. A person, although he thinks about happiness alone, although he considers happiness as a phenomenon that concerns only his life, this does not mean that happiness manifests itself according to his absolute will and absolutely touches and obeys his desires. Society influences the happy or unhappy life of a person not only by established rules, but also by careful contributions and traditions by Eshonkulova Nurjakhon Abdujabborovna 2020. Harmony between society and personality, and its influence on the phenomenon of happiness. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 87-88. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.925 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/925/873 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/925
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The article describes the essence of waqf institution and some aspects of its development in Central Asia. The importance of the endowment institution not only as a philanthropist, but also as a social institution that embodies many functions in society is highlighted by Nargiza Ismatova 2020. Establishment of the Institute and Waqf aspects of its development in Central Asia (until the second half of the 19th century). International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 71-75. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.916 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/916/864 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/916
The history of the Kokand Khanate in the press of Turkestan (According to Sut...SubmissionResearchpa
Suttorkhon Abdulgafforov's book "A Brief Essay on the Internal Situation of the Kokand Khanate Before the Russian Invasion", published in the Turkestan press, provides valuable information on the history of Kokand. In particular, it reflects governance, traditional education, the judicial system and the military situation in the last days of the khanate by Rakhimjanova Nigora Kudratillaevna 2020. The history of the Kokand Khanate in the press of Turkestan (According to Suttorkhon Abdulgafforov). International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 68-70. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.915 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/915/863 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/915
Of partial defects of the dental rows of dynamic study of the state of the mu...SubmissionResearchpa
Despite the rapid development of dentistry and advances in the prevention of diseases of the maxillofacial region, implantology, and the treatment of dental diseases, the number of patients who need prosthetics with removable orthopedic structures of dentures remains high, and only increases with age, due to the increasing rate of aging. society of the planet (M.Yu. Ogorodnikov, 2007; V.I.Shemonaev, 2012; E.S. Kalivradzhiyan, 2013; E.A.Zholudev, 2014; CE. Bragin, 2014; L.D. Veisheim, 2014). Among the reasons for the high demand for orthopedic treatment with removable dentures, the leading position is still held by insufficient sanitation of the oral cavity, untimely access of patients to the dentist. In addition, an important role is played by the problem of imperfection of materials and technologies used for the manufacture of dentures, leading to a deterioration in the condition of the dentition by A.Kh. Zhumaev 2020. Of partial defects of the dental rows of dynamic study of the state of the mucosa of the oral cavity in the new conditions of functioning. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 61-63. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.913 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/913/861 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/913
The essence and specifics of modern social and cultural activities in Karakal...SubmissionResearchpa
Socio-cultural activity as a process of active development, dissemination and creation of cultural values is ultimately focused on the formation of the cultural environment of human life, the elaboration of mechanisms for its socialization, enculturation and self-realization, the creation of methodological directions for the development of spiritual interests and requirements of people in order to realize the essential forces and capabilities of each person by Ahimbetova Gulbahar Kanatbaevna 2020. The essence and specifics of modern social and cultural activities in Karakalpakstan. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 56-60. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.912 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/912/860 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/912
International commercial arbitration in Uzbekistan: current state and develop...SubmissionResearchpa
This document discusses the current state and development prospects of international commercial arbitration in Uzbekistan. It provides a brief history of arbitration in Uzbekistan since independence and outlines key developments like establishing the Tashkent International Arbitration Center in 2018. The document also analyzes Uzbekistan's arbitration laws like the new Law on International Commercial Arbitration passed in 2020 based on the UNCITRAL Model Law. While progress has been made, the document notes there are still some inconsistencies between arbitration laws and civil/economic procedure codes that need to be addressed to further develop the arbitration system in Uzbekistan.
