The document discusses immunotherapy, which uses substances to stimulate the immune system to prevent or treat diseases like cancer. It can be used to treat cancers of the melanoma, lung, kidney and bladder. Common side effects include fatigue, fever, chills, nausea and vomiting. Types of immunotherapy discussed include monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and cancer vaccines. The document also discusses inflammation, hemorrhage, opportunistic infections, urticaria and their causes and symptoms.

1. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

2. WHAT IS IMMUNOTHERAPY?
• THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF DISEASE WITH SUBSTANCES THAT
STIMULATE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.

3. WHAT TYPES OF CANCER CAN BE TREATED WITH
IMMUNOTHERAPY?
• MELANOMA CANCER
• LUNG CANCER
• KIDNEY CANCER
• BLADDER CANCER

4. SIDE EFFECTS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY
• FATIGUE
• FEVER
• CHILLS
• NAUSEA
• VOMITING
• DIZZINESS

5. TYPES OF CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY
• MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: THESE ARE MAN-MADE VERSIONS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
PROTEINS. ANTIBODIES CAN BE VERY USEFUL IN TREATING CANCER BECAUSE THEY
CAN BE DESIGNED TO ATTACK A VERY SPECIFIC PART OF A CANCER CELL.
• IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS: THESE DRUGS BASICALLY TAKE THE ‘BRAKES’
OFF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, WHICH HELPS IT RECOGNIZE AND ATTACK CANCER CELLS.
• CANCER VACCINES: VACCINES ARE SUBSTANCES PUT INTO THE BODY TO START AN
IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST CERTAIN DISEASES. WE USUALLY THINK OF THEM AS
BEING GIVEN TO HEALTHY PEOPLE TO HELP PREVENT INFECTIONS. BUT SOME
VACCINES CAN HELP PREVENT OR TREAT CANCER.

6. WHAT IS INFLAMMATION?
• A LOCALIZED PHYSICAL CONDITION IN WHICH PART OF THE BODY BECOMES
REDDENED, SWOLLEN, HOT, AND OFTEN PAINFUL, ESPECIALLY AS A REACTION TO
INJURY OR INFECTION.

7. CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION
• HEART DISEASE
• DEPRESSION
• ANGER DISORDERS AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
• CANCER

8. FOUR SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
• REDNESS (LATIN RUBOR)
• HEAT (CALOR)
• SWELLING (TUMOR)
• PAIN (DOLOR)

9. WHAT IS HEMORRAGE?
• AN ESCAPE OF BLOOD FROM A RUPTURED BLOOD VESSEL, ESPECIALLY WHEN
PROFUSE.

10. TYPES OF HEMORRAGE
• PRIMARY HEMORRAGE
• REACTIONARY HEMORRAGE
• SECONDARY HEMORRAGE

11. HOW TO TREAT THE RISK OF HAVING A BRAIN HEMORRAGE
• TREAT HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
• DON’T SMOKE
• DON’T USE ILLEGAL DRUGS
• DRIVE CAREFULLY

12. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

13. WHAT IS A WESTERN BLOT?
• AN ADAPTATION OF THE SOUTHERN BLOT PROCEDURE, USED TO IDENTIFY
SPECIFIC AMINO-ACID SEQUENCES IN PROTEINS.

14. HOW DOES A WESTERN BLOT WORK?
• A MIXTURE OF PROTEINS IS SEPARATED BASED ON MOLECULAR WEIGHT, AND
THUS BY TYPE, THROUGH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS. ... THE MEMBRANE IS THEN
INCUBATED WITH LABELS ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC TO THE PROTEIN OF INTEREST.

15. WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO USE A WESTERN BLOT?
• USED IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, IMMUNOGENETICS AND OTHER MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY DISCIPLINES TO DETECT SPECIFIC PROTEINS IN A SAMPLE OF TISSUE
HOMOGENATE OR EXTRACT.

16. WHAT IS A OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION?
• AN INFECTION CAUSED BY PATHOGENS (BACTERIA, VIRUSES, FUNGI, OR
PROTOZOA) THAT TAKE ADVANTAGE OF AN OPPORTUNITY NOT NORMALLY
AVAILABLE, SUCH AS A HOST WITH A WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEM, AN ALTERED
MICROBIOTA (SUCH AS A DISRUPTED GUT FLORA), OR BREACHED
INTEGUMENTARY BARRIERS.

17. OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
• HIV
• PNEUMONIA
• SALMONELLA INFECTION
• CANDIDIASIS
• TOXOPLASMOSIS
• TUBERCULOSIS

18. SYMPTOMS OF OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
• COMA
• FEVER
• NAUSEA
• SEIZURES
• MENTAL SYMPTOMS

19. WHAT IS URTICARIA?
• A RASH OF ROUND, RED WELTS ON THE SKIN THAT ITCH INTENSELY, SOMETIMES
WITH DANGEROUS SWELLING, CAUSED BY AN ALLERGIC REACTION, TYPICALLY
TO SPECIFIC FOODS.

20. CAUSES OF URTICARIA
• FOODS
• MEDICINES
• LATEX
• INFECTIONS
• INSECT BITES
• DISEASES

21. SYMPTOMS OF URTICARIA
• ITCHING
• SWELLING
• RAISED
• RED
• SKIN-COLORED WELTS