Obtaining higher fatty alcohols based on low molecular polyethylene and their...SubmissionResearchpa
One of the ways to change the physicochemical properties of diesel fuels is to add so-called additives to it. The purpose of this work is to obtain higher fatty alcohols and the use of qualitatively new imported - substituted additives, synthesized on the basis of the use of local secondary raw materials, which is increases their efficiency by Fozilov Hasan Sadriddin Ugli 2020. Obtaining higher fatty alcohols based on low molecular polyethylene and their useage as lubricating additives for diesel fuels. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 44-46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.910 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/910/858 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/910
Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in NigeriaSubmissionResearchpa
The paper examines adult education practice in agriculture-led development strategy from pedagogical perspective. The paper believes that adult education has the potentialities for development but argues that there are missing elements in the adult education practice that are critical if sustained agricultural growth will be achieved. Instead of andragogy, transformative learning and liberatory method should be embraced. Also, instead of focusing on scientific knowledge systems alone, indigenous practices should be encouraged by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 1-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.902 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902/853 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902
This document discusses adult basic education in the 21st century. It notes that globalization has led to high unemployment globally as many individuals lack skills required for the modern economy. Adult basic education is needed to provide fundamental education, entrepreneurship training, and computer skills to help adults gain skills for additional training opportunities. Literacy is also connected to environmental protection and development. A new paradigm for adult basic education in the 21st century must prepare adults for the knowledge-based economy through various skills programs.
This article provides valuable information about the genres of Uyghur folk singing. The article also provides a detailed overview of the Uyghur musical heritage, which speaks to the ancient history of Uygur music culture. by Muyassarkhon Achildiyeva and Dilafruz Madalieva 2020. Uyghur folk singing genre. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Dec. 2020), 222-226. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.923. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/923/871 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/923
The term cerebral palsy has been around for more than a century, and the disease itself has probably existed without a name throughout human history. However, despite its long history, there is still no unity in views on this issue. by O. E. Idiev 2020. Infantile cerebral palsy and dental anomalies. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Dec. 2020), 212-215. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.921. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/921/869 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/921
An innovative mechanisms to increase the effectiveness of independent educati...SubmissionResearchpa
This article provides recommendations for the organization of methodological services based on innovative approaches that affect the quality of education in general and special education institutions. by Mahmudova Madinahon Sobirkhonovna 2020. An innovative mechanisms to increase the effectiveness of independent education of future defectologists. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Dec. 2020), 210-211. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.920. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/920/868 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/920
The role of radiation diagnostic methods in pathological changes of the hip j...SubmissionResearchpa
Endoprosthesis replacement-operational treatment of diseases and damages of hip joint. The problem of prevention of complications and their negative effects is extremely actual today. However the role of different beam techniques in identification of adverse effects and complications of endoprosthesis replacement of joints is studied insufficiently. Results of clinic and diagnostic and beam researches of 40 patients with pathology of hip joint are analyzed. The used beam methods of research - roentgenography, multispiral computed tomography. At presurgical stage the main objective was detection of pathology of joint, definition of indications and planning of operative measure. Situation and relationship of components of endoprosthesis, condition of bone tissue, and also bone cement round cup and leg of prosthesis were key parameters of radiological assessment of outcomes of endoprosthesis replacement. Complex use of radiological techniques (roentgenography and spiral computed tomography) allows to specify and add semiotics of changes of bone tissue at the level of acetabular hollow and proximal department of femur after endoprosthesis replacement. by Janibekov J. J 2020. The role of radiation diagnostic methods in pathological changes of the hip joint before and after endoprosthetics. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Dec. 2020), 203-205. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.918. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/918/866 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/918
Proverbs are one of the oldest popular genres of Uzbek folklore, which reflects the worldview, attitude to society and moral norms of the people. In this article, spiritual and idealistic features of proverbs are elucidated and salient examples from masterpieces are given. by Kodirova Saodat Abdurakhimovna 2020. Idealistic study of proverbs. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 201-202. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.888. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/888/843 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/888
Positive and negative features of mythological images in the epics “Beowulf” ...SubmissionResearchpa
At the time of what is considered primitive today, our ancestors were a hundred times more poets than we are. Thousands of years ago, the way of thinking of our ancestors was in the form of “poetic observation”: they accepted their life and everything in nature as a symbol of their imaginary concepts. At that time it was understood that the sky, water, greenery, sun, moon, light and darkness had a soul; the day was replaced by night, and the struggle between good and evil was thought to be over. by More Citation Formats https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/887/842 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/887
This article discusses theoretical considerations about the production and sale process in the automotive industry. On this way, the way makes analyses both theorirical and practical analyses as the whole. In conlcusion, this makes emphesis on outcomes and shortcomings of the processes of production and implementation. by Nabiev Muzaffar Abdumalikovich 2020. Special three processes of production and implementation. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 190-191. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.885. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/885/841 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/885
This research corresponds to the priority of the development of science and technology of the republic. "Spiritual and moral, cultural development of a democratic and legal society, the formation of an innovative economy." The research is carried out within the framework of the research plan of the Navoi State Pedagogical Institute. The main results of the study will be tested in the activities of pedagogical institutes, including students of Navoi State Pedagogical Institute, as well as in the 1st academic lyceum in Navoi and the 2nd academic lyceum under Navoi State Mining Institute. by Usmonova Lola Mallaevna 2020. Improving traditional methods of teaching chemistry. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 187-190. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.883. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/883/840 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/883
The artistic interpretation of the human spirit in a work of art is analyzed on the example of the works of later years. The article focuses on the analysis of the heartache, the contradictions in the inner world, based on the story of the fugitive Norqobil, which describes the realities of the Afghan war. During the analysis, the influence of time and environment on the occurrence of conflicts in the human heart was highlighted. by Nasirov Azimiddin Normamatovich 2020. Expression of spiritual experiences in art. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 181-182. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.881. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/881/838 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/881
Natural disasters are casualties that occur outside of human consciousness and activity. They can occur quickly or gradually. These are events that end with the disappearance. Natural disasters: landslides, floods, strong winds, fires, droughts, landslides, avalanches, rain. Some natural emergencies lead to the development of man-made emergencies. The causes of earthquakes are divided into: - Tectonic earthquakes; - volcanic earthquake; by Ravshanova Inoyatkhon Erkinovna and Shermatova Yoqutkhon Sobirovna 2020. Natural emergencies. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 170-171. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.878. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/878/835 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/878
Due to intolerance of dental materials used for therapeutic treatmentSubmissionResearchpa
The document discusses causes of intolerance to dental materials used in orthopedic treatment. It outlines several reasons for intolerance, including reactions to metals like nickel, cobalt, and chromium in prosthetics, poor oral hygiene, and galvanism from electrochemical interactions between dissimilar metals. Symptoms of intolerance include irritation, swelling, and inflammation of the oral mucosa. The document also examines allergic reactions to dental materials and their various clinical manifestations. Overall, the document reviews sources of intolerance to different dental materials and potential signs and symptoms that patients may experience.
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The importance of synergetics in the study of fiction
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The importance of synergetics in the study of fiction
Toshniyozova Ra’no Tohirovna1
1
Independent researcher at Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and
Literature named after Alisher Navoi, Uzbekistan
Email: ranotoshniyozova.77@bk.ru
ABSTRACT
This article is devoted to the consideration of the basic principles of synergetics. The artistic text is
considered as a synergistic system, since it has all the properties of this system. Synergistic terms are
described in textual terms. Given the results of research in the direction. The role of synergy in textology
and literary criticism in general terms is substantiated.
Keywords: artistic texts, synergistic aspects of the text, textology, methodology, philosophical and
artistic thought.
1. INTRODUCTION
Although a work of art is a component of a certain cultural environment, it reflects the mirror of
that period as well as the intellectual image of people. Today, one feels the importance of finding new
ways and means of development. In the field of fiction, the author of fiction is equally important to both
the text and the reader. One of the modern areas of science is the subject of analysis of synergetics,
complex material and spiritual systems with an irregular, probable, and also random character.1
Their
study shows their development on the basis of laws that we did not understand and did not know before.
It was even discovered that elements of fiction are self-developing and that their internal relationships
were random. In this process, methods have been developed for understanding the basics of creativity. In
the poem “Saddi Iskandari” of Alisher Navoi, the scientist partially answers why Alexander asked
Aristotle why human nature likes to travel, although traveling is difficult:
Nishotig’a takror hoyil bo’lur,
Tabiat tajaddudga moyil bo’lur.
Tajaddud erur chunki marg’ubi tab’,
Erur mujibi aysh mahbubi tab’.
Human nature is prone to renewal, and on this path of joy (on the path of renewal) he encounters
some difficulties. Being a beloved nature, he (human) is as pleasant to nature as rebirth. (Saddi
Iskandari. 38 chapter)
Or is it clear that philosophical generalizations and scientific conclusions underlie his appeal to
such questions as “why is nature so desirable and amazing, despite the severity of cold and rainfall in
winter?”. “From the very beginning, a human has a high level of intelligence and thinking. It was created
very simple in its appearance... Thinking begins with the impression that a person is perfectly formed,
with a wonderful proportion of the universe and wonderful patterns of life”.2
Various religious and
philosophical doctrines stemming from the need to understand the universe and existence, argued that
every existing system was created to be self-sufficient under the influence of internal and external factors.
They gave impetus to the development of the foundations of modern synergetics, the scale of the
scientific picture of the world. Human is an open system with constant development. As a result of
conflicting internal and external conflicts, he restores what he understands and reaches new heights. In the
process of self-knowledge of the world, a person experiences constant emotional experiences. As a result
of the combination of the functions of the right and left hemispheres, qualitative changes occur in the
integral (biological, mental, physical and spiritual) systems of a person, which form a model of the
1
Гилмор. «Прикладная теория катастроф». (М., 1984)Р. 17.
2
Сирожиддинов Ш. Навоий ақидалари. Тошкент, 2019, 8-бет.
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universal landscape of the world. It is noteworthy that each new way of creating the world enriches the
first and increases its potential. “Islamic culture is the impetus for continuous human creativity”.3
Mysticism as a philosophical-religious movement is based on the principle of general ontological
foundations of existence. Therefore, the mystical ontology is closely related to its anthropology. The
central point of all philosophical problems lies in human. Therefore, man and the universe are considered
one whole. “It is clear that Ibn Arabi expresses a synergistic approach in his teaching as a synthesis of
various approaches to the problem of understanding the relationship between the Creator and Being”.4
2. MAIN PART
Although a work of art is a transmitting factor of a specific cultural environment, it reflects the
intellectual image of a person. Today, one feels the importance of finding new ways and means of
development. In the field of fiction, the author of fiction is equally important to both the text and the
reader. One of the modern areas of science is the subject of analysis of synergetics, complex material and
spiritual systems with an irregular, probable, and also random character.5
Their study shows their
development on the basis of laws that we did not understand and did not know before. It was even
discovered that elements of fiction are self-developing and that their internal relationships were random.
In this process, methods have been developed for understanding the basics of creativity. The development
of scientific fields means that the boundaries of interdisciplinary science are overcome, and that this is not
a science, but a specialization of problems.6
A common feature of synergetics is that it has common
methods of discussion and analysis. According to the German physicist, one of the founders of this field,
G.Haken, rules that are common to all processes occurring in nature are based on “the formation,
existence and crisis of systems”.
Therefore, synergetics is associated with the ideas of openness, systematicity, uncertainty,
instability and self-organization. It studies the structure of a steady state, which develops due to the flow
of energy and information coming from outside. The main ideas of synergetics are multidisciplinary and
are considered one of the greatest achievements of science, such as dialectics.
It is worth noting that synergism does not require the application of its laws. The synergistic
approach to logical clarity is unique. Synergetic categories, which are considered as conceptual
metaphors, require renaming and redefining sustainable scientific concepts, giving a general metaphorical
description of the entire group of objects. Such metaphors include attractor, repeller, criteria, bifurcation.
Their application in various fields requires some comments. The most important feature of the synergistic
paradigm is its heuristic character. The heuristic level of each subject is determined by the ability to put
forward hypotheses, find analogues and create a number of new models based on the lack of knowledge
of the subject based on the quality of the subject. Of course, the effectiveness of these analogues is quite
likely. The heuristic principle is also reflected in the ability to find the limits of such a situation. Any
system can never be completely detailed, and the concepts and terms contained in it can not intersect.7
The transition from the figurative level to a system-structural ontology, the formation of a model
of a dynamic system, can only be achieved through the coordinated application of synergetic principles.
3
Аль-Джанаби, Майсем Мухаммед.Теология и философия ал-Газали = Al-Ghazali's Theology and Philosophy:
[труды] / М. М. Аль-Джанаби. — М. : Изд. дом Марджани, 2010. — 240 с. — (Bibliotheca Islamica). — Парал.
тит. л. англ. — ISBN 978-5-903715-26-8.
4
Саяпова.А.М.Восток и Запад: духовная связь как синергетический тип мышления.
5
Гилмор. «Прикладная теория катастроф». М., 1984.
6
Vernadskii V. I. Razmyshleniya naturalista. Nauchnaya mysl’ kak planetarnoe yavlenie [Speculations of Naturalist.
Scientific Thought as Planetary Phenomenon]. M. Nauka. 1977. Book 2. P. 57.; Асратян З. Д. Синергетические
аспекты художественного текста. Вестник Вятского государственного университета. Филологические науки.
2016: Danilov Yu. A., Kadomtsev B. B. Chto takoe sinergetica? [What is synergetics?] // Nelineinye volny.
Samoorganizatsia – Nonlinear waves. Self-organization. M. Nauka. 1983. Available at: http://kirsoft.сomru/
freedom/KSNews_227.htm (date of access: 22. 08. 2016).
7
Pichtownikowa L. Synergie des Fabelstils: Die deutsche Versfabel vom 13.-21. Jahrhundert / L. Pichtownikowa. –
Aachen : Shaker Verlag, 2008. – 322 S.; Піхтовнікова л. Синергетическая парадигма в современной
лингвистике. Серія: Філологічні науки (мовознавство). – Вип. 127. – Кіровоградський державний
педагогічний університет імені Володимира Винниченка (КДПУ). – 2014. – С. 34-39; Піхтовнікова Л.С.
Самоорганізація дискурсу: синергетичні принципи і підходи до лінгвістичного аналізу // Сучасні
фундаментальні теорії та інноваційні практики навчання іноземної мови у ВНЗ : Kолективна монографія / за
ред. В.Г. Пасинок. – Х. : ХНУ імені В.Н. Каразіна, 2013. – С. 218-231.
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This is a joint work of philosophers, experts in various fields and mathematicians, and so far this process
is not a communicative technology based on art, that is, feedback.8
Synergetic concepts and categories
should be enriched with fractal concepts. This is the introduction of different types of models based on
the interaction of various scientific paradigms. Of course, each paradigm has a heuristic description,
which is revised in its field. Therefore, the theoretical and methodological approach of synergetics is a
universal scientific paradigm of the universe created and developed by intersections at three intersections:
nonlinear modeling, applied philosophy and knowledge in a specific science.
Nature is a hierarchical structure of varying degrees of open, non-linear systems: dynamically
stable, flexible, more complex evolutionary systems. “The difficulty is that the interdisciplinary cause-
effect relationships of the system are interconnected. In an interdisciplinary system, the lines of causation
are interconnected and intertwined. As a result, various causal chains intersect and increase the likelihood
of random events.”9
The synergy of self-organization10
systems is explained by: An open system must be
in the opposite environment. Due to the equilibrium environment and the insufficient flow of external
energy, any system will cease to change from time to time. In Islamic theory, this is explained as follows:
the properties of things – “taboyi’” - are all over the world. It is present in every physical initiation, that
is, in everything that is felt through the senses. Since it exists in a small universe, it exists in human as
well. Their character is not really about chasing each other, but rather avoiding each other. Taboyis’ are
opposing forces... As a rule, when you put one on top of the other, instead of being connected, by nature,
one pushes the other and acts in the opposite direction. Therefore, they would have to disrupt the order of
the entire universe. Thus, order and beauty in the universe is a sign of the existence of an external cause...
(He) forces objects to accept, in fact, unacceptable properties, to combine and control the orderly and
purposeful implementation of changes in them. They have a wonderful combination of knowledge,
infinite power, grace and wisdom.”11
In modern science, taboyis can be interpreted as fractals. When
fractals “are in a state of equality, they act independently of each other. In this state of independence, they
are not worthy of self-discipline. However, when this system goes into a state of inequality (chaos) when
the environment interacts with energy, genes go into harmony. At bifurcation points, they form
interactions leading to a dissipative structure. Therefore, there is a high sensitivity to the external
environment. As a result, a state of self-organization arises, which is an integral feature of inequality.12
Chaos has the creative power to create a new order of disorder.13
This indicates that the system is moving
to a new level of quality.
The nature of instability and contradictions in complex systems is the basis for synergetic research.
The interpretation of literary texts corresponding to the characteristics of the synergetic system requires
the application of general laws of existence. In our study, the importance of synergistic patterns in the
interpretation of Hamsa's poems is dictated by the complexity of this open, uneven dynamic system
(literary text) and the need to create scientific paradigms of self-development (i.e., a mechanism for
obtaining information from a work). The universal principles of synergy are important because they relate
to the problems of each industry. The interdependence of synergetic principles in the study of models of
ontological poetics of the text leads to a system ontology of a dynamic, self-renewing, communicative
nature with a figurative level of text, and defines the basis as a universal theory of development,
mechanisms of any innovations.
8
Буданов В.Г. Методологическая синергетика в постнекласической науке и в образовании. Изд. 3-е дополн.
— М.: Издательство ЛКИ, 2009, 23 б.
9
Тураев Б.О., Эргашева М.Х., Рахмонова Б.У., Муминова З.О., Очилов Ж. Синергетика: моҳияти
қонуниятлари ва амалиётда намоён бўлиши.-Т.: “Наврўз” нашриёти, 2017. 8 б.
10
Ўз-ўзини ташкиллаштириш –очиқ тизимдаги бир хил даражадаги элементларнинг ташқи махсус таъсирсиз
ички омиллар ҳисобига (хаосдан) тартибланиш жараёни. Натижада юқори сифат даражаси бирлиги юзага
чиқади.
11
Сирожиддинов Ш. Илм ва тахаййул сарҳадлари. Тошкент, 2011, 11-б; 110-б; Ислом фалсафасига кириш:
калом илми. Тошкент, 2008, 45-б.
12
Пригожин, И. Порядок из хаоса: новый диалог человека с природой / И. Пригожин,
И. Стенгерс. - М.: Прогресс, 1986. - 431 с: Буданов В.Г Методологическая синергетика в
постнекласической науке и в образовании.
13
Бранский В. П. Социальная синергетика как постмодернистская философия истории. Общественные науки
и современность. 1999, № 6. С. 118
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In the synergy of the text there are three basic principles of a developing system: inaccuracy,
openness, instability. The unevenness of the text is explained, on the one hand, by the ideological and
methodological orientation of the work and the freedom of the author in choosing aesthetic goals, and on
the other, by the freedom of the reader (recipient) in interpreting the work. “As experience comes and a
person ages, artwork opens up new areas for the recipient. For example, a literary critic who has ever
worked on a single author’s life may find a new meaning each time he or she reads it two or three years
later. He will wonder why he has not seen such meanings and thoughts before. This means that everyone
understands what he is reading to the best of his knowledge and imagination of a given period of time.”14
An uneven state in a textual interpretation increases vibrations, deviations, instability and slight
differences between parts (meaning) and establishes a clear path for evolution. Unevenness leads to
unexpected changes in the process of interpreting a text developed by random selection.
The second principle is based on the openness of the text, which will be discussed during the
reading of the work and the reader. The principle of openness stems from the fact that the text can be
presented at different angles while reading a work. “Social, cultural and social changes will lead to a new
interpretation of the work,” as a result of the reader’s dialogue with the work, according to which the text
becomes part of its cultural world.15
Openness of a text means its spiritual, structural, functional and
methodological flexibility.
A discussion of synergetics N.F. Alefirenko explains: “As a result of the interaction of all the
factors that create the discourse, “mutual support and absorption” of the discursive environment arises,
which ontologically and functionally self-organizes and clarifies the interaction of meanings in the
text.”16
“Mutual support and absorption” creates an atmosphere of instability at the points of bifurcation
of the text. Various interpretations of the work, which are subjective (reader) and objective (period,
culture), are based on the instability of the reader’s discussion. At the end of the reading, the reader
confirms his interpretation. The text system is self-organizing. Reading in a new way again brings the text
out of a state of stability. The text again organizes itself and thus undergoes evolutionary processes. And
the path of evolution is endless. An unstable text is a prerequisite for moving to a new level of quality, to
a new order. It should be noted that in all reviews, the work retains its spiritual and structural basis, signs
and only subjective elements change.17
This state of external influence is called symmetry/asymmetry.
Text analysis, synergistic interpretation processes were carried out in various layers of the fiction
system. The complexity of the compositional structure of the work indicates its significance, volume,
linguistic features of the work and the synergy of the literary text. The synergetic structure (being) of the
text has its own principles. These are homeostatism and hierarchism.18
On the basis of the principle of
homeostaticity, stable (attractive) properties of the system are demonstrated. Homeostaticity is the
completeness and ending of a text. 19
The main meaning of the hierarchical structure is that the upper part for the lower level is the
cosmic content, the lower part for the upper part is an unstructured chaos element, building material (m:
phoneme, morpheme, word, sentence, text...). The principle of hierarchy also means that language (or
compositional) layers support each other: linguistic units present their tasks at the upper level, and not at
14
Эркинов А. Алишер Навоий «Хамса»си талқини манбалари (XV-XX аср боши).-Т.: «Тамаддун», 2018.31-б.
15
Ўша ерда, 31-б.
16
Aleferenko N. F. Diskursivnaya sinergetika ‘zhivogo’ slova [Discourse Synergetics of Word ‘Alive’ //
Lingvisticheskie aspekty prepodavaniya inostrannyh yazykov: materially II mezhdunarodnoi nauch. konf. Belgorod.
26–27 Nov. 2009. Belgorod. 2009. Pp. 5–6.
17
Швейцер, А. Д. Теория перевода. Статус. Проблемы. Аспекты/А. Д. Швейцер. М.: Либроком,
2009. 216 с
18
Гомеостатика — кибернетиканинг янги тармоғи бўлиб, тизимнинг ички зидликларни ўрганади.
Зидлик- тизим ривожланишининг диалектик сабаби сифатида ушбу эволюцион функциясидан
ташқари тизимга ички ва ташқи ўзгаришларга нисбатан таъсирчанлик имкониятини бериш билан
бирга, унинг пайдо бўлувчи тўсиқларга нисбатан барқарорлигини ҳам таъминлайди. Барқарорлик
зиддиятларни шундай бошқара олиш ҳолатики, тизимда унинг мавжудлигини таъминловчи барча
зарурий мезон (ўлчов, параметр)ларида юзага келган ўзгариш, тўсиқларга нисбатан
мослашувчанлиги ва тўлдирувчанлиги асосида юзага келган бир меъёрда, барқарор бошқара олиш
ҳолатидир. Ушбу ҳодиса биологияда гомеостаз номини олган. Гомеостаз- ички муҳитнинг
динамик доимийлигини (барқарорлигини) сақлаб турувчи ҳодиса.
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their own level. It takes into account the hierarchy of strengths and weaknesses in relation to the literal
and specific meaning of the work.
A synergistic analysis of the text highlights the strengths and weaknesses present in it. An
invariant of the text structure is the hierarchy of the whole and the part, the relations of strengths and
weaknesses (mutually exclusive terms, concepts) in the text are the center of harmony (CH). Other
strengths in the text are the introduction, conclusion, title of the work and epigraph. The hierarchy of
strengths and weaknesses of the text is one of the factors of self-reform. CH and other strengths of the
text express the true meaning of the work. Strengths are attractive in the structure of the text and are the
most effective points in the interpretation of the text. They play an important role in memorizing
information and shaping the content of the text.
The semantic environment of the text is a system of self-organizing microthemes as a result of
rounding of terms based on a number of competing scenarios, which leads to the merging of a wider
topic. Microtheme is the smallest unit of a text program that is formed by speech. These micro-themes
become macro themes, which, in turn, form the main theme of the work.
The definition of ontological (radical) meanings of a work reflects a synergistic process. “Through
a psychoanalytic interpretation of novels written by a friend of the philosopher Z.Freud S.Zeusig, the
author draws strange meanings in relation to the human psyche and subconscious processes, which the
author never expected. The author reads that this idea was never realized, that it never had such a
meaning or purpose. Whereas Freud’s interpretation had some basis. Thus, a writer may perhaps
unknowingly absorb some facts from his life. Because art is an irrational phenomenon”.20
Z. Freud
expressed the meanings of consciousness as He (Id) as the archetypes of J.Young's collective
consciousness with words like Wittgenstein High (Hoheres), Uncertain (Unassprechliches) or Mystic (das
Mystische). But linguistic possibilities are limited in the expression of transcendental meanings: language
means the expression of human thought relatively.21
The synergistic approach focuses on 4 terms. They can be used to describe the language layer of
any literary text and the text itself as a whole. The basic concepts of synergetics include: fractal,
dissipative structure, bifurcation, attractor.
Fractals22
are the basis for determining the cause of disorganization and the spread of values, as
we explained above as Taboyi. They are based on the common sense that people perceive the world
around them. “Fractals are parts of the whole that are similar to each other in structure and system.
Algorithm for the development of fractal systems, information carriers about possible development paths”
are objects with a wide range of immutability. There are such explanations in the classification of Ibn
Arabi of Islamic ontology in his work “Insho ad-davoir” with classifications depending on the nature and
degree of existence. According to him, the ontological levels of things do not affect its essence. Although
there are many forms in the universe, there is one basic (ayon).” At the same time, Arabi refers to the
virtual state of things before (a’yoni sobita), while taboyi is a physical initiation. This is explained as
follows: Although boards, tables, chairs are created from wood, this does not reduce or increase their
original value. The wood property (for example, form, quality, quantity) is perfectly preserved both on the
19
Асратян М. Синергетические аспекты художественного текста. Вестник Вятского государственного
университета.Филологическик науки. 2016. 65-б.
20
Эркинов А. Алишер Навоий «Хамса»си талқини манбалари (XV-XX аср боши).-Т.: «Тамаддун», 2018.34-б.
21
Муратова Е.Ю Синергетический подход к анализу поэтического текста. Литературоведение в контексте
современной науки: проблемы методологии.
22
Войцехович, В. Э. Человек как аттрактор биоэволюции (антропо-синергетический взгляд на развитие
жизни: Электронная библиотека [Электронный ресурс]/В. Э. Войцехович. — Режим доступа: http://iph.ras.
ru/elib/Ph_sc8_9. Html: Папулова Ю.К. О художественном тексте как о синергетической системе Современная
филология: материалы III Mеждунар. науч. конф. (г. Уфа, июнь 2014 г.). –Уфа: Лето, 2014. – vi, 162 с: 147 б.
Морозкина Е. А., Сафина З. М. Фрактальная структура художественного текста (на материале романа
Френсиса Скотта Фицджеральда «Ночь нежна»). Вестник башкирского университета. 2015. Т. 20. №3 969 –б.;
Олизько, Н. С. Синегретические принципы организации художественного дискурса постмодернизма//
Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. Сер. Филология. Искусствоведение. — 2009. — №10
(148). — с. 89.: Папулова Ю.К. О художественном тексте как о синергетической системе Современная
филология: материалы III Mеждунар. науч. конф. (г. Уфа, июнь 2014 г.). –Уфа: Лето, 2014. – vi, 162 с. 147 б.
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chair and on the table.23
(Human, too, as a receiver, is a fractal of the universe with all its features).
Fractals (taboyis’) also have a similar feature and are called metaphorical. The fractal in the text is that
“words can encompass all its meaning, generalize it and reflect the scheme for the further development of
the plot.” At the same time, each active fractal, each word interpreted in a certain way, represents options
for the subsequent interpretation of words in the text and determines the reasons for its adoption. Thus,
the activation of virtual fractals in the process of development regulates chaos and ensures stability. Each
new reading of the text, a new commentary also reflects the fractal nature of the original, previous
comments. In the interaction of interpretations, texts (intertext), new values are formed at the intersection
of values. Thus, each text complements each other according to the fractal principle, creating an intertext
field. It is argued that language as a synergistic system is based on fractal principles, in particular, the
construction of the subject-predicate also has a fractal structure24
.
3. CONCLUSION
Thus, the synergistic approach to finding characters who have not previously disclosed the essence
of the work, and changing the perception of the analysis and interpretation of the literary text, as well as a
complex system of poetry, is of real importance. A synergetic text is a series of deep, indirect, root,
transcendental meanings that are not defined by the lexical meanings of a lexeme and represent an uneven
set of texts and processes. This requires an ontological approach to the analysis of poetry. The
development of universal approaches to solving philological problems based on the results of theoretical
and methodological studies of synergetics is important in creating models for interpreting the ontological
poetry of the text. The new paradigm for the models of the semi-synergetic system will serve as a
methodological accompaniment in the interpretation of the immanent problems of the future, namely the
derivation of literal texts (systems), in particular, from the main layer of the whole system of the poem
“Hamsa”.
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